Changes

* Holding in high esteem the [[Deva (देवः)|deities]], father (ancestors), mother, teachers, relations equal to one's father, aged people, [[Vaidya (वैद्यः)|physicians]] and brahmanas.

* Holding in high esteem the [[Deva (देवः)|deities]], father (ancestors), mother, teachers, relations equal to one's father, aged people, [[Vaidya (वैद्यः)|physicians]] and brahmanas.

<blockquote>कच्चिद्देवान्पित्रून् मातृर्गुरून्पितृसमानपि। वृद्धांश्च तात वैद्यांश्च ब्राह्मणांश्चाभिमन्यसे || २-१००-१३<ref name=":14">Valmiki Ramayana, IIT Kanpur, Ayodhya Kanda, [https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/sloka?field_kanda_tid=2&language=dv&field_sarga_value=100 Sarga 100]</ref>

<blockquote>कच्चिद्देवान्पित्रून् मातृर्गुरून्पितृसमानपि। वृद्धांश्च तात वैद्यांश्च ब्राह्मणांश्चाभिमन्यसे || २-१००-१३<ref name=":14">Valmiki Ramayana, IIT Kanpur, Ayodhya Kanda, [https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/sloka?field_kanda_tid=2&language=dv&field_sarga_value=100 Sarga 100]</ref> kacciddevānpitrūn mātr̥rgurūnpitr̥samānapi। vr̥ddhāṁśca tāta vaidyāṁśca brāhmaṇāṁścābhimanyase || 2-100-13</blockquote>

 

* Protecting the capital city, Ayodhya.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>वीरैरध्युषितां पूर्वम् अस्माकं तात पूर्वकैः | सत्यनामां दृढद्वारां हस्त्यश्वरथसङ्कुलाम् || २-१००-४०  ब्राह्मणैः क्षत्रियैर्वैश्यैः स्वकर्मनिरतैः सदा | जितेन्द्रियैर्महोत्साहैर्वृतामार्यैस्सहस्रशः || २-१००-४१  प्रासादैर्विविधाकारैर्वृतां वैद्यजनाकुलाम् | कच्चित् समुदितां स्फीताम् अयोध्यां परिरक्षसि || २-१००-४२  vīrairadhyuṣitāṁ pūrvam asmākaṁ tāta pūrvakaiḥ | satyanāmāṁ dr̥ḍhadvārāṁ hastyaśvarathasaṅkulām || 2-100-40  brāhmaṇaiḥ kṣatriyairvaiśyaiḥ svakarmanirataiḥ sadā | jitendriyairmahotsāhairvr̥tāmāryaissahasraśaḥ || 2-100-41  prāsādairvividhākārairvr̥tāṁ vaidyajanākulām | kaccit samuditāṁ sphītām ayodhyāṁ parirakṣasi || 2-100-42</blockquote>This also highlights the features of a capital city, its infrastructure and citizens viz. the city being impregnable, furnished with everything and flourishing, inhabited by heroic ancestors, with fortified gates, endowed with elephants, horses and chariots (military prowess), populated by brahmanas, kshatriyas, vaishyas who are ever engaged in their respective duties, noble citizens who are self-controlled and full of energy, abounding in learned people and endowed with palaces in various shapes.

kacciddevānpitrūn mātr̥rgurūnpitr̥samānapi। vr̥ddhāṁśca tāta vaidyāṁśca brāhmaṇāṁścābhimanyase || 2-100-13</blockquote>

* Protecting the capital city, Ayodhya.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>वीरैरध्युषितां पूर्वम् अस्माकं तात पूर्वकैः | सत्यनामां दृढद्वारां हस्त्यश्वरथसङ्कुलाम् || २-१००-४०  ब्राह्मणैः क्षत्रियैर्वैश्यैः स्वकर्मनिरतैः सदा | जितेन्द्रियैर्महोत्साहैर्वृतामार्यैस्सहस्रशः || २-१००-४१  प्रासादैर्विविधाकारैर्वृतां वैद्यजनाकुलाम् | कच्चित् समुदितां स्फीताम् अयोध्यां परिरक्षसि || २-१००-४२  vīrairadhyuṣitāṁ pūrvam asmākaṁ tāta pūrvakaiḥ | satyanāmāṁ dr̥ḍhadvārāṁ hastyaśvarathasaṅkulām || 2-100-40  brāhmaṇaiḥ kṣatriyairvaiśyaiḥ svakarmanirataiḥ sadā | jitendriyairmahotsāhairvr̥tāmāryaissahasraśaḥ || 2-100-41  prāsādairvividhākārairvr̥tāṁ vaidyajanākulām | kaccit samuditāṁ sphītām ayodhyāṁ parirakṣasi || 2-100-42</blockquote>This also highlights the features of a capital city, its infrastructure and citizens viz. the city being impregnable, furnished with everything and flourishing, inhabited by heroic ancestors, with fortified gates, endowed with elephants, horses and chariots (military prowess), populated by brahmanas, kshatriyas, vaishyas who are ever engaged in their respective duties, noble citizens who are self-controlled and full of energy, abounding in learned people and endowed with palaces in various shapes.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

* Protecting the citizens of the nation in accordance with righteousness especially, those who live by the profession of [[Krshi Vijnana (कृषिविज्ञानम्)|agriculture]] and cattle-rearing that brings prosperity; nourishing them by affording protection and preventing adversities.

* Protecting the citizens of the nation in accordance with righteousness especially, those who live by the profession of [[Krshi Vijnana (कृषिविज्ञानम्)|agriculture]] and cattle-rearing that brings prosperity; nourishing them by affording protection and preventing adversities.

<blockquote>कच्चित् ते दयिताः सर्वे कृषिगोरक्षजीविनः | वार्तायां संश्रितः तात लोको हि सुखम् एधते || २-१००-४७  

<blockquote>कच्चित् ते दयिताः सर्वे कृषिगोरक्षजीविनः | वार्तायां संश्रितः तात लोको हि सुखम् एधते || २-१००-४७  

तेषां गुप्तिपरीहारैः कच्चित् ते भरणं कृतम् | रक्ष्या हि राज्ञा धर्मेण सर्वे विषयवासिनः || २-१००-४८<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

तेषां गुप्तिपरीहारैः कच्चित् ते भरणं कृतम् | रक्ष्या हि राज्ञा धर्मेण सर्वे विषयवासिनः || २-१००-४८

kaccit te dayitāḥ sarve kr̥ṣigorakṣajīvinaḥ | vārtāyāṁ saṁśritaḥ tāta loko hi sukham edhate || 2-100-47

kaccit te dayitāḥ sarve kr̥ṣigorakṣajīvinaḥ | vārtāyāṁ saṁśritaḥ tāta loko hi sukham edhate || 2-100-47

* Appeasing the aged, children and the foremost physicians through [[Dana (दानम्)|dana]] (gifts), affection and kind words.

* Appeasing the aged, children and the foremost physicians through [[Dana (दानम्)|dana]] (gifts), affection and kind words.

<blockquote>कच्चिद् वृद्धांश्च बालांश्च वैद्यमुख्यांश्च राघव | दानेन मनसा वाचा त्रिभिरेतैर्बुभूषसे || २-१००-६०<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

<blockquote>कच्चिद् वृद्धांश्च बालांश्च वैद्यमुख्यांश्च राघव | दानेन मनसा वाचा त्रिभिरेतैर्बुभूषसे || २-१००-६० kaccid vr̥ddhāṁśca bālāṁśca vaidyamukhyāṁśca rāghava | dānena manasā vācā tribhiretairbubhūṣase || 2-100-60</blockquote>

 

kaccid vr̥ddhāṁśca bālāṁśca vaidyamukhyāṁśca rāghava | dānena manasā vācā tribhiretairbubhūṣase || 2-100-60</blockquote>

* Honouring teachers, the elderly, ascetics, deities, [[Atithi Satkara (अतिथिसत्कारः)|guests]], shrines and accomplished brahmanas.

* Honouring teachers, the elderly, ascetics, deities, [[Atithi Satkara (अतिथिसत्कारः)|guests]], shrines and accomplished brahmanas.

<blockquote>कच्चिद् गुरूंश्च वृद्धांश्च तापसान् देवतातिथीन् | चैत्यांश्च सर्वान् सिध्दार्थान् ब्राह्मणांश्च नमस्यसि || २-१००-६१<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

<blockquote>कच्चिद् गुरूंश्च वृद्धांश्च तापसान् देवतातिथीन् | चैत्यांश्च सर्वान् सिध्दार्थान् ब्राह्मणांश्च नमस्यसि || २-१००-६१<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /> kaccid gurūṁśca vr̥ddhāṁśca tāpasān devatātithīn | caityāṁśca sarvān sidhdārthān brāhmaṇāṁśca namasyasi || 2-100-61</blockquote>

 

kaccid gurūṁśca vr̥ddhāṁśca tāpasān devatātithīn | caityāṁśca sarvān sidhdārthān brāhmaṇāṁśca namasyasi || 2-100-61</blockquote>

* Allocating adequate time for attending to all the three viz. [[Dharma (धर्मः)|dharma]], artha and kama.

* Allocating adequate time for attending to all the three viz. [[Dharma (धर्मः)|dharma]], artha and kama.

<blockquote>कच्चिद् अर्थं च धर्मं च कामं च जयतां वर | विभज्य काले कालज्ञ सर्वान् वरद सेवसे || २-१००-६३<ref name=":14" />

<blockquote>कच्चिद् अर्थं च धर्मं च कामं च जयतां वर | विभज्य काले कालज्ञ सर्वान् वरद सेवसे || २-१००-६३<ref name=":14" /> kaccid arthaṁ ca dharmaṁ ca kāmaṁ ca jayatāṁ vara | vibhajya kāle kālajña sarvān varada sevase || 2-100-63</blockquote>This emphasises that greatest priority was given to doctrine of [[Trivarga (त्रिवर्गः)|trivarga]].<ref name=":0" />

 

kaccid arthaṁ ca dharmaṁ ca kāmaṁ ca jayatāṁ vara | vibhajya kāle kālajña sarvān varada sevase || 2-100-63</blockquote>This emphasises that greatest priority was given to doctrine of [[Trivarga (त्रिवर्गः)|trivarga]].<ref name=":0" />

 

* The ten evils viz. hunting, gambling, sleeping during the day, lustfulness, drunkenness, pride, slander, lounging about idly or aimlessly, diversions such as singing and dancing.

* Five kinds of [[Fort (दुर्गः)|fortifications]] viz. Hill forts, Water forts, Desert forts, Earthen forts, Forest forts.

** The ten evils viz. hunting, gambling, sleeping during the day, lustfulness, drunkenness, pride, slander, lounging about idly or aimlessly, diversions such as singing and dancing.

* Four [[Upayas in Indian Diplomacy|stratagems]] viz. Sama, Dana, Bheda and Danda.

** Five kinds of [[Fort (दुर्गः)|fortifications]] viz. Hill forts, Water forts, Desert forts, Earthen forts, Forest forts.

* Seven [[Saptanga Siddhanta (सप्तांग सिद्धांत)|limbs of state]] viz. the ruler, ministers, friends, treasure, territory, forts and army.

** Four [[Upayas in Indian Diplomacy|stratagems]] viz. Sama, Dana, Bheda and Danda.

* Eight evils born of [[Krodha (क्रोधः)|anger]]

** Seven [[Saptanga Siddhanta (सप्तांग सिद्धांत)|limbs of state]] viz. the ruler, ministers, friends, treasure, territory, forts and army.

* The three objects of human pursuit viz. Dharma, Artha and Kama or the three kinds of power viz. energy, power of dominion and power of counsel.

** Eight evils born of [[Krodha (क्रोधः)|anger]]

* The three kinds of knowledge viz. the three [[Vedas (वेदाः)|Vedas]], knowledge relating to agriculture, commerce and other vocational pursuits and [[Arthashastra (अर्थशास्त्रम्)|political science]].

** The three objects of human pursuit viz. Dharma, Artha and Kama or the three kinds of power viz. energy, power of dominion and power of counsel.

* Victory over the [[Indriyas (इन्द्रियाणि)|senses]]

** The three kinds of knowledge viz. the three [[Vedas (वेदाः)|Vedas]], knowledge relating to agriculture, commerce and other vocational pursuits and [[Arthashastra (अर्थशास्त्रम्)|political science]].

* The [[Shadgunya (षाड्गुण्य)|six strategic expedients]] viz. Coming to terms with the enemy, waging war against them, marching against them, biding one's time to seek a favourable opportunity, causing dissension in the enemy's ranks, seeking protection of a powerful ally.

** Victory over the [[Indriyas (इन्द्रियाणि)|senses]]

* Adversity brought about by destiny viz. [[Agni (अग्निः)|fire]], [[Jala (जलम्)|water]] in the shape of excessive rains or floods, epidemic or endemic diseases, famine, earthquakes and tsunamis and adversity brought about by human agencies like officials, thieves, enemies, ruler's favourites and the rulers themselves, when triggered by greed.

** The [[Shadgunya (षाड्गुण्य)|six strategic expedients]] viz. Coming to terms with the enemy, waging war against them, marching against them, biding one's time to seek a favourable opportunity, causing dissension in the enemy's ranks, seeking protection of a powerful ally.

* The twenty types of rulers (who are not worth-negotiating with) viz.

** Adversity brought about by destiny viz. [[Agni (अग्निः)|fire]], [[Jala (जलम्)|water]] in the shape of excessive rains or floods, epidemic or endemic diseases, famine, earthquakes and tsunamis and adversity brought about by human agencies like officials, thieves, enemies, ruler's favourites and the rulers themselves, when triggered by greed.

** The twenty types of rulers (who are not worth-negotiating with) viz.

{{Columns-list|#A ruler who is yet a child

{{Columns-list|#A ruler who is yet a child

#Aged  

#Aged  

#Who is in the clutches of adverse times  

#Who is in the clutches of adverse times  

#Who is not devoted to truth and piety.|colwidth=14em}}

#Who is not devoted to truth and piety.|colwidth=14em}}

* The entire population of the kingdom

 

* Setting about an expedition and drawing up an army in a battle-array

* Peace and war

** The entire population of the kingdom

** Setting about an expedition and drawing up an army in a battle-array

** Peace and war<ref name=":12" />

<blockquote>दशपञ्चचतुर्वर्गान् सप्तवर्गं च तत्त्वतः | अष्टवर्गं त्रिवर्गं च विद्यास्तिस्रश्च राघव || २-१००-६८   

<blockquote>दशपञ्चचतुर्वर्गान् सप्तवर्गं च तत्त्वतः | अष्टवर्गं त्रिवर्गं च विद्यास्तिस्रश्च राघव || २-१००-६८   

* Walking the auspicious path of [[Satya (सत्यम्)|truth]] (virtue) followed by one's ancestors.<ref name=":14" />

* Walking the auspicious path of [[Satya (सत्यम्)|truth]] (virtue) followed by one's ancestors.<ref name=":14" />

<blockquote>यां वृत्तिं वर्तते तातो यां च नः प्रपितामहाः | तां वृत्तिं वर्तसे कच्चिद्या च सत्पथगा शुभा || २-१००-७४<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

<blockquote>यां वृत्तिं वर्तते तातो यां च नः प्रपितामहाः | तां वृत्तिं वर्तसे कच्चिद्या च सत्पथगा शुभा || २-१००-७४<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /> yāṁ vr̥ttiṁ vartate tāto yāṁ ca naḥ prapitāmahāḥ | tāṁ vr̥ttiṁ vartase kaccidyā ca satpathagā śubhā || 2-100-74</blockquote>

 

yāṁ vr̥ttiṁ vartate tāto yāṁ ca naḥ prapitāmahāḥ | tāṁ vr̥ttiṁ vartase kaccidyā ca satpathagā śubhā || 2-100-74</blockquote>

== मन्त्रणायाः महत्त्वम् ॥ Importance of Counsel ==

== मन्त्रणायाः महत्त्वम् ॥ Importance of Counsel ==

मन्त्रो विजय मूलम् हि राज्ञां भवति राघव | सुसम्वृतो मन्त्र धरैर् अमात्यैः शास्त्रकोविदैः || २-१००-१६

मन्त्रो विजय मूलम् हि राज्ञां भवति राघव | सुसम्वृतो मन्त्र धरैर् अमात्यैः शास्त्रकोविदैः || २-१००-१६

कच्चिन् मन्त्रयसे न एकः कच्चिन् न बहुभिः सह | कच्चित् ते मन्त्रितो मन्त्रो राष्ट्रं न परिधावति || २-१००-१८<ref name=":12" />

कच्चिन् मन्त्रयसे न एकः कच्चिन् न बहुभिः सह | कच्चित् ते मन्त्रितो मन्त्रो राष्ट्रं न परिधावति || २-१००-१८

kaccid ātma samāḥ śūrāḥ śrutavanto jita indriyāḥ | kulīnāḥ ca iṅgitajñāśca kr̥tāḥ te tāta mantriṇaḥ || 2-100-15

kaccid ātma samāḥ śūrāḥ śrutavanto jita indriyāḥ | kulīnāḥ ca iṅgitajñāśca kr̥tāḥ te tāta mantriṇaḥ || 2-100-15

mantro vijaya mūlam hi rājñāṁ bhavati rāghava | susamvr̥to mantra dharair amātyaiḥ śāstrakovidaiḥ || 2-100-16

mantro vijaya mūlam hi rājñāṁ bhavati rāghava | susamvr̥to mantra dharair amātyaiḥ śāstrakovidaiḥ || 2-100-16

kaccin mantrayase na ekaḥ kaccin na bahubhiḥ saha | kaccit te mantrito mantro rāṣṭraṁ na paridhāvati || 2-100-18</blockquote>Rama urges rulers to consult with three or four ministers on any proposal both collectively as well as separately in secret with each one as laid down in the scriptures. <blockquote>मन्त्रिभिस्त्वं यथोद्दिष्टैश्चतुर्भिस्त्रिभिरेव वा | कच्चित्समस्तैर्व्यस्तैश्च मन्त्रं मन्त्रयसे मिथः || २-१००-७१<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

kaccin mantrayase na ekaḥ kaccin na bahubhiḥ saha | kaccit te mantrito mantro rāṣṭraṁ na paridhāvati || 2-100-18</blockquote>Rama urges rulers to consult with three or four ministers on any proposal both collectively as well as separately in secret with each one as laid down in the scriptures. <blockquote>मन्त्रिभिस्त्वं यथोद्दिष्टैश्चतुर्भिस्त्रिभिरेव वा | कच्चित्समस्तैर्व्यस्तैश्च मन्त्रं मन्त्रयसे मिथः || २-१००-७१ mantribhistvaṁ yathoddiṣṭaiścaturbhistribhireva vā | kaccitsamastairvyastaiśca mantraṁ mantrayase mithaḥ || 2-100-71</blockquote>Rama also advocates secrecy within the counsel. He states that one's endeavours must become known to others only after they are successful or are about to succeed, and not in an intentional or proposed state. Therefore, without being revealed either by the Raja himself or his ministers, the details of the counsel with ministers should not be known to others through conjecture, [[Inference and its classification (अनुमानं तस्य प्रकाराश्च)|inference]] or anyother means.<blockquote>कच्चित् तु सुकृतान्येव कृतरूपाणि वा पुनः | विदुः ते सर्वकार्याणि न कर्तव्यानि पार्थिवाः || २-१००-२०

 

mantribhistvaṁ yathoddiṣṭaiścaturbhistribhireva vā | kaccitsamastairvyastaiśca mantraṁ mantrayase mithaḥ || 2-100-71</blockquote>Rama also advocates secrecy within the counsel. He states that one's endeavours must become known to others only after they are successful or are about to succeed, and not in an intentional or proposed state. Therefore, without being revealed either by the Raja himself or his ministers, the details of the counsel with ministers should not be known to others through conjecture, [[Inference and its classification (अनुमानं तस्य प्रकाराश्च)|inference]] or anyother means.<blockquote>कच्चित् तु सुकृतान्येव कृतरूपाणि वा पुनः | विदुः ते सर्वकार्याणि न कर्तव्यानि पार्थिवाः || २-१००-२०

कच्चिन् न तर्कैर्युक्त्या वा ये च अप्यपरिकीर्तिताः | त्वया वा तव वा अमात्यैर्बुध्यते तात मन्त्रितम् || २-१००-२१<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

कच्चिन् न तर्कैर्युक्त्या वा ये च अप्यपरिकीर्तिताः | त्वया वा तव वा अमात्यैर्बुध्यते तात मन्त्रितम् || २-१००-२१

kaccit tu sukr̥tānyeva kr̥tarūpāṇi vā punaḥ | viduḥ te sarvakāryāṇi na kartavyāni pārthivāḥ || 2-100-20

kaccit tu sukr̥tānyeva kr̥tarūpāṇi vā punaḥ | viduḥ te sarvakāryāṇi na kartavyāni pārthivāḥ || 2-100-20

* A Raja should not fall a prey to excess of sleep and should wake up at appropriate time. So that, the later half of the night can be utilised to contemplate on the means of judicious statecraft.  

* A Raja should not fall a prey to excess of sleep and should wake up at appropriate time. So that, the later half of the night can be utilised to contemplate on the means of judicious statecraft.  

<blockquote>कच्चिन्निद्रावशं न एषि कच्चित् काले विबुध्यसे | कच्चिच्चापररात्रिषु चिन्तियस्यर्थनैपुणम् || २-१००-१७<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

<blockquote>कच्चिन्निद्रावशं न एषि कच्चित् काले विबुध्यसे | कच्चिच्चापररात्रिषु चिन्तियस्यर्थनैपुणम् || २-१००-१७ kaccinnidrāvaśaṁ na eṣi kaccit kāle vibudhyase | kacciccāpararātriṣu cintiyasyarthanaipuṇam || 2-100-17</blockquote>

 

kaccinnidrāvaśaṁ na eṣi kaccit kāle vibudhyase | kacciccāpararātriṣu cintiyasyarthanaipuṇam || 2-100-17</blockquote>

* A Prince should rise and appear before the people on the great highway everyday, in the forenoon, being regally adorned.

* A Prince should rise and appear before the people on the great highway everyday, in the forenoon, being regally adorned.

<blockquote>कच्चिद् दर्शयसे नित्यं मनुष्याणां विभूषितम् | उत्थाय उत्थाय पूर्वाह्णे राजपुत्रो महापथे || २-१००-५१<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

<blockquote>कच्चिद् दर्शयसे नित्यं मनुष्याणां विभूषितम् | उत्थाय उत्थाय पूर्वाह्णे राजपुत्रो महापथे || २-१००-५१<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /> kaccid darśayase nityaṁ manuṣyāṇāṁ vibhūṣitam | utthāya utthāya pūrvāhṇe rājaputro mahāpathe || 2-100-51</blockquote>

 

kaccid darśayase nityaṁ manuṣyāṇāṁ vibhūṣitam | utthāya utthāya pūrvāhṇe rājaputro mahāpathe || 2-100-51</blockquote>

== निर्णयनीतिः ॥ Decision Making ==

== निर्णयनीतिः ॥ Decision Making ==

Rama clearly outlines determining endeavours involving a little effort but yielding great results and embarking on their execution without procrastination.<ref name=":14" />

Rama clearly outlines determining endeavours involving a little effort but yielding great results and embarking on their execution without procrastination.<ref name=":14" />

<blockquote>कच्चिद् अर्थम् विनिश्चित्य लघुमूलं महोदयम् | क्षिप्रम् आरभसे कर्तुं न दीर्घयसि राघव || २-१००-१९<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

<blockquote>कच्चिद् अर्थम् विनिश्चित्य लघुमूलं महोदयम् | क्षिप्रम् आरभसे कर्तुं न दीर्घयसि राघव || २-१००-१९ kaccid artham viniścitya laghumūlaṁ mahodayam | kṣipram ārabhase kartuṁ na dīrghayasi rāghava || 2-100-19</blockquote>He also warns the leaders to never think lightly and always remain alert about opponents who were weak, defeated and then rise back after the defeat.<blockquote>कच्चिद् व्यपास्तान् अहितान् प्रतियातामः च सर्वदा | दुर्बलान् अनवज्ञाय वर्तसे रिपुसूदन || २-१००-३७<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /> kaccid vyapāstān ahitān pratiyātāmaḥ ca sarvadā | durbalān anavajñāya vartase ripusūdana || 2-100-37</blockquote>

 

kaccid artham viniścitya laghumūlaṁ mahodayam | kṣipram ārabhase kartuṁ na dīrghayasi rāghava || 2-100-19</blockquote>He also warns the leaders to never think lightly and always remain alert about opponents who were weak, defeated and then rise back after the defeat.<blockquote>कच्चिद् व्यपास्तान् अहितान् प्रतियातामः च सर्वदा | दुर्बलान् अनवज्ञाय वर्तसे रिपुसूदन || २-१००-३७<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

 

kaccid vyapāstān ahitān pratiyātāmaḥ ca sarvadā | durbalān anavajñāya vartase ripusūdana || 2-100-37</blockquote>

== निर्वाहकगणनियोजनम् ॥ Delegation ==

== निर्वाहकगणनियोजनम् ॥ Delegation ==

Rama's suggestions regarding delegation of tasks and appointments are as follows:<blockquote>कच्चिन् मुख्या महत्सु एव मध्यमेषु च मध्यमाः | जघन्याः च जघन्येषु भृत्याः कर्मसु योजिताः || २-१००-२५<ref name=":12" />  

Rama's suggestions regarding delegation of tasks and appointments are as follows:<blockquote>कच्चिन् मुख्या महत्सु एव मध्यमेषु च मध्यमाः | जघन्याः च जघन्येषु भृत्याः कर्मसु योजिताः || २-१००-२५<ref name=":12" />  

अमात्यान् उपधातीतान् पितृपैतामहान् शुचीन् | श्रेष्ठान् श्रेष्ठेषु कच्चित् त्वं नियोजयसि कर्मसु || २-१००-२६<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

अमात्यान् उपधातीतान् पितृपैतामहान् शुचीन् | श्रेष्ठान् श्रेष्ठेषु कच्चित् त्वं नियोजयसि कर्मसु || २-१००-२६

kaccin mukhyā mahatsu eva madhyameṣu ca madhyamāḥ | jaghanyāḥ ca jaghanyeṣu bhr̥tyāḥ karmasu yojitāḥ || 2-100-25

kaccin mukhyā mahatsu eva madhyameṣu ca madhyamāḥ | jaghanyāḥ ca jaghanyeṣu bhr̥tyāḥ karmasu yojitāḥ || 2-100-25

amātyān upadhātītān pitr̥paitāmahān śucīn | śreṣṭhān śreṣṭheṣu kaccit tvaṁ niyojayasi karmasu || 2-100-26</blockquote>Meaning:

amātyān upadhātītān pitr̥paitāmahān śucīn | śreṣṭhān śreṣṭheṣu kaccit tvaṁ niyojayasi karmasu || 2-100-26</blockquote>Meaning:

* Highly competent servants should be assigned with important tasks, mediocre servants with mediocre tasks and people with low competency should be assigned subservient tasks.

* Highly competent servants should be assigned with important tasks, mediocre servants with mediocre tasks and people with low competency should be assigned subservient tasks.

* Ministers who are unyielding to bribery and other temptations, holding positions hereditarily and who are full of integrity and eminence should be appointed in matters of great importance.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":12" />

* Ministers who are unyielding to bribery and other temptations, holding positions hereditarily and who are full of integrity and eminence should be appointed in matters of great importance.

 

kaccid aṣṭādaśānyeṣu svapakṣe daśa pañca ca | tribhiḥ tribhiravijñātairvetsi tīrthāni cārakaiḥ || 2-100-36</blockquote>The 18 categories of officials mentioned here are:{{Columns-list|# The Chief Minister

With respect to appointment of ambassadors, Rama suggests that a knowledgeable person living in one's own country, who is wise, skilled, endowed with presence of mind and reports exactly what is spoken to him must be chosen as an ambassador.<blockquote>कच्चिज्जानपदो विद्वान् दक्षिणः प्रतिभानवान् | यथोक्तवादी दूतः ते कृतो भरत पण्डितः || २-१००-३५ kaccijjānapado vidvān dakṣiṇaḥ pratibhānavān | yathoktavādī dūtaḥ te kr̥to bharata paṇḍitaḥ || 2-100-35</blockquote>Rama mentions delegating 3 spies each, who are unrecognisable and unacquainted with each other, to watch over the 18 categories of officials in the enemy kingdom and 15 categories of officials in his own.<blockquote>कच्चिद् अष्टादशान्येषु स्वपक्षे दश पञ्च च | त्रिभिः त्रिभिरविज्ञातैर्वेत्सि तीर्थानि चारकैः || २-१००-३६<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /> kaccid aṣṭādaśānyeṣu svapakṣe daśa pañca ca | tribhiḥ tribhiravijñātairvetsi tīrthāni cārakaiḥ || 2-100-36</blockquote>The 18 categories of officials mentioned here are:{{Columns-list|# The Chief Minister

# The Royal Family Priest

# The Royal Family Priest

# The Crown Prince

# The Crown Prince

* Well-informed ministers examine cases dispassionately when a contention occurs between a rich man and a poor man, after studying the situation carefully.

* Well-informed ministers examine cases dispassionately when a contention occurs between a rich man and a poor man, after studying the situation carefully.

For it is said that tears fallen from the eyes of those who are victims of false accusations and are punished merely for the pleasure of those in command has the power to destroy their progeny and cattle.<blockquote>यानि मिथ्या अभिशस्तानां पतन्त्यश्रूणि राघव | तानि पुत्रान्पशून्घ्नन्ति प्रीत्यर्थम् अनुशासतः || २-१००-५९<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

For it is said that tears fallen from the eyes of those who are victims of false accusations and are punished merely for the pleasure of those in command has the power to destroy their progeny and cattle.<blockquote>यानि मिथ्या अभिशस्तानां पतन्त्यश्रूणि राघव | तानि पुत्रान्पशून्घ्नन्ति प्रीत्यर्थम् अनुशासतः || २-१००-५९<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /> yāni mithyā abhiśastānāṁ patantyaśrūṇi rāghava | tāni putrānpaśūnghnanti prītyartham anuśāsataḥ || 2-100-59</blockquote>

 

yāni mithyā abhiśastānāṁ patantyaśrūṇi rāghava | tāni putrānpaśūnghnanti prītyartham anuśāsataḥ || 2-100-59</blockquote>

== व्यक्तित्वोद्धारः ॥ Personality Development ==

== व्यक्तित्वोद्धारः ॥ Personality Development ==

== धर्मशासनफलम् ॥ Fruit of Good Governance ==

== धर्मशासनफलम् ॥ Fruit of Good Governance ==

Towards the end of the counsel, in the Kachchit Sarga, Rama suggests that the counsel given by him to Bharata, if conformed to, is conducive to long life, fame, righteousness and legitimate pleasure and prosperity.<blockquote>कच्चिदेषैव ते बुद्धिर्यथोक्ता मम राघव | आयुष्या च यशस्या च धर्मकामार्थसंहिता || २-१००-७३<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" />

Towards the end of the counsel, in the Kachchit Sarga, Rama suggests that the counsel given by him to Bharata, if conformed to, is conducive to long life, fame, righteousness and legitimate pleasure and prosperity.<blockquote>कच्चिदेषैव ते बुद्धिर्यथोक्ता मम राघव | आयुष्या च यशस्या च धर्मकामार्थसंहिता || २-१००-७३<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14" /> kaccideṣaiva te buddhiryathoktā mama rāghava | āyuṣyā ca yaśasyā ca dharmakāmārthasaṁhitā || 2-100-73</blockquote>It is also said that a wise and learned ruler, having obtained and ruled the entire [[Prthvi (पृथ्वी)|earth]], properly by righteousness and by administering justice to the people, indeed ascends to heaven when released from the mortal body.<ref name=":12" /><blockquote>राजा तु धर्मेण हि पालयित्वा महामतिर्दण्डधरः प्रजानाम् । अवाप्य कृत्स्नां वसुधां यथावदितश्च्युत स्स्वर्गमुपैति विद्वान् || २-१००-७६<ref name=":14" /> rājā tu dharmeṇa hi pālayitvā mahāmatirdaṇḍadharaḥ prajānām । avāpya kr̥tsnāṁ vasudhāṁ yathāvaditaścyuta ssvargamupaiti vidvān || 2-100-76</blockquote>

 

kaccideṣaiva te buddhiryathoktā mama rāghava | āyuṣyā ca yaśasyā ca dharmakāmārthasaṁhitā || 2-100-73</blockquote>It is also said that a wise and learned ruler, having obtained and ruled the entire [[Prthvi (पृथ्वी)|earth]], properly by righteousness and by administering justice to the people, indeed ascends to heaven when released from the mortal body.<ref name=":12" /><blockquote>राजा तु धर्मेण हि पालयित्वा महामतिर्दण्डधरः प्रजानाम् । अवाप्य कृत्स्नां वसुधां यथावदितश्च्युत स्स्वर्गमुपैति विद्वान् || २-१००-७६<ref name=":14" />

 

rājā tu dharmeṇa hi pālayitvā mahāmatirdaṇḍadharaḥ prajānām । avāpya kr̥tsnāṁ vasudhāṁ yathāvaditaścyuta ssvargamupaiti vidvān || 2-100-76</blockquote>

== संहृतिः ॥ Synopsis ==

== संहृतिः ॥ Synopsis ==

From the discussions in the Kachchit Sarga, it is seen that greatest priority was given to the doctrine of trivarga. It also indicates the functions of a good Government. This advice given by Rama to Bharata at Chitrakuta contains within itself the importance of observing Dharma that is considered essential in exercising political power.

From the discussions in the Kachchit Sarga, it is seen that greatest priority was given to the doctrine of trivarga. It also indicates the functions of a good Government. This advice given by Rama to Bharata at Chitrakuta contains within itself the importance of observing Dharma that is considered essential in exercising political power.

== References ==

== References ==

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<references />