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==Mahabharata==

==Mahabharata==

In Mahabharata Shantiparva also, detailed guidelines are given as to the steps, which are necessary for providing good administration. Addressing Yudhishthira, Bhishmacharya says a Raja should take the following steps for better administration of the state. He says, Yudhishthira, please note that duties of the rulers are :-

In the Shantiparva of the Mahabharata, detailed guidelines are given as to the steps, which are necessary for providing good administration. Addressing Yudhishthira, Bhishmacharya says a Raja should take the following steps for better administration of the state. He says, Yudhishthira, please note that duties of the rulers are,

#To employ good detectives.

#To employ good detectives.

#To appoint ambassadors to the states.

#To appoint ambassadors to the states.

#Collecting good people.

#Collecting good people.

#To be brave.

#To be brave.

#Efficient in doing every work.

#To be efficient in doing every work.

#To be truthful.

#To be truthful.

#Always working for the welfare of the people.

#Always working for the welfare of the people.

#Imposing punishment on the guilty depending upon the facts of the case.

#Imposing punishment on the guilty depending upon the facts of the case.

#Not to desert good people.

#Not to desert good people.

#Always keeping persons from respectable family around him.

#Always keeping persons from respectable family around oneself.

#Collecting articles which are worth collecting.

#Collecting articles which are worth collecting.

#To serve the wise and knowledgeable individuals.

#To serve the wise and knowledgeable individuals.

#Improve the happiness of army personnel by giving reward and by keeping them in good humour.

#To improve the happiness of army personnel by giving reward and by keeping them in good humour.

#Everyday to look after the interests of subjects.

#To look after the interests of subjects everyday.

#Should never feel difficulty in doing his work and should never consider it as a burden.

#To never feel difficulty in doing one's work and never considering it a burden.

#Enriching the treasury or exchequer.

#Enriching the treasury or exchequer.

#Full and perfect security for the Capital city and should not depend on others in this behalf.

#Full and perfect security for the Capital city and not depending on others in this behalf.

#Suppressing any groupism against the ruler.

#Suppressing any groupism against the ruler.

#Not to allow any groupism interse among State Servants.

#Not to allow any groupism interse among State Servants.

#Personally inspect the capital.

#To personally inspect the capital.

#Not to depend entirely on anyone.

#Not to depend entirely on anyone.

#Should always follow the rules of Dharma.

#Should always follow the rules of Dharma.

#Must be alert about the activities of enemies.

#Must be alert about the activities of enemies.

#Desert or extern wicked people and those indulging in heinous crimes.

#Desert or extern wicked people and those indulging in heinous crimes.

Perturbed by seeing people who were violating Dharma, Artha and Kama namely Trivarga though it was the best rule for peace and happiness and were causing miseries to themselves and others, Vyasa, expressed his dismay in the following words :-<blockquote>धर्मादर्थश्च कामश्च किमर्थं न सेव्यते ॥</blockquote>Meaning: Why people do not follow Dharma, Artha and kama!

Perturbed by seeing people who were violating Dharma, Artha and Kama namely Trivarga though it was the best rule for peace and happiness and were causing miseries to themselves and others, Vyasa, expressed his dismay in the following words :-<blockquote>धर्मादर्थश्च कामश्च किमर्थं न सेव्यते ॥</blockquote>Meaning: Why people do not follow Dharma, Artha and kama!

Bharataratna P.V Kane, after elaborate study of Rajaneeti Shastra has observed that Dharma was the supreme power in the State and was above the rulers who were only instruments to realize the goal of Dharma (History of Dharma Sastra Vol. III P-240). In other words, Constitution and the law is the ultimate authority and those who exercise sovereign power of the state are penultimate authorities.<ref name=":0">M.Rama Jois (2004), Trivarga, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</ref>

P.V Kane, after elaborate study of Rajaniti Shastra has observed that Dharma was the supreme power in the State and was above the rulers who were only instruments to realize the goal of Dharma (History of Dharma Sastra Vol. III P-240). In other words, Constitution and the law is the ultimate authority and those who exercise sovereign power of the state are penultimate authorities.<ref name=":0">M.Rama Jois (2004), Trivarga, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</ref>

=== '''Greatness of Raja Dharma''' ===

=== '''Greatness of Raja Dharma''' ===

त्रिवर्गो हि समासक्तो राजधर्मेषु कौरव। मोक्षधर्मश्च विस्पष्टः सकलोऽत्र समाहितः।।12.55.4 (12.56.4)

त्रिवर्गो हि समासक्तो राजधर्मेषु कौरव। मोक्षधर्मश्च विस्पष्टः सकलोऽत्र समाहितः।।12.55.4 (12.56.4)

=== '''Need for Raja Dharma (Governance)''' ===

=== '''Need for Raja Dharma (Governance)''' ===

यथा हि रश्मयोऽश्वस्य द्विरदस्याङ्कुशो यथा। नरेन्द्रधर्मो लोकस्य तथा प्रग्रहणं स्मृतम्।। 5

यथा हि रश्मयोऽश्वस्य द्विरदस्याङ्कुशो यथा। नरेन्द्रधर्मो लोकस्य तथा प्रग्रहणं स्मृतम्।।5

=== '''Attitude of a Raja (Ruler)''' ===

=== '''Attitude of a Raja (Ruler)''' ===