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The term Ahara (आहारः) in Samskrit refers to the food or diet. Any food that is consumed to gain energy or to continue the survival is called as Ahara in Ayurveda. Anna, Bhojana, Ashana are some synonyms commonly used to refer Ahara in Ayurveda. Ahara has been identified as that entity which is responsible for sustenance of life of a person. It provides nourishment, strength, health and at the same time can cause various diseases if not consumed in an appropriate way. Thus, it is counted as the first among 3 supporting pillars of life i.e. Trayopasthambhas.   

The term Ahara (आहारः) in Samskrit refers to the food or diet. Any food that is consumed to gain energy or to continue the survival is called as Ahara in Ayurveda. Anna (अन्नम्), Bhojana (भोजनम्), Ashana (अशनम्) are some synonyms commonly used to refer Ahara in Ayurveda. Ahara has been identified as that entity which is responsible for sustenance of life of a person. It provides nourishment, strength, health and at the same time can cause various diseases if not consumed in an appropriate way. Thus, it is counted as the first among 3 supporting pillars of life i.e. Trayopasthambhas (त्रयोपस्तंभाः).   

== व्युत्पत्तिः ==

== व्युत्पत्तिः तथा पर्यायाः ॥  ==

In Samkskrit, Ahara is the term made of 3 roots, आङ् + हृ + घञ्.  

In Samkskrit, Ahara is the term made of 3 roots, आङ् + हृ + घञ्. <blockquote>पुं, (आङ् + हृ + घञ् ।) द्रव्यगलाधःकरणं । (Shabd.)<ref name=":11">Shabdakalpadruma [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80 Ahara]</ref></blockquote>This altogether indicates that Ahara means to ingest/take inside something through mouth and throat. Thus ahara refers to food. 

पुं, (आङ् + हृ + घञ् ।) द्रव्यगलाधःकरणं । (Shabdakalpadruma)

Ahara is referred by many other words in different contexts in Ayurveda treatises and other literature. Various synonyms of the ward ahara are listed in shabdakalpadruma.  <blockquote>तत्पर्य्यायः । जग्धिः २ भोजनं ३ जेमनं ४लेपः ५ निघषः ६ न्यादः ७ । इत्यमरः ॥ जमनं ८ विघषः ९ इति तट्टीका ॥ प्रत्यवसानं १० भक्षणं ११ अशनं १२ ॥ इति रत्नमाला ॥ अभ्यवहारः १३ स्वदनं १४ निगरः १५ । इति राजनिर्घण्टः ॥ अस्य गुणाः । सद्यस्तृप्तिजनकत्वं । बलकारित्वं । देहधारकत्वञ्च । इति राजवल्लभः ॥ <ref name=":11" /></blockquote>Bhojana (भोजनम्), Jemana (जेमन), Bhakshana (भक्षणम्). Ashana (अशनम्), Swadana (स्वदनम्) are some common synonyms for Ahara.

This altogether indicates that Ahara means to ingest/take inside something through mouth and throat. Thus ahara refers to food.  

Ayurveda has put forward the concept of 3 supporting pillars of life. These are called as 3 upastambhas (उपस्तंभाः).<ref name=":02">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyayam 11 Sutram 35)</ref> <ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 7 Sutra 52)</ref> It is stated that, strength, immunity and growth of any individual is dependent on well-regulated support of 3 factors namely Ahara (आहार । food), [[Nidra (निद्रा)|nidra (निद्रा । sleep)]] and observance of [[Brahmacharya (ब्रह्मचर्यम्)|brahmacharya (ब्रह्मचर्यम् ।celibacy/control of senses)]]. These are called supports or pillars of one’s [[Ayu (आयुः)|Ayu (आयुः)]] or life.<blockquote>त्रय उपस्तम्भा इति- आहारः, स्वप्नो, ब्रह्मचर्यमिति; एभिस्त्रिभिर्युक्तियुक्तैरुपस्तब्धमुपस्तम्भैः शरीरं बलवर्णोपचयोपचितमनुवर्तते यावदायुःसंस्कारात् संस्कारमहितमनुपसेवमानस्य, य इहैवोपदेक्ष्यते॥ (Char Samh 11.35)<ref name=":02" /></blockquote><blockquote>traya upastambhā iti- āhāraḥ, svapno, brahmacaryamiti; ebhistribhiryuktiyuktairupastabdhamupastambhaiḥ śarīraṁ balavarṇopacayopacitamanuvartate yāvadāyuḥsaṁskārāt saṁskāramahitamanupasevamānasya, ya ihaivopadekṣyate॥ (Char Samh 11.35)<ref name=":02" /></blockquote>Meaning: Three supporting pillars of life: Ahara (food), nidra (sleep) and observance of bramhacharya (celibacy/control of senses). By the wisdom of well regulated support of these three pillars one can get body with strength, good complexion and proper growth and this continues throughout life, provided person does not get involved in regimens which are detrimental for health, these are discussed in this chapter.<ref>Charaka samhita online (Sutra Sthanasutra  Chapter 11.The Three Desires of Life and important triads sutram 35)</ref>

Bhojana, Jemana, Bhakshana. Ashana, Swadana are some common synonyms for Ahara. (तत्पर्य्यायः । जग्धिः २ भोजनं ३ जेमनं ४लेपः ५ निघषः ६ न्यादः ७ । इत्यमरः ॥ जमनं ८ विघषः ९ इति तट्टीका ॥ प्रत्यवसानं १० भक्षणं ११ अशनं १२ ॥ इति रत्नमाला ॥ अभ्यवहारः १३ स्वदनं १४ निगरः १५ । इति राजनिर्घण्टः ॥ अस्य गुणाः । सद्यस्तृप्तिजनकत्वं । बलकारित्वं । देहधारकत्वञ्च । इति राजवल्लभः ॥) Shabdakalpadruma 

Thus, Ahara plays integral role in one’s health and wellness and therefore it is regarded as one of the 3 supports of life.  

== त्रयोपस्तंभाः॥ Trayopastambha ==

== आहारसम्भवः देहः ॥ Annamaya deha ==

Ayurveda has put forward the concept of 3 supporting pillars of life. These are called as 3 upastambhas.<ref name=":02">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyayam 11 Sutram 35)</ref> <ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 7 Sutra 52)</ref> It is stated that, strength, immunity and growth of any individual is dependent on well-regulated support of 3 factors namely Ahara (food), nidra (sleep) and observance of bramhacharya (celibacy/control of senses). These are called supports or pillars of one’s [[Ayu (आयुः)|Ayu]] or life.<blockquote>त्रय उपस्तम्भा इति- आहारः, स्वप्नो, ब्रह्मचर्यमिति; एभिस्त्रिभिर्युक्तियुक्तैरुपस्तब्धमुपस्तम्भैः शरीरं बलवर्णोपचयोपचितमनुवर्तते यावदायुःसंस्कारात् संस्कारमहितमनुपसेवमानस्य, य इहैवोपदेक्ष्यते॥ (Char Samh 11.35)<ref name=":02" /></blockquote><blockquote>traya upastambhā iti- āhāraḥ, svapno, brahmacaryamiti; ebhistribhiryuktiyuktairupastabdhamupastambhaiḥ śarīraṁ balavarṇopacayopacitamanuvartate yāvadāyuḥsaṁskārāt saṁskāramahitamanupasevamānasya, ya ihaivopadekṣyate॥ (Char Samh 11.35)<ref name=":02" /></blockquote>Meaning: Three supporting pillars of life: Ahara (food), nidra (sleep) and observance of bramhacharya ( celibacy/control of senses). By the wisdom of well regulated support of these three pillars one can get body with strength, good complexion and proper growth and this continues throughout life, provided person does not get involved in regimens which are detrimental for health, these are discussed in this chapter.<ref>Charaka samhita online (Sutra Sthanasutra Chapter 11.The Three Desires of Life and important triads sutram 35)</ref>

Ayurveda lays great emphasis on selection and consumption of Ahara for maintenance of health and well-being. It is considered to be the most important factor in one' life responsible for longevity, strength and health. Not just that but Ayurveda scholars have opined that Deha or [[Sharira (शरीरम्)|Shariram (शरीरम)]] is made up of ahara (food). All the body components and elements are originated from and maintained through food. And therefore one needs to be extra cautious while taking food. Food should not be consumed out of affection (without mindfulness) or in ignorance since food taken in this way might prove harmful. Thus it is recommended that ahara should be consumed after properly assessing or understanding its nature.   

Thus, Ahara plays integral role in one’s health and wellness and therefore it is regarded as one of the 3 supports of life.  

<blockquote>एवं च कृत्वाऽन्नमया एव देहे सर्वे भावाः॥  न रागान्नाप्यविज्ञानादाहारानुपयोजयेत्| परीक्ष्य हितमश्नीयाद्देहो ह्याहारसम्भवः ॥  (Char. Samh. 28.41)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 28 Sutram 41)</ref> </blockquote><blockquote>evaṁ ca kr̥tvā'nnamayā eva dehe sarve bhāvāḥ॥ na rāgānnāpyavijñānādāhārānupayojayet| parīkṣya hitamaśnīyāddeho hyāhārasambhavaḥ ॥ (Char. Samh. 28.41)</blockquote>

Meaning: Therefore all body components have their origin in food. One should not take food with greed and ignorance. One should consume wholesome food after evaluation as the body is formed from food.

Ayurveda lays great emphasis on selection and consumption of Ahara for maintenance of health and well-being. It is considered to be the most important factor in one' life responsible for longevity, strength and health. Not just that but Ayurveda scholars have opined that Deha or Shariram is made up of ahara (food). All the body components and elements are originated from and maintained through food. And therefore one needs to be extra cautious while taking food. Food should not be consumed out of affection (without mindfulness) or in ignorance since food taken in this way might prove harmful. Thus it is recommended that ahara should be consumed after properly assessing or understanding its nature.  <blockquote>एवं च कृत्वाऽन्नमया एव देहे सर्वे भावाः॥  न रागान्नाप्यविज्ञानादाहारानुपयोजयेत्| </blockquote><blockquote>परीक्ष्य हितमश्नीयाद्देहो ह्याहारसम्भवः ॥  (Char. Samh. 28.41)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 28 Sutram 41)</ref></blockquote>Meaning: Therefore all body components have their origin in food. One should not take food with greed and ignorance. One should consume wholesome food after evaluation as the body is formed from food.

=== Panchabhautikatwam of ahara and deha ===

=== आहारस्य तथा देहस्य अपि पाञ्चभौतिकत्वम् ॥ 5 Elemental nature of ahara and deha ===

Sharira i.e. physical body of living beings is made of body tissues called as dhatus. All these dhatus are in turn made of of 5 mahabhutas and therefore the body is said to be made of 5 mahabhutas (panchabhautika deha - body made up of 5 elements). On the basis of doctrine of [[Samanya Vishesha Siddhanta (सामान्यविशेष सिद्धांतः)|samanya vishesha siddhanta]] body made up of 5 mahabhutas can be nourished and grown only with the help of something that is also made up of 5 maahbhutas.<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 46 Sutra 526)</ref> <blockquote>पञ्चभूतात्मके देहे ह्याहारः पाञ्चभौतिकः | विपक्वः पञ्चधा सम्यग्गुणान् स्वानभिवर्धयेत् ||५२६|| (Su.Su.46.526)</blockquote>Thus Ahara (food articles) is looked upon as the source of these 5 mahabhutas which can later form dhatus/body tissues and cause development of body.  It is stated that the 5 maahbhutas in body are replenished and grown by 5 mahabhutas in food after process by separate agni for each maahabhuta present in the food itself. During the processing of food by agni of mahabhutas, transformation of external mahabhuta into body type mahabhuta takes place. The transformed maahbhuta then finds the place in dhatu and become a part of shariram. <ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 59)</ref>

Deha means shariram. [[Sharira (शरीरम्)]] i.e. physical body of living beings is made of body tissues called as dhatus. All these dhatus are in turn made of of 5 mahabhutas (पञ्चमहाभूतानि) and therefore the body is said to be made of 5 mahabhutas (panchabhautika deha - body made up of 5 elements). On the basis of doctrine of [[Samanya Vishesha Siddhanta (सामान्यविशेष सिद्धांतः)|samanya vishesha siddhanta (सामान्य विशेष सिद्धांतः)]] body made up of 5 mahabhutas can be nourished and grown only with the help of something that is also made up of 5 mahabhutas.<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 46 Sutra 526)</ref> <blockquote>पञ्चभूतात्मके देहे ह्याहारः पाञ्चभौतिकः | विपक्वः पञ्चधा सम्यग्गुणान् स्वानभिवर्धयेत् ॥  (Sush. Samh. .46.526)<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 46 Sutra 526)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>pañcabhūtātmake dehe hyāhāraḥ pāñcabhautikaḥ | vipakvaḥ pañcadhā samyagguṇān svānabhivardhayet ॥ (Sush. Samh. .46.526)</blockquote>Thus Ahara (food articles) is looked upon as the source of these 5 mahabhutas which can later form dhatus/body tissues and cause development of body.  It is stated that the 5 mahabhutas in body are replenished and grown by 5 mahabhutas in food after process by separate [[agni (अग्निः)]] for each mahabhuta present in the food itself. During the processing of food by agni of mahabhutas called as bhautikagni (भौतिकाग्निः), transformation of external mahabhuta into body type mahabhuta takes place. The transformed mahabhutas then finds the place in [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatu (धातवः)]] and become a part of shariram. <ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 59)</ref>

== Vital nature of Ahara ==

== प्राणाः प्राणभृतामन्नम्॥ Vital nature of Ahara ==

Ahara has been acclaimed for its role in every aspect of persons life in Charaka Samhita. Acharya Charaka has described the multivariate importance of Ahara or Annam in the verse below. <blockquote>प्राणाः प्राणभृतामन्नमन्नं लोकोऽभिधावति| वर्णः प्रसादः सौस्वर्यं जीवितं प्रतिभा सुखम्॥ </blockquote><blockquote>तुष्टिः पुष्टिर्बलं मेधा सर्वमन्ने प्रतिष्ठितम्| लौकिकं कर्म यद्वृत्तौ स्वर्गतौ यच्च वैदिकम्॥ </blockquote><blockquote>कर्मापवर्गे यच्चोक्तं तच्चाप्यन्ने प्रतिष्ठितम्॥ (Char. Samh. 27.349-51)<ref name=":4">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 27 Sutras 349-51)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>prāṇāḥ prāṇabhr̥tāmannamannaṁ loko'bhidhāvati| varṇaḥ prasādaḥ sausvaryaṁ jīvitaṁ pratibhā sukham॥</blockquote><blockquote>tuṣṭiḥ puṣṭirbalaṁ medhā sarvamanne pratiṣṭhitam| laukikaṁ karma yadvr̥ttau svargatau yacca vaidikam॥</blockquote><blockquote>karmāpavarge yaccoktaṁ taccāpyanne pratiṣṭhitam॥ (Char. Samh. 27.349-51)</blockquote>Meaning: The source of life for all living beings is food and thus all the world seeks (runs behind) food. Complexion, clarity, good voice, long life, understanding, happiness, satisfaction, growth, strength and intelligence are all established in food (can be attained by eating right food). Whatever is beneficial for worldly happiness, whatever pertains to the vedic sacrifices leading to higher abode and whatever actions lead to spiritual salvation are said to be established through food.<ref>Available from [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Annapanavidhi_Adhyaya charakasamhitaonline.com]</ref><blockquote>आहारः प्रीणनः सद्यो बलकृद्देहधारकः ॥ आयुस्तेजःसमुत्साहस्मृत्योजोग्निविवर्धनः ॥ (Sush. Samh. 24.68-69)<ref name=":5">Sushruta Samhita (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 24 Sutra 68-69)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>āhāraḥ prīṇanaḥ sadyo balakr̥ddehadhārakaḥ ॥ āyustejaḥsamutsāhasmr̥tyojognivivardhanaḥ ॥ (Sush. Samh. 24.68-69)</blockquote>Meaning: Ahara is nourishing, instantly energizing and body bearer. It promotes longevity, energy, freshness, memory, [[Ojas (ओजः)|ojas]] and Agni.

Ahara has been acclaimed for its role in every aspect of persons life in [[Charaka Samhita (चरक संहिता)]]. Acharya Charaka has described the multivariate importance of Ahara or Annam in the verse below. <blockquote>प्राणाः प्राणभृतामन्नमन्नं लोकोऽभिधावति| वर्णः प्रसादः सौस्वर्यं जीवितं प्रतिभा सुखम्॥ </blockquote><blockquote>तुष्टिः पुष्टिर्बलं मेधा सर्वमन्ने प्रतिष्ठितम्| लौकिकं कर्म यद्वृत्तौ स्वर्गतौ यच्च वैदिकम्॥ </blockquote><blockquote>कर्मापवर्गे यच्चोक्तं तच्चाप्यन्ने प्रतिष्ठितम्॥ (Char. Samh. 27.349-51)<ref name=":4">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 27 Sutras 349-51)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>prāṇāḥ prāṇabhr̥tāmannamannaṁ loko'bhidhāvati| varṇaḥ prasādaḥ sausvaryaṁ jīvitaṁ pratibhā sukham॥</blockquote><blockquote>tuṣṭiḥ puṣṭirbalaṁ medhā sarvamanne pratiṣṭhitam| laukikaṁ karma yadvr̥ttau svargatau yacca vaidikam॥</blockquote><blockquote>karmāpavarge yaccoktaṁ taccāpyanne pratiṣṭhitam॥ (Char. Samh. 27.349-51)</blockquote>Meaning: The source of life for all living beings is food and thus all the world seeks (runs behind) food. Complexion, clarity, good voice, long life, understanding, happiness, satisfaction, growth, strength and intelligence are all established in food (can be attained by eating right food). Whatever is beneficial for worldly happiness, whatever pertains to the vedic sacrifices leading to higher abode and whatever actions lead to spiritual salvation are said to be established through food.<ref>Available from [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Annapanavidhi_Adhyaya charakasamhitaonline.com]</ref><blockquote>आहारः प्रीणनः सद्यो बलकृद्देहधारकः ॥ आयुस्तेजःसमुत्साहस्मृत्योजोग्निविवर्धनः ॥ (Sush. Samh. 24.68-69)<ref name=":5">Sushruta Samhita (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 24 Sutra 68-69)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>āhāraḥ prīṇanaḥ sadyo balakr̥ddehadhārakaḥ ॥ āyustejaḥsamutsāhasmr̥tyojognivivardhanaḥ ॥ (Sush. Samh. 24.68-69)</blockquote>Meaning: Ahara is nourishing, instantly energizing and body bearer. It promotes longevity, energy, freshness, memory, [[Ojas (ओजः)|ojas]] and Agni.

At the same time, Ayurveda acharyas have also identified the nuisance value of ahara if it is not consumed methodically. It is because of some inappropriate practices of consuming food, it can also become a cause for disease development and thus might create trouble. Acharya Charaka has pointed out this interesting aspect of Ahara by comparing it with liquor and poison by showing the similarity between them skillfully in the verse below.

At the same time, Ayurveda acharyas have also identified the nuisance value of ahara if it is not consumed methodically. It is because of some inappropriate practices of consuming food, it can also become a cause for disease development and thus might create trouble. Acharya Charaka has pointed out this interesting aspect of Ahara by comparing it with liquor and poison by showing the similarity between them skillfully in the verse below.

<blockquote>किन्तु मद्यं स्वभावेन यथैवान्नं तथा स्मृतम्| अयुक्तियुक्तं रोगाय युक्तियुक्तं यथाऽमृतम्॥</blockquote><blockquote>प्राणाः प्राणभृतामन्नं तदयुक्त्या निहन्त्यसून्| विषं प्राणहरं तच्च युक्तियुक्तं रसायनम्॥ (Char. Samh. 24. 59-60)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 24 Sutram 59-60)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>kintu madyaṁ svabhāvena yathaivānnaṁ tathā smr̥tam| ayuktiyuktaṁ rogāya yuktiyuktaṁ yathā'mr̥tam|॥</blockquote><blockquote>prāṇāḥ prāṇabhr̥tāmannaṁ tadayuktyā nihantyasūn| viṣaṁ prāṇaharaṁ tacca yuktiyuktaṁ rasāyanam॥ (Char. Samh. 24. 59-60)</blockquote>Meaning: (Ayurveda has identified alcoholic drinks or fermented preparations as one of the medicinal formulations e.g. Asavas and Arishtas. Thus how Madyam can be utilised as medicine and when it can give trouble was well-known to Ayurveda scholars which they skillfully applied in practice of medicine. The same applies to use of poison. In this reference this verse has been added)  But liquor by nature is similar to the food. It causes disorders when consumed improperly; while it is like amritam (elixir) when consumed properly. Food is like the vitality of life for the human beings; but the same may be fatal if ingested improperly. The poison is fatal, but it can be [[Rasayana (रसायनम्)|rasayana]] if used sensibly.<ref>Available from [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Madatyaya_Chikitsa charakasamhitaonline.com]</ref>

<blockquote>किन्तु मद्यं स्वभावेन यथैवान्नं तथा स्मृतम्| अयुक्तियुक्तं रोगाय युक्तियुक्तं यथाऽमृतम्॥</blockquote><blockquote>प्राणाः प्राणभृतामन्नं तदयुक्त्या निहन्त्यसून्| विषं प्राणहरं तच्च युक्तियुक्तं रसायनम्॥ (Char. Samh. 24. 59-60)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 24 Sutram 59-60)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>kintu madyaṁ svabhāvena yathaivānnaṁ tathā smr̥tam| ayuktiyuktaṁ rogāya yuktiyuktaṁ yathā'mr̥tam|॥</blockquote><blockquote>prāṇāḥ prāṇabhr̥tāmannaṁ tadayuktyā nihantyasūn| viṣaṁ prāṇaharaṁ tacca yuktiyuktaṁ rasāyanam॥ (Char. Samh. 24. 59-60)</blockquote>Meaning: (Ayurveda has identified alcoholic drinks or fermented preparations as one of the medicinal formulations e.g. Asavas and Arishtas. Thus how Madyam can be utilised as medicine and when it can give trouble was well-known to Ayurveda scholars which they skillfully applied in practice of medicine. The same applies to use of poison. In this reference this verse has been added)  But liquor by nature is similar to the food. It causes disorders when consumed improperly; while it is like amritam (elixir) when consumed properly. Food is like the vitality of life for the human beings; but the same may be fatal if ingested improperly. The poison is fatal, but it can be [[Rasayana (रसायनम्)|rasayana]] if used sensibly.<ref>Available from [https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Madatyaya_Chikitsa charakasamhitaonline.com]</ref>

== Role of Ahara in controlling various aspects of life ==

==पुरुषवृद्धिकरः आहारः ॥ Role of Ahara in controlling various aspects of life ==

Ayurveda has recognized the role of Ahara in various aspects of life. <blockquote>हिताहारोपयोग एक एव पुरुषवृद्धिकरो भवति, अहिताहारोपयोगः पुनर्व्याधिनिमित्तमिति ॥ (Char Samh 25.31)<ref name=":6">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 25 Sutra 31)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>hitāhāropayoga eka eva puruṣavr̥ddhikaro bhavati, ahitāhāropayogaḥ punarvyādhinimittamiti ॥ (Char Samh 25.31)</blockquote>Meaning: Hita Ahara (Favorable/suitable Food) is identified as the one and only source of Purusha Vrddhi (Growth of body-mind-energy system of a person).  

Ayurveda has recognized the role of Ahara in various aspects of life. <blockquote>हिताहारोपयोग एक एव पुरुषवृद्धिकरो भवति, अहिताहारोपयोगः पुनर्व्याधिनिमित्तमिति ॥ (Char Samh 25.31)<ref name=":6">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 25 Sutra 31)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>hitāhāropayoga eka eva puruṣavr̥ddhikaro bhavati, ahitāhāropayogaḥ punarvyādhinimittamiti ॥ (Char Samh 25.31)</blockquote>Meaning: Hita Ahara (Favorable/suitable Food) is identified as the one and only source of Purusha Vrddhi (Growth of body-mind-energy system of a person).  

This statement underlines the importance of Ahara in nourishment of not only physical body but also [[Manas (मनः)|manas]] (mind). Ahara has also been identified as one of the extremely important causative factor for disease development. The origin, sustenance and destruction of life is rooted in Ahara. It is Ahara which causes growth, generates strength, health, wellness when consumed appropriately, on the other hand, inappropriately consumed food leads to illness. <ref name=":7">Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthnam Adhyaya 46 Sutra 3)</ref> Thus, role of ahara in all these aspects of life, health and well-being is discussed step-wise in brief.

This statement underlines the importance of Ahara in nourishment of not only physical body but also [[Manas (मनः)|manas (मनः। mind)]]. Ahara has also been identified as one of the extremely important causative factor for disease development. The origin, sustenance and destruction of life is rooted in Ahara. It is Ahara which causes growth, generates strength, health, wellness when consumed appropriately, on the other hand, inappropriately consumed food leads to illness. <ref name=":7">Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthnam Adhyaya 46 Sutra 3)</ref> Thus, role of ahara in all these aspects of life, health and well-being is discussed step-wise in brief.

=== In Sharira vruddhi ===

=== शरीरवृद्धौ आहारः ॥ Role of Ahara in Sharira vruddhi ===

[[Sharira (शरीरम्)|Shariram]] (Physical body) of a person is made up of Ahara. Therefore Sharira vrddhi (physical growth), strength building can be achieved essentially through ahara. Ahara undergoes the process of digestion and it is transformed into [[Rasa Dhatu (रस धातु)|Rasa dhatu.]] This Rasa dhatu which is the essence of ahara is then circulated through various channels in the body to provide nourishment to each and every body component. Thus nourishment & growth of body, sustenance of metabolic functions and preservation of life is accomplished by Ahara through Rasa dhatu. <ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 14 Sutra 3)</ref> Owing to this, the root of living beings, their balam (strength) and Varnam (Complexion) appears to be in Ahara. All these vital activities are carried out by Ahara with the help of its [[Rasa (रसः)|Rasa]]. Guna, [[Veeryam (वीर्यम्)|Veerya]] and [[Vipaka (विपाकः)|vipaka]]. These properties are based on dravya i.e. ingredient or substance which is consumed as a food. Therefore, what food you select and consume is extremely important. Physical body appears good when it is in proper shape and size. The disproportionate increase or reduction in size and shape of the body is unpleasant and leads to illness as well. Thus obesity and emaciation (frail/lean body structure) both conditions are displeasing to the person. Ayurveda too opines that such body types are unfavorable and suggests that Ahara is one of the extremely significant causative factors in this which needs to be properly addressed. The other important factor is Nidra.<ref name=":8">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 21 Sutra 51)</ref> Overall, for the growth of the physical body known as Sharira in Ayurveda, the role of Ahara was well known to the Ayurveda scholars and thus it has been counted as one among the factors responsible for Sharira Vrddhi (physical growth). These factors are collective known as Sharira Vrddhikara Bhavas. At this place it is once again communicated that not just any ahara but Aharasampat i.e good quality of Ahara is responsible for body growth.  

[[Sharira (शरीरम्)|Shariram]] (शरीरम्। Physical body) of a person is made up of Ahara. Therefore Sharira vrddhi (शरीरवृद्धिः p hysical growth), strength building can be achieved essentially through ahara. Ahara undergoes the process of digestion and it is transformed into [[Rasa Dhatu (रस धातु)|Rasa dhatu. (रस धातुः)]] This Rasa dhatu which is the essence of ahara is then circulated through various channels in the body to provide nourishment to each and every body component. Thus nourishment & growth of body, sustenance of metabolic functions and preservation of life is accomplished by Ahara through Rasa dhatu. <ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 14 Sutra 3)</ref> Owing to this, the root of living beings, their [[Balam (बलम्)|balam (बलम् । strength)]] and Varnam (वर्णम् । Complexion) appears to be in Ahara. All these vital activities are carried out by Ahara with the help of its [[Rasa (रसः)|Rasa(रसः)]], Guna (गुणः), [[Veeryam (वीर्यम्)|Veery (वीर्यम्)a]] and [[Vipaka (विपाकः)|vipaka (विपाकम्)]]. These properties are based on dravya (द्रव्यम्) i.e. ingredient or substance which is consumed as a food. Therefore, what food you select and consume is extremely important. Physical body appears good when it is in proper shape and size. The disproportionate increase or reduction in size and shape of the body is unpleasant and leads to illness as well. Thus obesity and emaciation (frail/lean body structure) both conditions are displeasing to the person. Ayurveda too opines that such body types are unfavorable and suggests that Ahara is one of the extremely significant causative factors in this which needs to be properly addressed. The other important factor is [[Nidra (निद्रा)|Nidra (निद्रा । sleep)]].<ref name=":8">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 21 Sutra 51)</ref> Overall, for the growth of the physical body known as Sharira in Ayurveda, the role of Ahara was well known to the Ayurveda scholars and thus it has been counted as one among the factors responsible for Sharira Vrddhi (शरीरवृद्धिः । physical growth). These factors are collective known as Sharira Vrddhikara Bhavas (शरीरवृद्धिकराः भावाः). At this place it is once again communicated that not just any ahara but Aharasampat (आहारसंपत्) i.e good quality of Ahara is responsible for body growth.  

<blockquote>कार्त्स्न्येन शरीरवृद्धिकरास्त्विमे भावा भवन्ति; तद्यथा- कालयोगः, स्वभावसंसिद्धिः, आहारसौष्ठवम्, अविघातश्चेति ॥ (Char Samh 6.12)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 12)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>kārtsnyena śarīravr̥ddhikarāstvime bhāvā bhavanti; tadyathā- kālayogaḥ, svabhāvasaṁsiddhiḥ, āhārasauṣṭhavam, avighātaśceti ॥ (Char Samh 6.12)</blockquote>

<blockquote>कार्त्स्न्येन शरीरवृद्धिकरास्त्विमे भावा भवन्ति; तद्यथा- कालयोगः, स्वभावसंसिद्धिः, आहारसौष्ठवम्, अविघातश्चेति ॥ (Char Samh 6.12)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 12)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>kārtsnyena śarīravr̥ddhikarāstvime bhāvā bhavanti; tadyathā- kālayogaḥ, svabhāvasaṁsiddhiḥ, āhārasauṣṭhavam, avighātaśceti ॥ (Char Samh 6.12)</blockquote>

=== In agni palanam ===

=== अग्निरक्षणे आहारः ॥ In agni palanam ===

Ayurveda shastra gives immense importance to the status of Agni in a person. Agni is believed to be the moola (base/root) of the life like that of Ahara. Ahara taken from outside is converted in the form of energy by Agni and this energy is responsible for all vital functions of our body. If the agni is in a balanced state, the person would be healthy and would lead a long, healthy, happy life. On the other hand, the any vitiation or disturbances in agni the entire metabolism of the body is disturbed resulting in illness and poor quality of life. Once the function of agni stops, the life ends. Thus Agni is critical for one's life. It the cause of health, nourishment, strength, lusture, [[Ojas (ओजः)|ojas]], teja (energy) and prana (life energy).<ref name=":9">Charaka Samhita (Chiktsasthanam Adhyaya 15 Sutra 3-4)</ref> One can also find that the similar description on impact of Ahara on Life is noted in Ayurveda treatises.<ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":8" /> Therefore it is clear that Agni and Ahara both impact the life equally in every aspect. Their targets are similar also because agni and ahara are basically interdependent. Ahara can not impact life without process of agni neither agni can help individual without ahara. These two components control each other and bring about the final effect. How food controls the strength of agni has been explained in Ayurveda with a simple example. Agni can become strong and steady when it is offered Ahara which is nourishing and suitable with a tinge of unctuousness like the wood-fire becomes strong and steady with the help of heart wood / hard wood coated with some unctuous material. <blockquote>दीप्तो यथैव स्थाणुश्च बाह्योऽग्निः सारदारुभिः | सस्नेहैर्जायते तद्वदाहारैः कोष्ठगोऽनलः ॥ (Asht. Hrud. 10.79)<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 10 Sutra 79)</ref> </blockquote>Thus it is always believed in Ayurveda that, not just the food but its digestion and transformation also should be given equal importance while considering health and illness.   

Ayurveda shastra gives immense importance to the status of [[Agni (अग्निः)]] in a person. Agni is believed to be the moola (मूलम् b ase/root) of the life like that of Ahara. Ahara taken from outside is converted in the form of energy by Agni and this energy is responsible for all vital functions of our body. If the agni is in a balanced state, the person would be healthy and would lead a long, healthy, happy life. On the other hand, the any vitiation or disturbances in agni the entire metabolism of the body is disturbed resulting in illness and poor quality of life. Once the function of agni stops, the life ends. Thus Agni is critical for one's life. It the cause of health, nourishment, strength, lusture, [[Ojas (ओजः)|ojas]], [[Ojas (ओजः)|(ओजः)]] teja (तेजम् । energy) and prana (प्राणः । life energy).<ref name=":9">Charaka Samhita (Chiktsasthanam Adhyaya 15 Sutra 3-4)</ref> One can also find that the similar description on impact of Ahara on Life is noted in Ayurveda treatises.<ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":8" /> Therefore it is clear that Agni and Ahara both impact the life equally in every aspect. Their targets are similar also because agni and ahara are basically interdependent. Ahara can not impact life without process of agni neither agni can help individual without ahara. These two components control each other and bring about the final effect. How food controls the strength of agni has been explained in Ayurveda with a simple example. Agni can become strong and steady when it is offered Ahara which is nourishing and suitable with a tinge of unctuousness like the wood-fire becomes strong and steady with the help of heart wood / hard wood coated with some unctuous material. <blockquote>दीप्तो यथैव स्थाणुश्च बाह्योऽग्निः सारदारुभिः | सस्नेहैर्जायते तद्वदाहारैः कोष्ठगोऽनलः ॥ (Asht. Hrud. 10.79)<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 10 Sutra 79)</ref> </blockquote><blockquote>dīpto yathaiva sthāṇuśca bāhyo'gniḥ sāradārubhiḥ | sasnehairjāyate tadvadāhāraiḥ koṣṭhago'nalaḥ ॥ (Asht. Hrud. 10.79)</blockquote>Thus it is always believed in Ayurveda that, not just the food but its digestion and transformation also should be given equal importance while considering health and illness.   

 

=== In Balam Vruddhi ===

=== स्वास्थ्यरक्षणे आहारः ॥ In Prevention of diseases ===

[[Balam (बलम्)|Balam]] in Samskrit refers to the strength of the body. It also indicates ability of the body or part of the body, to protect oneself against various harmful factors. As mentioned in previous sections, Ayurveda has given immense importance to Ahara and agni to acquire and maintain balam. <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":9" /> Grossly, Balam is the product of the strength of all the [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatus]] (body tissues).<ref>Sushrut Samhita (Sutrastanam Adhyaya 15 Sutra 19)</ref> Therefore strength and quality of each dhatu contributes in balam which in turn depends on the ahara. Ultimately, Ahara becomes one of the crucial contributing factors in building and maintaining strength. Ahara is thus listed on eamong the crucial factors for building strength. These factors are called as Balavrddhikara bhavas in Ayurveda.<blockquote>बलवृद्धिकरास्त्विमे भावा भवन्ति| तद्यथा- बलवत्पुरुषे देशे जन्म बलवत्पुरुषे काले च, सुखश्च कालयोगः, बीजक्षेत्रगुणसम्पच्च, आहारसम्पच्च, शरीरसम्पच्च, सात्म्यसम्पच्च, सत्त्वसम्पच्च, स्वभावसंसिद्धिश्च, यौवनं च, कर्म च, संहर्षश्चेति ॥ (Char. Samh. 6.13)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 13)</ref></blockquote>Fundamentally there are 3 types of balam based on its source viz Sahaja (Natural, Present right from the birth), Kalaja (Present due to particular season and age) and Yuktikrita (Obtained by deliberate efforts to acquire strength like use of diet, exercise, medicines). Ahara is believed to develop Yuktikruta type of Balam. This means with proper application of knowledge about which food should be taken and how it should be consumed, one can certainly increase the strength. E.g Inclusion of ghee, milk, meat and certain strength building recipes in diet under a Vaidya's supervision can help one build strength and stamina. <ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 11 Sutram 36)</ref> <ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 78)</ref>

Ahara is one of the highly important factors from one's life that is responsible for maintenance of health and well-being. The entire theory of disease development and health in Ayurveda is based on the effect of food and lifestyle factors on various body components. Therefore, the role of ahara in prevention of diseases has also been identified by Ayurveda. Various Ayurveda scholars at multiple places in literature have clearly stated that the one who consumes the appropriate and suitable food regularly can stay away form diseases and live a healthy life.<blockquote>नित्यं हिताहारविहारसेवी समीक्ष्यकारी विषयेष्वसक्तः | दाता समः सत्यपरः क्षमावानाप्तोपसेवी च भवत्यरोगः॥  (Asht. Hrud. 4.36)<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 4 Sutram 36)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>nityaṁ hitāhāravihārasevī samīkṣyakārī viṣayeṣvasaktaḥ | dātā samaḥ satyaparaḥ kṣamāvānāptopasevī ca bhavatyarogaḥ॥ (Asht. Hrud. 4.36)</blockquote>

The qualities of food that should be looked for while selecting the daily food have been mentioned by ayurveda scholars. Ahara which is nutritious, right in quantity, snigdha (स्निग्धः । having appropriate amount of fats) and madhura [[Rasa (रसः)|rasa (मधुर रसः)]] dominant is believed to be beneficial to build and maintain strong health.<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 24 Sutram 98)</ref> Such ahara should be consumed on daily basis or in other words, the food that is recommended to be consumed on daily basis should have these qualities.   

Ahara is one of the highly important factors from one's life that is responsible for maintenance of health and wellbeing. The entire theory of disease development and health in Ayurveda is based on the effect of food and lifestyle factors on various body components. Therefore, the role of aahara in prevention of diseases has also been identified by Ayurveda. Various Ayurveda scholars at multiple places in literature have clearly stated that the one who consumes the appropriate and suitable food regularly can stay away form diseases and live a healthy life.<blockquote>नित्यं हिताहारविहारसेवी समीक्ष्यकारी विषयेष्वसक्तः |</blockquote><blockquote>दाता समः सत्यपरः क्षमावानाप्तोपसेवी च भवत्यरोगः॥  (Asht. Hrud. 4.36)<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 4 Sutram 36)</ref></blockquote>The qualities of food that should be looked for while selecting the daily food have been mentioned by ayurveda scholars. Ahara which is nutritious, right in quantity, snigdha (having appropriate amount of fats) and madhura [[Rasa (रसः)|rasa]] dominant is believed to be beneficial to build and maintain strong health.<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 24 Sutram 98)</ref> Such ahara should be consumed on daily basis or in other words, the food that is recommended to be consumed on daily basis should have these qualities.   

=== In development of diseases ===

=== रोगोत्पत्तौ आहारः ॥ In development of diseases ===

Ahara (Diet) and Vihara (lifestyle) affects health of an individual. The causes of disease development are believed to be rooted in irregularities and mistakes of ahara and vihara. When these factors are of the gunas (nature) similar to doshas (causing their aggravation) while opposite in gunas (nature) of that of dhatus (causing their depletion) diseases develop.<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutram 44)</ref> This is regarded as the basis of knowledge about disease development and management according to Ayurveda. Therefore the role of ahara in diseases has been reiterated and emphasized multiple times in various context in Ayurveda literature. Acharya Charaka has opined that, the origin of life and diseases is Ahara i.e. food. Wholesome and unwholesome food articles are responsible for happiness and sorrow respectively. <blockquote>आहारसम्भवं वस्तु रोगाश्चाहारसम्भवाः| हिताहितविशेषाच्च विशेषः सुखदुःखयोः ॥  (Char. Samh. 28.45)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 28 Sutra 45)</ref></blockquote>Also, at some instances Ahara has been considered as the sole responsible factors in disease development and thus it has been advised to always eat wholesome food mindfully.  

Ahara (आहारः  ।  Diet) and Vihara (विहारः ।  lifestyle) affects health of an individual. The causes of disease development are believed to be rooted in irregularities and mistakes of ahara and vihara. When these factors are of the gunas (गुणाः । nature) similar to [[doshas (दोषाः)]]  [causing their aggravation] while opposite in gunas (गुणाः  ।  nature) of that of [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatus (धातवः]]) [causing their depletion] diseases develop.<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutram 44)</ref> This is regarded as the basis of knowledge about disease development and management according to Ayurveda. Therefore the role of ahara in diseases has been reiterated and emphasized multiple times in various context in Ayurveda literature. Acharya Charaka has opined that, the origin of life and diseases is Ahara i.e. food. Wholesome and unwholesome food articles are responsible for happiness and sorrow respectively. <blockquote>आहारसम्भवं वस्तु रोगाश्चाहारसम्भवाः| हिताहितविशेषाच्च विशेषः सुखदुःखयोः ॥  (Char. Samh. 28.45)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 28 Sutra 45)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>āhārasambhavaṁ vastu rogāścāhārasambhavāḥ| hitāhitaviśeṣācca viśeṣaḥ sukhaduḥkhayoḥ ॥ (Char. Samh. 28.45)</blockquote>Also, at some instances Ahara has been considered as the sole responsible factors in disease development and thus it has been advised to always eat wholesome food mindfully.  

<blockquote>विविधादशितात् पीतादहिताल्लीढखादितात् | भवन्त्येते मनुष्याणां विकारा य उदाहृताः॥</blockquote><blockquote>तेषामिच्छन्ननुत्पत्तिं सेवेत मतिमान् सदा | हितान्येवाशितादीनि न स्युस्तज्जास्तथाऽऽमयाः॥ (Char. Samh. 28.23-24)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 28 Sutras 23-24)</ref></blockquote>Meaning:  The diseases mentioned here (in this chapter) occur due to consumption of different types of unwholesome food articles viz eatables, drinkables. linctuses and chewables. Therefore the wise person who desires to avoid their occurrence should always eat only wholesome food (eatables, drinkables, chewables and linctuses) so as to keep check on such illnesses.  

<blockquote>विविधादशितात् पीतादहिताल्लीढखादितात् | भवन्त्येते मनुष्याणां विकारा य उदाहृताः॥</blockquote><blockquote>तेषामिच्छन्ननुत्पत्तिं सेवेत मतिमान् सदा | हितान्येवाशितादीनि न स्युस्तज्जास्तथाऽऽमयाः॥ (Char. Samh. 28.23-24)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 28 Sutras 23-24)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>vividhādaśitāt pītādahitāllīḍhakhāditāt | bhavantyete manuṣyāṇāṁ vikārā ya udāhr̥tāḥ॥</blockquote><blockquote>teṣāmicchannanutpattiṁ seveta matimān sadā | hitānyevāśitādīni na syustajjāstathā<nowiki>''</nowiki>mayāḥ॥ (Char. Samh. 28.23-24)</blockquote>Meaning:  The diseases mentioned here (in this chapter) occur due to consumption of different types of unwholesome food articles viz eatables, drinkables. linctuses and chewables. Therefore the wise person who desires to avoid their occurrence should always eat only wholesome food (eatables, drinkables, chewables and linctuses) so as to keep check on such illnesses.

=== In growth of new life in womb ===

=== गर्भविवर्धने मातुः आहारः॥ In growth of new life in womb ===

From conception to delivery the baby is entirely dependent on mother for nourishment. The growth and development of baby inside the mother's womb occurs through the [[Rasa Dhatu (रस धातु)|rasa dhatu]] of mother which is formed from ahara taken by mother according to Ayurveda. Thus ahara taken by mother during pregnancy and also during lactation is keenly monitored. It plays crucial role in the development of body of fetus. <blockquote>.....मातुश्चाहाररसजैः क्रमात्कुक्षौ विवर्द्धते ॥ (Asht. Hrud. 1.2) <ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 1 Sutra 2)</ref></blockquote>

From conception to delivery the baby is entirely dependent on mother for nourishment. The growth and development of baby inside the mother's womb occurs through the [[Rasa Dhatu (रस धातु)|rasa dhatu]] of mother which is formed from ahara taken by mother according to Ayurveda. Thus ahara taken by mother during pregnancy and also during lactation is keenly monitored. It plays crucial role in the development of body of fetus. <blockquote>.....मातुश्चाहाररसजैः क्रमात्कुक्षौ विवर्द्धते ॥ (Asht. Hrud. 1.2) <ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 1 Sutra 2)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>....mātuścāhārarasajaiḥ kramātkukṣau vivarddhate ॥ (Asht. Hrud. 1.2)</blockquote>

== Ahara types ==

== आहारभेदाः॥ Ahara types ==

Various properties of Ahara have been mentioned in Ayurveda classics. These properties are described in terms of Panchamahabhutas, [[Rasa (रसः)|rasa]] and [[Veeryam (वीर्यम्)|veerya]] of Ahara. While describing the properties, some types of Ahara have also been mentioned. Ahara is divided into 4 categories based on its form and method of consumption.<ref>Dalhana Commentary On Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 14 Sutram 3)</ref> These types of ahara are as follows,

Various properties of Ahara have been mentioned in Ayurveda classics. These properties are described in terms of Panchamahabhutas, [[Rasa (रसः)|rasa]] and [[Veeryam (वीर्यम्)|veerya]] of Ahara. While describing the properties, some types of Ahara have also been mentioned. Ahara is divided into 4 categories based on its form and method of consumption.<ref>Dalhana Commentary On Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 14 Sutram 3)</ref> These types of ahara are as follows,

# Bhakshya : Food that can be eaten with mastication i.e. Hard and solid food

# Bhakshya (भक्ष्यम्) : Food that can be eaten with mastication i.e. Hard and solid food

# Bhojya : What may be eaten without masticaiton i.e. Solid food

# Bhojya (भोज्यम्) : What may be eaten without masticaiton i.e. Solid food

# Lehya : What can be licked i.e. Semisolid food

# Lehya (लेह्यम्) : What can be licked i.e. Semisolid food

# Peya : What can be drunk i.e. Liquids

# Peya : What can be drunk i.e. Liquids

In this way, food articles on the basis of their physical nature have been divided into 4 types. Along with that, Ahara can also be categorized on the basis of its dominant properties e.g dominant mahabhuta or dominant rasa etc. These types have significance from the point of view of digestion, transformation and end effects of it in the person who consumes it.  

In this way, food articles on the basis of their physical nature have been divided into 4 types. Along with that, Ahara can also be categorized on the basis of its dominant properties e.g dominant mahabhuta or dominant [[Rasa (रसः)|rasa (रसः]]) etc. These types have significance from the point of view of digestion, transformation and end effects of it in the person who consumes it.  

=== Types of aharadravyas ===

=== आहारद्रव्याणां भेदाः ॥ Types of ahara-dravyas ===

Although the ahara is categorised in 4 types based on its physical form, it can be divided in 2 groups depending on the properties of it core ingredients. These properties of ingredients are important because those decide the fate of this ahara and its effect on person's body after consumption. Also, this understanding helps to decide the appropriate quantity or portion of this ahara to be taken at a time in a person. Guru and Laghu are these 2 chief properties.  

Although the ahara is categorised in 4 types based on its physical form, it can be divided in 2 groups depending on the properties of it core ingredients. These properties of ingredients are important because those decide the fate of this ahara and its effect on person's body after consumption. Also, this understanding helps to decide the appropriate quantity or portion of this ahara to be taken at a time in a person. Guru and Laghu are these 2 chief properties.  

==== Laghu ====

==== लघुः ॥ Laghu ====

The term Laghu means light or small. The ingredients which are easy for digestion and help to create the feeling of lightness, buoyancy in a body are identified as Laghu. Examples of such food articles are Rice, Green gram etc.<ref name=":1">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 5 Sutram 5)</ref> Even if one consumes excess quantity of Laghu food articles, it does not cause as much trouble as the guru ahara can.  

The term Laghu means light or small. The ingredients which are easy for digestion and help to create the feeling of lightness, buoyancy in a body are identified as Laghu. Examples of such food articles are Rice, Green gram etc.<ref name=":1">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 5 Sutram 5)</ref> Even if one consumes excess quantity of Laghu food articles, it does not cause as much trouble as the guru ahara can.  

==== Guru ====

==== गुरुः ॥ Guru ====

Guru indicates that food article having this property will take more time to get completely digested. The agni (digestive fire) has to process it with more efforts than Laghu food. Such food articles should be consumed in less quantity for better digestion and avoid untoward side effects. Various milk products, starch rich food articles,black grams, meat etc fall under Guru category. Therefore it is necessary to control the portion of such food stuffs. <ref name=":1" />

Guru indicates that food article having this property will take more time to get completely digested. The agni (digestive fire) has to process it with more efforts than Laghu food. Such food articles should be consumed in less quantity for better digestion and avoid untoward side effects. Various milk products, starch rich food articles,black grams, meat etc fall under Guru category. Therefore it is necessary to control the portion of such food stuffs. <ref name=":1" />

== Ahara vargas ==

== आहारवर्गाः ॥ Ahara vargas ==

Ayurveda samhitas have categorized food items into various groups. Primarily the food is divided into liquid foods (Drava dravya) and solid foods (ahara dravya).<ref name=":0">Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 5, 6)</ref> Ahara dravyas (solid food) is further categorised into 8 groups and Drava drvyas (liquid food) divided into 4 groups. Altogether 12 groups of food items have been listed in Ayurveda and those are as follows.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 26 Sutras 6-7)</ref>

Ayurveda samhitas have categorized food items into various groups. Primarily the food is divided into liquid foods (द्रव-द्रव्याः । Drava dravya) and solid foods (घन द्रव्याः आहार द्रव्याः वाa hara dravya).<ref name=":0">Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 5, 6)</ref> Ahara dravyas (solid food) is further categorized into 8 groups and Drava drvyas (liquid food) divided into 4 groups. Altogether 12 groups of food items have been listed in Ayurveda and those are as follows.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 26 Sutras 6-7)</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

|+Categorization of Food items

|+Categorization of Food items

|1

|1

|Shooka Dhanya (शूकधान्य)

|Shooka Dhanya (शूकधान्य)

|Toya varya

|Toya varya (तोय वर्गः)

|-

|-

|2

|2

|Shimbi Dhanya (शमीधान्य)

|Shimbi Dhanya (शमीधान्य)

|Ksheera varga

|Ksheera varga (क्षीर वर्गः)

|-

|-

|3

|3

|Mansa varga

|Mansa varga (मांस वर्गः)

|Ikshu varga

|Ikshu varga (इक्षु वर्गः)

|-

|-

|4

|4

|Phala varga

|Phala varga (फल वर्गः)

|Taila varga

|Taila varga (तैल वर्गः)

|-

|-

|5

|5

|Shaka varga

|Shaka varga (शाक वर्गः)

|Madya varga

|Madya varga (मद्य वर्गः)

|-

|-

|6

|6

|Krutanna varga

|Krutanna varga (कृतान्न वर्गः)

|

|

|-

|-

|7

|7

|Harita / Aharayogi varga

|Harita / Aharayogi varga (हरित/ आहारयोगी वर्गः)

|

|

|}

|}

Various food articles have been grouped under these 12 categories. Their properties, effect on health and well-being have been critically studied and described in Ayurveda treatises.  

Various food articles have been grouped under these 12 categories. Their properties, effect on health and well-being have been critically studied and described in Ayurveda treatises.  

=== Factors to be considered while selecting food articles ===

=== युक्ताहार द्रव्य निर्धारणार्थे विचारः ॥ Factors to be considered while selecting food articles ===

The food articles should be selected on the basis of certain factors so that they do not disturb the equilibrium of body components. These factors are Desha, Kala and one's body (physical constitution of individual). Desha refers to the geographical condition/land while Kala means season. The food article that possess qualities which will balance the disturbances created by external factors like desha, kala and also which are suitable to maintain balance of bodily components should be selected. This helps in maintaining health and well-being. <blockquote>देशकालात्मगुणविपरीतानां हि कर्मणामाहारविकाराणां च क्रियोपयोगः सम्यक्, सर्वातियोगसन्धारणम्, असन्धारणमुदीर्णानां च गतिमतां, साहसानां च वर्जनं, स्वस्थवृत्तमेतावद्धातूनां साम्यानुग्रहार्थमुपदिश्यते||८|| (Cha. Sha. 6.8)</blockquote>

The food articles should be selected on the basis of certain factors so that they do not disturb the equilibrium of body components. These factors are Desha, Kala and one's body (physical constitution of individual). Desha refers to the geographical condition/land while Kala means season. The food article that possess qualities which will balance the disturbances created by external factors like desha, kala and also which are suitable to maintain balance of bodily components should be selected. This helps in maintaining health and well-being. <blockquote>देशकालात्मगुणविपरीतानां हि कर्मणामाहारविकाराणां च क्रियोपयोगः सम्यक्, सर्वातियोगसन्धारणम्, असन्धारणमुदीर्णानां च गतिमतां, साहसानां च वर्जनं, स्वस्थवृत्तमेतावद्धातूनां साम्यानुग्रहार्थमुपदिश्यते ॥ (Cha. Sha. 6.8)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 8)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>deśakālātmaguṇaviparītānāṁ hi karmaṇāmāhāravikārāṇāṁ ca kriyopayogaḥ samyak, sarvātiyogasandhāraṇam, asandhāraṇamudīrṇānāṁ ca gatimatāṁ, sāhasānāṁ ca varjanaṁ, svasthavr̥ttametāvaddhātūnāṁ sāmyānugrahārthamupadiśyate ॥ (Cha. Sha. 6.8)</blockquote>

== Various properties and types of Ahara considered by Ayurveda ==

== अनेकविधाः आहारभेदाः॥ Various properties and types of Ahara considered by Ayurveda ==

Ayurveda classics thoroughly discuss about Ahara and its effects on person. Ahara has been studied in multiple aspects by Ayurveda scholars. As a result, Ahara is classified into various types which actually describe its nature and help to understand its probable effect on body.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 25 Sutra 36)</ref> Ayurveda vaidyas consider all these points while assessing patinets' current diet, health and then  recommending a specific diet plan for an individual.  

Ayurveda classics thoroughly discuss about Ahara and its effects on person. Ahara has been studied in multiple aspects by Ayurveda scholars. As a result, Ahara is classified into various types which actually describe its nature and help to understand its probable effect on body.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 25 Sutra 36)</ref> Ayurveda vaidyas consider all these points while assessing patinets' current diet, health and then  recommending a specific diet plan for an individual.  

# 2 types- based on origin-Sthavara (Vegetarian), Jangama (Non-vegetarian)

# 2 types- based on origin-Sthavara (स्थावर । Vegetarian), Jangama (जाङ्गम । Non-vegetarian)

# 6 types- based on Rasa- Madhura (Sweet), Amla (Sour), Lavana (Salty), Katu (Pungent), Titkta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent)

# 6 types- based on Rasa- Madhura (मधुरः S weet), Amla (अम्लः । Sour), Lavana (लवणः । Salty), Katu (कटुः । Pungent), Titkta (तिक्तः । Bitter), Kashaya (कषायः । Astringent)

# 20 types- Based on properties like Hot, Cold, Unctuous, Dry, Soft, Hard etc

# 20 types- Based on properties like Hot, Cold, Unctuous, Dry, Soft, Hard etc

# Infinite types - Based on combinations, processing techniques etc.

# Infinite types - Based on combinations, processing techniques etc.

=== Best Quality of Ahara ===

=== आहारस्य अग्र्यगुणः ॥ Best Quality of Ahara ===

Ahara can have different qualities depending on its ingredients, processing method, taste and texture etc. However, among all other qualities the best quality of Ahara is believed to be its capability to provide satisfaction i.e. satiety. Satiety is also defined as absence of hunger. <blockquote>तृप्तिराहारगुणानां <ref name=":2">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 25 Sutram 40)</ref></blockquote>Thus the food or ahara that fulfills one's hunger completely so that after eating that food no more feeling of hunger is experienced and the person is satisfied completely is said to be the best quality of Ahara. The ahara which is capable of fulfilling the nutritional needs as well as is desirable for that person can possess this quality.  

Ahara can have different qualities depending on its ingredients, processing method, taste and texture etc. However, among all other qualities the best quality of Ahara is believed to be its capability to provide satisfaction i.e. satiety. Satiety is also defined as absence of hunger. <blockquote>तृप्तिराहारगुणानां <ref name=":2">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 25 Sutram 40)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>tr̥ptirāhāraguṇānāṁ</blockquote>Thus the food or ahara that fulfills one's hunger completely so that after eating that food no more feeling of hunger is experienced and the person is satisfied completely is said to be the best quality of Ahara. The ahara which is capable of fulfilling the nutritional needs as well as is desirable for that person can possess this quality.  

== Seasonal ahara ==

== Seasonal ahara ==