Changes

|Enumeration

|Enumeration

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# Ahimsa || Non-injury / Non-violence

# Ahimsa Non-injury / Non-violence

# Satya || Truthfulness

# Satya Truthfulness

# Asteya || Non-stealing / Non-convetousness

# Asteya Non-stealing / Non-convetousness

# Shaucha || Cleanliness / Purity

# Shaucha Cleanliness / Purity

# Indriya Nigraha || Sense-restraint<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

# Indriya Nigraha Sense-restraint<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

# Kshama Forgiveness<ref>R. Shamasastry, [https://ia802703.us.archive.org/13/items/Arthasastra_English_Translation/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf Kautilya's Arthashastra]</ref>

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# Ahimsa || Harmlessness

# Ahimsa Harmlessness

# Satya || Truthfulness

# Satya Veracity

# Shaucha || Purity

# Anasuya || Freedom from spite

# Shaucha Purity

# Anrshamsya || Abstinence from cruelty

# Indriya Nigraha Controlling of the organs

# Kshama || Forgiveness<ref>R. Shamasastry, [https://ia802703.us.archive.org/13/items/Arthasastra_English_Translation/Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf Kautilya's Arthashastra]</ref>

# Dana Liberality

# Dama Self-control

# Kshanti Forgiveness<ref>Rai Bahadur Srisa Chandra Vidyarnava (1918), [https://archive.org/details/yajnavalkyasmrit00yj/page/236/mode/2up?view=theater Yajnavalkya Smriti (Book 1)], Allahabad: The Panini Office</ref>

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# Ahimsa || Harmlessness

# Akrodha Freedom from anger

# Satya || Veracity

# Satya Vachana Truthfulness

# Asteya || Non-stealing

# Samvibhaga Sharing wealth

# Shaucha || Purity

# Kshama Forgiveness

# Indriya Nigraha || Controlling of the organs

# Prajana Procreation

# Dana || Liberality

# Shaucha Purity

# Dama || Self-control

# Adroha Absence of enmity

# Daya || Mercy

# Arjava Straightforwardness

# Kshanti || Forgiveness<ref>Rai Bahadur Srisa Chandra Vidyarnava (1918), [https://archive.org/details/yajnavalkyasmrit00yj/page/236/mode/2up?view=theater Yajnavalkya Smriti (Book 1)], Allahabad: The Panini Office</ref>

# Bhrtya Bharana Maintainence of dependents<ref name=":5" />

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# Akrodha

# Svadhyaya Perseverance

# Brahmacharya Celibacy

# Dana Donation

# Yajana Yajna

# Akarpanya Generosity

# Anayasa Attachment to hard labour

# Daya Kindness

# Ahimsa Non-violence

# Kshama Forgiveness

# Dama Self-control

# Jitendriyatva Control on senses

# Brahmacharya

# Shaucha Purity

# Dana

# Mangalya Benevolence

# Yajana

# Bhakti Devotion<ref>[https://archive.org/details/vamanapuranavaishnavaupapuranasanskritenglishocr/page/n79/mode/2up?view=theater Vamana Purana (Translation)]</ref>

# Akarpanya

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# Anayasa

# Satya (Truthfulness)

# Daya

# Daya (Compassion)

# Ahimsa

# Tapa (Austerity)

# Kshama

# Shaucha (Purity)

# Dama

# Titiksheksha (Endurance)

# Jitendriyatva

# Shama (Discriminatory Power)

# Shaucha

# Dama (Control of the mind)

# Mangalya

# Bhakti

# Ahimsa (Non-violence)

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# Brahmacharya (celibacy)

# Satya

# Tyaga (sacrifice)

# Daya

# Svadhyaya (Study of Vedas)

# Tapa

# Arjava (Straightforwardness)

# Shaucha

# Santosha (Contentment)

# Titiksheksha

# Samadrk Seva (Service to those who regard all beings as equal)

# Shama

# Gramya Iha Uparama (Withdrawal from worldly activities)

# Dama

# Viparyayeheksha (Observation of the fruitlessness of human actions)

# Ahimsa

# Mauna (Refraining from useless talk)

# Brahmacharya

# Atma Vimarshana (Investigation of the nature of atman)

# Tyaga

# Samvibhaga (Equitable distribution)

# Svadhyaya

# Atmadevata Buddhi (Looking upon other human beings as one's own self and as deity)

# Arjava

# Shravana (Hearing stories of the divine)

# Santosha

# Kirtana (Chanting the name of the divine)

# Samadrk

# Smarana (Contemplation on the divine)

# Seva

# Seva (Self-less Service)

# Gramya-Iha Uparama

# Ijya (Worship of the divine)

# Viparyayeheksha

# Avanati (Bowing to the divine)

# Mauna

# Dasya (Rendering selfless service to the divine)

# Atmavimarshana

# Sakhya (Behaving as a friend with the divine)

# Samvibhaga

# Atma Samarpana (Dedication of oneself to Hari)<ref name=":6" />

# Atmadevata Buddhi

# Shravana

# Kirtana

# Smarana

# Seva

# Ijya

# Avanati

# Dasya

# Sakhya

# Atma Samarpana

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एतं सामासिकं धर्मं चातुर्वर्ण्येऽब्रवीन्मनुः ॥ १०.६३ ॥<ref>Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 10]</ref>

एतं सामासिकं धर्मं चातुर्वर्ण्येऽब्रवीन्मनुः ॥ १०.६३ ॥<ref>Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 10]</ref>

|सर्वेषां अहिंसा सत्यं शौचं अनसूय आनृशंस्यं क्षमा च ॥ ०१.३.१३ ॥<ref>Arthashastra, Adhikarana 1, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9 Adhyaya 3]</ref>

|सर्वेषां अहिंसा सत्यं शौचं अनसूय आनृशंस्यं क्षमा च ॥ ०१.३.१३ ॥<ref>Arthashastra, Adhikarana 1, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9 Adhyaya 3]</ref>

|अहिंसा सत्यं अस्तेयं शौचं इन्द्रियनिग्रहः ।  

|अहिंसा सत्यं अस्तेयं शौचं इन्द्रियनिग्रहः ।

दानं दमो दया क्षान्तिः सर्वेषां धर्मसाधनम् ॥ १.१२२ ॥<ref>Yajnavalkya Smrti, Adhyaya 1 (Achara Adhyaya), [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Grhasthadharma Prakarana]</ref>

दानं दमो दया क्षान्तिः सर्वेषां धर्मसाधनम् ॥ १.१२२ ॥<ref>Yajnavalkya Smrti, Adhyaya 1 (Achara Adhyaya), [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Grhasthadharma Prakarana]</ref>

|अक्रोधः सत्यवचनं संविभागः क्षमा तथा ।  

|अक्रोधः सत्यवचनं संविभागः क्षमा तथा ।

प्रजनः स्वेषु दारेषु शौचमद्रोह एव च ॥ १२.५९.९ ॥

प्रजनः स्वेषु दारेषु शौचमद्रोह एव च ॥ १२.५९.९ ॥

#The fourth rule commands every individual to maintain purity of thought, word and deed. This is called Trikarana shuddhi viz. Kaya, Vacha, Manasa. Also, known as Antaranga Shuddhi (internal/mental purity) and Bahiranga Shuddhi (external purity or purity in action), this rule means absolute honesty that reflects through harmony in thought, word and deed of an individual. That is, one should not think something in the mind, speak something else, and do entirely another thing.

#The fourth rule commands every individual to maintain purity of thought, word and deed. This is called Trikarana shuddhi viz. Kaya, Vacha, Manasa. Also, known as Antaranga Shuddhi (internal/mental purity) and Bahiranga Shuddhi (external purity or purity in action), this rule means absolute honesty that reflects through harmony in thought, word and deed of an individual. That is, one should not think something in the mind, speak something else, and do entirely another thing.

#The fifth rule i.e. control of senses is very important because, it is lack of control over the senses that results in individuals indulging in all types of illegal and immoral actions, being instigated by the one or more of the six inherent enemies (Arishadvargas) as discussed earlier which lands himself as well as others in misery and loss of happiness.

#The fifth rule i.e. control of senses is very important because, it is lack of control over the senses that results in individuals indulging in all types of illegal and immoral actions, being instigated by the one or more of the six inherent enemies (Arishadvargas) as discussed earlier which lands himself as well as others in misery and loss of happiness.

Mahabharata had put it under nine heads :-<blockquote>अक्रोधः सत्यवचनं संविभागः क्षमा तथा । प्रजनः स्वेषु दारेषु शौचमद्रोह एव च ॥12.59.9 आर्जवं भृत्यभरणं नवैते सार्ववर्णिकाः ।<ref name=":3">Mahabharata, Shanti Parva, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-12-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5-059 Adhyaya 59]</ref></blockquote>Meaning: Truthfulness, to be free from anger, sharing wealth with others, (samvibhaga) forgiveness, procreation of children from one’s wife alone, purity, absence of enmity, straightforwardness and maintaining persons dependent on oneself are the nine rules of the Dharma for persons belonging to all the varnas. (Mahabharata Shantiparva 6-7-8).<ref>M.Rama Jois (2004), Trivarga, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</ref>

Mahabharata had put it under nine heads :-<blockquote>अक्रोधः सत्यवचनं संविभागः क्षमा तथा । प्रजनः स्वेषु दारेषु शौचमद्रोह एव च ॥12.59.9 आर्जवं भृत्यभरणं नवैते सार्ववर्णिकाः ।<ref name=":3">Mahabharata, Shanti Parva, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-12-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5-059 Adhyaya 59]</ref></blockquote>Meaning: Truthfulness, to be free from anger, sharing wealth with others, (samvibhaga) forgiveness, procreation of children from one’s wife alone, purity, absence of enmity, straightforwardness and maintaining persons dependent on oneself are the nine rules of the Dharma for persons belonging to all the varnas. (Mahabharata Shantiparva 6-7-8).<ref name=":5">M.Rama Jois (2004), Trivarga, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</ref>

== Samanya Dharma in Bhagavata Purana ==

== Samanya Dharma in Bhagavata Purana ==

Narada enumerates the ideal duties prescribed for human beings to Yudhisthira in the 11th Chapter of the 7th Skandha in the Bhagavata Purana. He says, <blockquote>सत्यं दया तपः शौचं तितिक्षेक्षा शमो दमः । अहिंसा ब्रह्मचर्यं च त्यागः स्वाध्याय आर्जवम् ॥ ८॥ सन्तोषः समदृक्सेवा ग्राम्येहोपरमः शनैः । नृणां विपर्ययेहेक्षा मौनमात्मविमर्शनम् ॥ ९॥ अन्नाद्यादेः संविभागो भूतेभ्यश्च यथार्हतः । तेष्वात्मदेवताबुद्धिः सुतरां नृषु पाण्डव ॥ १०॥ श्रवणं कीर्तनं चास्य स्मरणं महतां गतेः । सेवेज्यावनतिर्दास्यं सख्यमात्मसमर्पणम् ॥ ११॥ नृणामयं परो धर्मः सर्वेषां समुदाहृतः । त्रिंशल्लक्षणवान् राजन् सर्वात्मा येन तुष्यति ॥ १२॥</blockquote>Meaning: Truthfulness, compassion, austerity, purity, endurance, power of discrimination between right and wrong, control of the mind and senses, non-violence, celibacy, sacrifice, the study of Vedas or repetition internally of prayers to the Supreme, straightforwardness, contentment, seva (सेवा | selfless service) to those who regard all beings as equal, gradual withdrawal from worldly activities, observation of the fruitlessness of human actions, refraining from useless talk, investigation of the nature of atman (and its distinctness from the body), equitable distribution of food, eatables etc, among creatures according to their worth (and needs), to look upon them, especially human beings as one's own self and as the deity, Oh son of Pandu. Hearing (the divine name or the stories of the Supreme), chanting of his name, contemplation on, seva (सेवा | selfless service) of, worship of, bowing to, rendering seva (सेवा | selfless service) to the Supreme, behaving as his friend and dedication of oneself to Hari who is the goal of noble beings - these thirty characteristics are said to constitute the highest dharma of all human beings whereby the atman of the universe is propitiated and pleased, Oh raja. (AITM, Vol.9, P.964)

Narada enumerates the ideal duties prescribed for human beings to Yudhisthira in the 11th Chapter of the 7th Skandha in the Bhagavata Purana. He says, <blockquote>सत्यं दया तपः शौचं तितिक्षेक्षा शमो दमः । अहिंसा ब्रह्मचर्यं च त्यागः स्वाध्याय आर्जवम् ॥ ८॥ सन्तोषः समदृक्सेवा ग्राम्येहोपरमः शनैः । नृणां विपर्ययेहेक्षा मौनमात्मविमर्शनम् ॥ ९॥ अन्नाद्यादेः संविभागो भूतेभ्यश्च यथार्हतः । तेष्वात्मदेवताबुद्धिः सुतरां नृषु पाण्डव ॥ १०॥ श्रवणं कीर्तनं चास्य स्मरणं महतां गतेः । सेवेज्यावनतिर्दास्यं सख्यमात्मसमर्पणम् ॥ ११॥ नृणामयं परो धर्मः सर्वेषां समुदाहृतः । त्रिंशल्लक्षणवान् राजन् सर्वात्मा येन तुष्यति ॥ १२॥</blockquote>Meaning: Truthfulness, compassion, austerity, purity, endurance, power of discrimination between right and wrong, control of the mind and senses, non-violence, celibacy, sacrifice, the study of Vedas or repetition internally of prayers to the Supreme, straightforwardness, contentment, seva (सेवा | selfless service) to those who regard all beings as equal, gradual withdrawal from worldly activities, observation of the fruitlessness of human actions, refraining from useless talk, investigation of the nature of atman (and its distinctness from the body), equitable distribution of food, eatables etc, among creatures according to their worth (and needs), to look upon them, especially human beings as one's own self and as the deity, Oh son of Pandu. Hearing (the divine name or the stories of the Supreme), chanting of his name, contemplation on, seva (सेवा | selfless service) of, worship of, bowing to, rendering seva (सेवा | selfless service) to the Supreme, behaving as his friend and dedication of oneself to Hari who is the goal of noble beings - these thirty characteristics are said to constitute the highest dharma of all human beings whereby the atman of the universe is propitiated and pleased, Oh raja. (AITM, Vol.9, P.964)

According to the Bhagavata Purana, performance of yajnas, study of scriptures and dana are prescribed for all the twice-born Varnas (viz. Brahmana, Kshatriya and Vaishya) who are of pure birth and conduct. And it is for these (varnas) that duties incumbent on different stages in life (ashrama) are prescribed.<ref>Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare, The Bhagavata Purana (Part III), Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology (Volume 9), Edited by J.L.Shastri, New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150116/page/n95 P.no.964].</ref><blockquote>इज्याध्ययनदानानि विहितानि द्विजन्मनाम् । जन्मकर्मावदातानां क्रियाश्चाश्रमचोदिताः ॥ १३॥<ref name=":4">Bhagavata Purana, Skandha 7, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7 Adhyaya 11].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>ijyādhyayanadānāni vihitāni dvijanmanām । janmakarmāvadātānāṁ kriyāścāśramacoditāḥ ॥ 13॥</blockquote>

According to the Bhagavata Purana, performance of yajnas, study of scriptures and dana are prescribed for all the twice-born Varnas (viz. Brahmana, Kshatriya and Vaishya) who are of pure birth and conduct. And it is for these (varnas) that duties incumbent on different stages in life (ashrama) are prescribed.<ref name=":6">Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare, The Bhagavata Purana (Part III), Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology (Volume 9), Edited by J.L.Shastri, New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150116/page/n95 P.no.964].</ref><blockquote>इज्याध्ययनदानानि विहितानि द्विजन्मनाम् । जन्मकर्मावदातानां क्रियाश्चाश्रमचोदिताः ॥ १३॥<ref name=":4">Bhagavata Purana, Skandha 7, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7 Adhyaya 11].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>ijyādhyayanadānāni vihitāni dvijanmanām । janmakarmāvadātānāṁ kriyāścāśramacoditāḥ ॥ 13॥</blockquote>

== References ==

== References ==

[[Category:Dharmas]]

[[Category:Dharmas]]

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