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Prakarana Panchika, a commentary on the siddhantas of Prabhakara Guru school of Mimamsa defines Arthaapatti as follows  <blockquote>अर्थापत्तिलक्षणम्। विना कल्पनयाऽर्थेन दृष्टेनाऽनुपपन्नताम्। नयताऽदृष्टमर्थं या साऽर्थापत्तिस्तु कल्पना।। 1 ।। इति। (Prak. Panc. Arthapatti Paricheda)<ref>Prakarana Panchika by Shalikanatha Mishra (Prabhakara Guru's School) [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE#%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6:%E0%A5%A4 Arthapatti Parichedha]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>दृष्टेनाऽर्थेनाऽदृष्टस्याऽर्थस्याऽर्थान्तरकल्पनायामसत्यामनुपपत्तिमापादयता याऽर्थान्तरकल्पना, साऽर्थापत्ति:। यथा - जीवतो देवदत्तस्य गृहाभावदर्शनेन बहिर्भावस्याऽदृष्टस्य कल्पना।  </blockquote>According to Dr. Jha the above sloka and bhashya are summarized as ''"In a case where the well-ascertained perception of a thing or things (artha) cannot be explained or reconciled without the presumption of another thing or things, then it is this presumption that constitutes Arthapatti. For instance, when we know that Devadatta is alive and perceive that he is not in the house, these two things - being alive and non-existence in the house cannot be reconciled unless we presume his existence somewhere outside the house; and the presumption of this external existence is what is called Arthapatti"'' (Page 70 of Reference <ref name=":2" />)

Prakarana Panchika, a commentary on the siddhantas of Prabhakara Guru school of Mimamsa defines Arthaapatti as follows  <blockquote>अर्थापत्तिलक्षणम्। विना कल्पनयाऽर्थेन दृष्टेनाऽनुपपन्नताम्। नयताऽदृष्टमर्थं या साऽर्थापत्तिस्तु कल्पना।। 1 ।। इति। (Prak. Panc. Arthapatti Paricheda)<ref>Prakarana Panchika by Shalikanatha Mishra (Prabhakara Guru's School) [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE#%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6:%E0%A5%A4 Arthapatti Parichedha]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>दृष्टेनाऽर्थेनाऽदृष्टस्याऽर्थस्याऽर्थान्तरकल्पनायामसत्यामनुपपत्तिमापादयता याऽर्थान्तरकल्पना, साऽर्थापत्ति:। यथा - जीवतो देवदत्तस्य गृहाभावदर्शनेन बहिर्भावस्याऽदृष्टस्य कल्पना।  </blockquote>According to Dr. Jha the above sloka and bhashya are summarized as ''"In a case where the well-ascertained perception of a thing or things (artha) cannot be explained or reconciled without the presumption of another thing or things, then it is this presumption that constitutes Arthapatti. For instance, when we know that Devadatta is alive and perceive that he is not in the house, these two things - being alive and non-existence in the house cannot be reconciled unless we presume his existence somewhere outside the house; and the presumption of this external existence is what is called Arthapatti"'' (Page 70 of Reference <ref name=":2" />)

Shabara Bhashya which is the authoritative commentary for Purva Mimamsa sutras Arthapatti is elaborated as follows<blockquote>औत्पत्तिकस्तु शब्दस्यार्थेन सम्बन्धस्तस्य ज्ञानमुपदेशोऽव्यतिरेकश्चार्थेऽनुपलब्धे तत् प्रमाणं सू.1.1.5 (Shab. Bhas. Sutr. 1.1.5)<ref>Shabara Bhashya For Sutra Purva Mimasa Sutra (1.1.5) ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 1 Pada 1 Adhikara 4])</ref></blockquote>Under this Mimamsa Sutra (1.1.5) Shabara Bhashya explanation for Arthapatti is as follows<blockquote>अर्थापत्तिरपि - दृष्टः, श्रुतो वार्थोऽन्यथा नोपपद्यते इत्यर्थकल्पना। यथा, जीवति देवदत्ते गृहाभावदर्शनेन बहिर्भावस्यादृष्टस्य कल्पना।। </blockquote>Arthapatti, "Presumption", also consists in the presuming of something not seen, on the ground that a fact already perceived or heard would not be possible without that presumption; for instance Devadatta who is not in the house, and this non-existence in the house leads to the presumption that he is somewhere outside the house (as without this, the aforesaid fact of his being alive and not in the house could not be explained).<ref>Mm. Ganganatha Jha () Shabara Bhasya [https://archive.org/details/ShabaraBhasyaTrByGanganathJha/page/n29 Translation] </ref>  

Shabara Bhashya which is the authoritative commentary for Purva Mimamsa sutras Arthapatti is elaborated as follows<blockquote>औत्पत्तिकस्तु शब्दस्यार्थेन सम्बन्धस्तस्य ज्ञानमुपदेशोऽव्यतिरेकश्चार्थेऽनुपलब्धे तत् प्रमाणं सू.1.1.5 (Shab. Bhas. Sutr. 1.1.5)<ref>Shabara Bhashya For Sutra Purva Mimasa Sutra (1.1.5) ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 1 Pada 1 Adhikara 4])</ref></blockquote>Under this Mimamsa Sutra (1.1.5) Shabara Bhashya explanation for Arthapatti is as follows<blockquote>अर्थापत्तिरपि - दृष्टः, श्रुतो वार्थोऽन्यथा नोपपद्यते इत्यर्थकल्पना। यथा, जीवति देवदत्ते गृहाभावदर्शनेन बहिर्भावस्यादृष्टस्य कल्पना।। </blockquote>Arthapatti, "Presumption", as a Pramana also consists in the presuming of something not seen, on the ground that a fact already perceived or heard would not be possible without that presumption; for instance Devadatta who is not in the house, and this non-existence in the house leads to the presumption that he is somewhere outside the house (as without this, the aforesaid fact of his being alive and not in the house could not be explained).<ref>Mm. Ganganatha Jha () Shabara Bhasya [https://archive.org/details/ShabaraBhasyaTrByGanganathJha/page/n29 Translation] </ref>

 

 

 

==Anupalabdhi or Abhava Pramana==

==Anupalabdhi or Abhava Pramana==

The concept of Abhava (negative existence) has been discussed in two forms, namely, actual presence or absence of a thing (reality) and knowledge of the same. Reality of existence is expressed by words such as asat, alika, nirupakhya etc, while the way of knowing it is expressed as Anupalabdhi. Simply put, negation is that there is some reality known as Abhava and the means to ascertain it is known as Anupalabdhi.  

 

 

 

 

The concept of Abhava (negative existence) has been discussed in two forms, namely, actual presence or absence of a thing (reality) and knowledge of the same. Reality of existence is expressed by words such as asat, alika, nirupakhya etc, while the way of knowing it is expressed as Anupalabdhi. Simply put, negation is that there is some reality known as Abhava and the means to ascertain it is known as Anupalabdhi. Even though Kanada explains the concept of Abhava in his Vaiseshika sutras, the means of knowing it as as a pramana (Anupalabdhi) has been put forth by the Bhattas and their close followers the Vedantins.  

In general understanding it is also the knowledge by which we immediately cognize the non-existence of an object, e.g. absence of rainfall indicates that the connection of cloud and the wind has not happened. <ref name=":42">M. Chandraiah. (2002) Ph. D. Thesis Title : ''[http://hdl.handle.net/10603/71380 Anupalabdhi as a Pramana. A Critical Study.]'' Tirupati : Venkateswara University</ref>

Even though Kanada explains the concept of Abhava in his Vaiseshika sutras, the means of knowing it as as a pramana (Anupalabdhi) has been put forth by Kumarila Bhatta and their close followers the Vedantins. अभाव is accepted by Naiyāyikas as a separate पदार्थ and not as a pramana.<ref name=":1">Paper Presentation by Prof. K. Subrahmanayam titled ''[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/bvparishat/xY1Y-wdPeSo/CKzUaFPABwAJ Pramāṇas in Indian Philosophy]''</ref> According to Kumarila Bhatta Mimamsa and Advaita Vedanta Anupalabdhi is an independent pramana.<ref name=":32" /> Here Abhava <blockquote>यत्राभावस्य लिङ्गत्वं न चासावानुमानिकः। प्रमाणान्तरगम्यत्वात् तत्र दोषो न जायते।।168।। (Slok. Vart. 3.168<ref name=":3">Slokavartika of Kumarila Bhatta[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D (Bhaga 3)]</ref>)</blockquote>Kasika Vrtii of Slokavartika sutra 168 is as follows<blockquote>नन्वियमनवस्था मेघाभावेन वृष्ठ्यभावानुमाने भवतोऽपि समानैव, अभावस्यानुपलब्धिलिङ्गत्वात्। सातीयलिङ्गान्तरापेक्षायामनवस्थापद्यते। अत आह--- यत्रेति। यत्र हि वृष्ट्यभावे मेघाभावो लिङ्गं नासावनुमेयः, अभावाख्यप्रमाणान्तरगम्यत्वात्।अतो नात्र तुल्यजातीयापेक्षानिबन्धनोऽनवस्थादोषो जायत इति।।168।। (Kasika of Slokavartika<ref name=":3" />)</blockquote>In general understanding it is also the knowledge by which we immediately cognize the non-existence of an object, e.g. absence of rainfall indicates that the connection of cloud and the wind has not happened. <ref name=":42">M. Chandraiah. (2002) Ph. D. Thesis Title : ''[http://hdl.handle.net/10603/71380 Anupalabdhi as a Pramana. A Critical Study.]'' Tirupati : Venkateswara University</ref>  

== Pramanas in Astika Darshanas ==

== Pramanas in Astika Darshanas ==

While what the shad pramanas are have been discussed here, [[Pramanas in Astika Darshanas (आस्तिकदर्शन-प्रमाणानि)]] discusses which darshana accepts which pramanas as means for valid cognition along with the number of pramanas that they consider in their siddhanta.

While what the shad pramanas are have been discussed here, [[Pramanas in Astika Darshanas (आस्तिकदर्शन-प्रमाणानि)]] discusses which darshana accepts which pramanas as means for valid cognition along with the number of pramanas that they consider in their siddhanta.