Changes

Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 18: Line 18:  
The word tantra is derived from the samskrit root or dhatu तनु विस्तारे in the meanings of 'to stretch', to expand, to diffuse, spread. It is also defined as सिद्धान्तः (siddhanta), ओषधिः (Oshadhi), श्रुतिशाखाविशेषः, हेतुः, उभ-यार्थप्रयोजकम् इतिकर्त्तव्यता इति मेदिनी as per Medini kosha.  
 
The word tantra is derived from the samskrit root or dhatu तनु विस्तारे in the meanings of 'to stretch', to expand, to diffuse, spread. It is also defined as सिद्धान्तः (siddhanta), ओषधिः (Oshadhi), श्रुतिशाखाविशेषः, हेतुः, उभ-यार्थप्रयोजकम् इतिकर्त्तव्यता इति मेदिनी as per Medini kosha.  
   −
It is also expressed in the meaning of 'to compose', 'to write' as per The Student's Sanskrit English Dictionary by V. S. Apte. The traditional definition of the word tantra given in Sarvatantra siddhanta padarthalakshana sangraha by Bhikshu Gaurishankara<ref name=":0" />is as follows<blockquote>तनोति विपुलानर्थान् तत्वमन्त्रसमन्वितान् | त्राणं च कुरुते यस्मात् तन्त्रमित्यभिधीयते ||</blockquote><blockquote>''Thus tantra is that which holds the diffused elements or the expanse of a subject; it is one in which are interwoven different thoughts and theories concerning a scientific subject.''<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Charaka samhita gives the list of synonyms of the word tantra as तत्रायुर्वेदः शाखा विद्या सूत्रं ज्ञानं शास्त्रं तक्षणं तन्त्रमिति...  
+
It is also expressed in the meaning of 'to compose', 'to write' as per The Student's Sanskrit English Dictionary by V. S. Apte. The traditional definition of the word tantra given in Sarvatantra siddhanta padarthalakshana sangraha by Bhikshu Gaurishankara<ref name=":0" />is as follows<blockquote>तनोति विपुलानर्थान् तत्वमन्त्रसमन्वितान् | त्राणं च कुरुते यस्मात् तन्त्रमित्यभिधीयते ||</blockquote><blockquote>''Thus tantra is that which holds the diffused elements or the expanse of a subject; it is one in which are interwoven different thoughts and theories concerning a scientific subject.''<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>''Tantra can be termed as that which discusses and details subjects and concepts and also that which protects.''<ref name=":2">Mahadevan, Jayaraman (2008) Paper Presentation : ''The Doctrine of Tantrayukti'' at University of Hyderabad, Department of Sanskrit Studies</ref></blockquote>Charaka samhita gives the list of synonyms of the word tantra as तत्रायुर्वेदः शाखा विद्या सूत्रं ज्ञानं शास्त्रं लक्षणं तन्त्रमिति... Tantra is used synonymously with Ayurveda, a branch of veda, vidya (education), sutra (aphorism), jnana (knowledge), shastra, lakshana (definition).<ref name=":2" />
    
Tantra used as a synonym for Shastra (in this context means theory, subject) is that which holds the various aspects of a subject, into which are interwoven different thoughts, objectives, observations and proposals covering the vast expanse of the subject. Many scholars and poets including Mahakavi Kalidasa have used the word tantra to mean 'a scientific work' as mentioned by Prof. W. K. Lele. <ref name=":0" />   
 
Tantra used as a synonym for Shastra (in this context means theory, subject) is that which holds the various aspects of a subject, into which are interwoven different thoughts, objectives, observations and proposals covering the vast expanse of the subject. Many scholars and poets including Mahakavi Kalidasa have used the word tantra to mean 'a scientific work' as mentioned by Prof. W. K. Lele. <ref name=":0" />   
Line 28: Line 28:  
तन्त्रस्य युक्तयस्तन्त्रयुक्तयः |   
 
तन्त्रस्य युक्तयस्तन्त्रयुक्तयः |   
   −
A yukti thus means an inevitable tool, a scientific one, an indispensable device employed in composing a scientific treatise.<ref name=":0" /> Tantrayukti, is therefore, a device of the tantra (shastra).   
+
A yukti thus means an inevitable tool, a scientific one, an indispensable device employed in composing a scientific treatise.<ref name=":0" /> Tantrayukti, is therefore, a device of the tantra (shastra). Dr. Jayaraman mentions the various terms in which scholars, both Indian and Western have rendered tantrayukti as follows<ref name=":2" /> 
 
+
# ''Methodology in Sanskrit texts on Science - K. V. Sharma''  
Works such as Charaka Samhita, Sushrutasamhita, Ashtangahrdaya and Arthashastra employed tantrayuktis as devices either for diagnostic purposes or for explanation of technical aspects to understand the texts respectively.<ref name=":32">''The Role of Tantrayuktis in Indian Research Methodology'' by Komatineni Surendra and J.S. R. A. Prasad in Academia</ref>  
+
# ''Forms of scientific argument - S. C. Vidyabhushana'' 
 +
# ''Plan of a treatise - Shamasastry'' 
 +
# ''Method of treatment, maxims for the interpretation of textual topics - Esther Solomon'' 
 +
# ''Formal elements which gave form to a scientific work - Gerhard Obberhammer'' 
 +
# ''Methodology of theoretico-scientific treatises in Sanskrit - Dr. W. K. Lele'' 
 +
# ''Methodology and technique, which enable one to compose and interpret scientific treatises correctly and intelligently - N. E. Muthuswamy'' 
 +
# ''An expedient in the writing of science - Surendranath Mittal'' 
 +
Works such as Charaka Samhita, Sushrutasamhita, Ashtangahrdaya and Arthashastra employed tantrayuktis as devices either for diagnostic purposes or for explanation of technical aspects to understand the texts respectively.<ref name=":32">''The Role of Tantrayuktis in Indian Research Methodology'' by Komatineni Surendra and J.S. R. A. Prasad in Academia</ref> Thus we see above from the etymological and conventional usages that Tantra denotes a systematic work of literature (on any subject) and yukti is an aid in the composition of such a work to convey the intended concepts with clarity.
    
== तन्त्रयुक्तिः॥ Tantrayukti ==
 
== तन्त्रयुक्तिः॥ Tantrayukti ==
Line 259: Line 266:     
== Role of Tantrayukti ==
 
== Role of Tantrayukti ==
 +
 +
== Tantrayukti in Literature ==
 +
All Bharatiya shastras, have been composed based on the tantrayukti system. One can see the application of Tantrayuktis in the composition of scientific literature such as Nyaya, Mimamsa, Vyakarana, Arthashastra, Ayurveda, Alankarashastra and Kamashastra. Such a study of methodological application is relevant to modern day studies, experiments and sciences.
 +
 +
The oldest available Tantrayukti-s list of 32 devices is from Arthashastra. Kautilya's Arthashastra, an ancient authoritative work on governance, diplomacy, economy, politics and statecraft, defines and illustrates Tantrayuktis in the 15th Adhikarana.
    
== References ==
 
== References ==

Navigation menu