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Line 11: − + + + − + − − EITHER by inducing foreigners to immigrate − − (paradesapraváhanena) or by causing the thickly-populated − − centres of his own kingdom to send forth the excessive population − − (svadésábhishyandavámanéna vá), the king may construct villages − − either on new sites or on old ruins (bhútapúrvama vá). − − शूद्र-कर्षक-प्रायं कुल-शत-अवरं पञ्च-कुल-शत-परं ग्रामं क्रोशद्-विक्रोश-सीमानं − − Villages consisting each of not less than a hundred families − − and of not more than five-hundred families of agricultural people − − of súdra caste, with boundaries extending as far as a krósa (2250 − − yds.) − + + + − अष्टशत-ग्राम्या मध्ये स्थानीयम् । चतुह्शत-ग्राम्या द्रोण-मुखम् । द्विशत-ग्राम्याः कार्वटिकम् । दश-ग्रामी-संग्रहेण संग्रहं स्थापयेत् ।। ०२.०१.०४ ।। − − There shall be set up a stháníya (a fortress of that name) in the − − centre of eight-hundred villages, a drónamukha in the centre of − − four-hundred villages, a khárvátika in the centre of two-hundred − villages and sangrahana in the midst of a collection of ten villages.
Kautiliya Nagara Vyavastha (कौटिलीयनगरव्यवस्था) (view source)
Revision as of 17:08, 12 November 2018
, 17:08, 12 November 2018Editing and citation
== क्षेत्रविनियोगः ॥ Land Use ==
== क्षेत्रविनियोगः ॥ Land Use ==
Kautilya recommended different types of land uses viz. Cart shed, Storage shed, threshing floor, vegetable garden, irrigated land, dry cultivation, pasture (3.9.25).<ref name=":0">L.N.Rangarajan (1992), [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FFJz72h5qjUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=true Kautilya The Arthashastra], Penguin Books.</ref><blockquote>विवीत-स्थल-केदार-षण्ड-खल-वेश्म-वाहन-कोष्ठानां पूर्वं-पूर्वं आबाधं सहेत ।। ०३.९.२५ ।।<ref>Kautilya, Arthashastra, Adhikarana 3, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A9/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AF Adhyaya 9.]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''vivīta-sthala-kedāra-ṣaṇḍa-khala-veśma-vāhana-koṣṭhānāṁ pūrvaṁ-pūrvaṁ ābādhaṁ saheta ।। 03.9.25 ।।''</blockquote>The chancellor was expected to keep precise and detailed records of land use and anticipated revenue, helped by magistrates and secret agents.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>समाहर्तृवन्नागरिको नगरं चिन्तयेत् ।। ०२.३६.०१ ।। दश-कुलीं गोपो विंशति-कुलीं चत्वारिंशत्-कुलीं वा ।। ०२.३६.०२ ।। </blockquote><blockquote>स तस्यां स्त्री-पुरुषाणां जाति-गोत्र-नाम-कर्मभिः जङ्घ-अग्रं आय-व्ययौ च विद्यात् ।। ०२.३६.०३ ।। एवं दुर्ग-चतुर्-भागं स्थानिकश्चिन्तयेत् ।। ०२.३६.०४ ।।<ref>Kautilya, Arthashastra, Adhikarana 2, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A8/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AC Adhyaya 36].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''samāhartr̥vannāgariko nagaraṁ cintayet ।। 02.36.01 ।। daśa-kulīṁ gopo viṁśati-kulīṁ catvāriṁśat-kulīṁ vā ।। 02.36.02 ।।'' </blockquote><blockquote>''sa tasyāṁ strī-puruṣāṇāṁ jāti-gotra-nāma-karmabhiḥ jaṅgha-agraṁ āya-vyayau ca vidyāt ।। 02.36.03 ।। evaṁ durga-catur-bhāgaṁ sthānikaścintayet ।। 02.36.04 ।।''</blockquote>Meaning: Like the Collector-general, the Officer in charge of the Capital City (Nagaraka) shall look to the affairs of the capital. A Gopa shall keep the accounts of ten households, twenty households, or forty households. He shall not only know the caste, gotra, the name, and occupation of both men and women in those households, but also ascertain their income and expenditure. Likewise, the officer known as Sthanika shall attend to the accounts of the four quarters of the capital (Arth. 2.36.1-4).<ref>R. Shamasastry, [https://archive.org/details/KautilyasArthashastraSShamasastry Kautilya's Arthashastra].</ref>
Kautilya recommended different types of land uses viz. Cart shed, Storage shed, threshing floor, vegetable garden, irrigated land, dry cultivation, pasture (3.9.25).<ref name=":0">L.N.Rangarajan (1992), [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FFJz72h5qjUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=true Kautilya The Arthashastra], Penguin Books.</ref><blockquote>विवीत-स्थल-केदार-षण्ड-खल-वेश्म-वाहन-कोष्ठानां पूर्वं-पूर्वं आबाधं सहेत ।। ०३.९.२५ ।।<ref>Kautilya, Arthashastra, Adhikarana 3, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A9/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AF Adhyaya 9.]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''vivīta-sthala-kedāra-ṣaṇḍa-khala-veśma-vāhana-koṣṭhānāṁ pūrvaṁ-pūrvaṁ ābādhaṁ saheta ।। 03.9.25 ।।''</blockquote>The chancellor was expected to keep precise and detailed records of land use and anticipated revenue, helped by magistrates and secret agents.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>समाहर्तृवन्नागरिको नगरं चिन्तयेत् ।। ०२.३६.०१ ।। दश-कुलीं गोपो विंशति-कुलीं चत्वारिंशत्-कुलीं वा ।। ०२.३६.०२ ।। </blockquote><blockquote>स तस्यां स्त्री-पुरुषाणां जाति-गोत्र-नाम-कर्मभिः जङ्घ-अग्रं आय-व्ययौ च विद्यात् ।। ०२.३६.०३ ।। एवं दुर्ग-चतुर्-भागं स्थानिकश्चिन्तयेत् ।। ०२.३६.०४ ।।<ref>Kautilya, Arthashastra, Adhikarana 2, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A8/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AC Adhyaya 36].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''samāhartr̥vannāgariko nagaraṁ cintayet ।। 02.36.01 ।। daśa-kulīṁ gopo viṁśati-kulīṁ catvāriṁśat-kulīṁ vā ।। 02.36.02 ।।'' </blockquote><blockquote>''sa tasyāṁ strī-puruṣāṇāṁ jāti-gotra-nāma-karmabhiḥ jaṅgha-agraṁ āya-vyayau ca vidyāt ।। 02.36.03 ।। evaṁ durga-catur-bhāgaṁ sthānikaścintayet ।। 02.36.04 ।।''</blockquote>Meaning: Like the Collector-general, the Officer in charge of the Capital City (Nagaraka) shall look to the affairs of the capital. A Gopa shall keep the accounts of ten households, twenty households, or forty households. He shall not only know the caste, gotra, the name, and occupation of both men and women in those households, but also ascertain their income and expenditure. Likewise, the officer known as Sthanika shall attend to the accounts of the four quarters of the capital (Arth. 2.36.1-4).<ref name=":1">R. Shamasastry, [https://archive.org/details/KautilyasArthashastraSShamasastry Kautilya's Arthashastra].</ref>
The Pattern of land use as per Kautilya may be explained as follows:
The Pattern of land use as per Kautilya may be explained as follows:
[[File:Pattern of Land use.jpg|center|thumb|1053x1053px|Pattern of Land Use.<ref>L.N.Rangarajan (1992), [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FFJz72h5qjUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=true Kautilya The Arthashastra], Penguin Books.</ref>]]
[[File:Pattern of Land use.jpg|center|thumb|1053x1053px|Pattern of Land Use.<ref>L.N.Rangarajan (1992), [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FFJz72h5qjUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=true Kautilya The Arthashastra], Penguin Books.</ref>]]
== विशेषव्यवस्था: ॥ Special rules ==
Some interesting points raised by the Arthasastra include:
Some interesting points raised by the Arthasastra include:
* The town should be not have surplus population which should then be housed in a new place.
* The town should be not have surplus population which should then be housed in a new place.
भूत-पूर्वं अभूत-पूर्वं वा जन-पदं पर-देश-अपवाहनेन स्व-देश-अभिष्यन्द-वमनेन वा निवेशयेत् ।। ०२.०१.०१ ।।
<blockquote>भूत-पूर्वं अभूत-पूर्वं वा जन-पदं पर-देश-अपवाहनेन स्व-देश-अभिष्यन्द-वमनेन वा निवेशयेत् ।। ०२.०१.०१ ।।<ref name=":2">Kautilya, Arthashastra, Adhikarana 2, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A8/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7 Adhyaya 1].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''bhūta-pūrvaṁ abhūta-pūrvaṁ vā jana-padaṁ para-deśa-apavāhanena sva-deśa-abhiṣyanda-vamanena vā niveśayet ।। 02.01.01 ।।''</blockquote>
* Towns should be positioned to help each other.
* Towns should be positioned to help each other.
अन्योन्य-आरक्षं निवेशयेत् ।। ०२.०१.०२ ।। capable of protecting each other
<blockquote>अन्योन्य-आरक्षं निवेशयेत् ।। ०२.०१.०२ ।। ''anyonya-ārakṣaṁ niveśayet ।। 02.01.02 ।।'' <ref name=":2" /></blockquote>
* There shall be set up a sthaniya (a fortress of that name) in the centre of eight-hundred villages, a dronamukha in the centre of four-hundred villages, a kharvatika in the centre of two-hundred villages and sangrahana in the midst of a collection of ten villages.<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>अष्टशत-ग्राम्या मध्ये स्थानीयम् । चतुह्शत-ग्राम्या द्रोण-मुखम् । द्विशत-ग्राम्याः कार्वटिकम् । दश-ग्रामी-संग्रहेण संग्रहं स्थापयेत् ।। ०२.०१.०४ ।।<ref name=":2" /></blockquote><blockquote>''aṣṭaśata-grāmyā madhye sthānīyam । catuhśata-grāmyā droṇa-mukham । dviśata-grāmyāḥ kārvaṭikam । daśa-grāmī-saṁgraheṇa saṁgrahaṁ sthāpayet ।। 02.01.04 ।।''</blockquote>
* ‘Sangrahan’ (collection register / tax collector) – 10 villages, ‘sarvatik’ among 200 villages, ‘dronamukh’ (chief) among 400 villages and ‘sthaniya’ among 800 villages.
* ‘Sangrahan’ (collection register / tax collector) – 10 villages, ‘sarvatik’ among 200 villages, ‘dronamukh’ (chief) among 400 villages and ‘sthaniya’ among 800 villages.
* Migrated people in new settlement exempted from payment of taxes for some years
* Migrated people in new settlement exempted from payment of taxes for some years
* A city should be located centrally to facilitate trade and commerce.
* A city should be located centrally to facilitate trade and commerce.