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Philosophical Discourse (सम्भाषा) (view source)
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Philosophical Discourse (Samskrit: सम्भाषा) or participating in philosophical debates is considered one of the three methods to obtain knowledge; the other two being, adhyayana (study) and adhyapana (teaching), says the [[Charaka Samhita (चरक संहिता)|Charaka Samhita]].<ref name=":9">Rajpreet Singh, Veenu Malhotra, Rimpaljeet Kaur and Shashikant Bharadwaj (2016) , [http://www.ijrap.net/admin/php/uploads/1534_pdf.pdf Comparative study of Sambhasha in Charaka Samhita with Sympoisums held in Modern Era], International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy.</ref><blockquote>अध्ययनमध्यापनं तद्विद्यसम्भाषा चेत्युपायाः ॥४॥<ref name=":14">Edited by Debendra Nath Sen and Upendra Nath Sen, Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana, Chapter 8, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.322332/page/n399 Pg.no.326]</ref> ''adhyayanamadhyāpanaṁ tadvidyasambhāṣetyupāyāḥ ॥4॥''</blockquote>Meaning: To this end, we shall indicate the means viz. study, teaching and discussion with those versed in the same subject.<ref>Edited and Published by Ayurvedic Society (Jamnagar, 1949), Charaka Samhita (Volume 5), [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.326551/page/n375 Pg.no.324]</ref>
This article is an introduction to the science of 'Tadvidya Sambhasha' (debate between experts of same field).
== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
There was a long and a time-honored tradition in ancient India where philosophers and thinkers met to discuss metaphysical issues over which there were multiple views. There are detailed narrations of such discussions, debates and dialogues recorded in [[Chandogya Upanishad (छान्दोग्योपनिषतद्)|Chandogya Upanishad]], [[Brhadaranyaka Upanishad (बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद्)|Brhadaranyaka Upanishad]] and Prashna Upanishad.
Few other terms that the other early texts such as Aitareya Brahmana, Kathopanishad and others use in this context include:
* Tarka (reasoning)
* Vada (debate)
* Yukti (sustained arguments)
* Prameya (object of knowledge),
* [[Pramana (प्रमाणम्)|Pramana]] (proof),
* Nirnaya (ascertainment) etc.
These later became the principal terminologies of the Nyaya School. While the Manu Samhita and Maharshi Panini's Ashtadhyayi mentioned the idioms of inquiry (Anveshiki) dealing with the theory of reasons (Hetu vidya or Hetu shastra).<ref name=":3">Sreenivasa Rao, [https://swaminathanv208.blogspot.com/2016/05/discussions-debates-and-arguments.html Discussions, Debates and Arguments: Ancient India.]</ref>
==व्युत्पत्तिः ॥ Etymology==
Shabdakalpadruma explains Sambhasha as Sambhashana. It says,<blockquote>सम्भाषा सम्भाषणम् ॥<ref name=":10">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80 Shabdakalpadruma]</ref> ''sambhāṣā sambhāṣaṇam ॥''</blockquote>And Sambhashana is,<blockquote>सम्भाषणं कथनम् । आलापनम् ।<ref name=":10" /> ''sambhāṣaṇaṁ kathanam । ālāpanam ।''</blockquote>Vachaspatya highlights 2 aspects of conversing. That is,
#सम्यक्कथने (''samyakkathane'' | approprite speech/conversation)
#परस्परकथने च (''parasparakathane'' | conversing with each other)<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF Vachaspatya]</ref>
== References ==
This article is an introduction to the science of 'Tadvidya Sambhasha' (debate between experts of same field).
== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
There was a long and a time-honored tradition in ancient India where philosophers and thinkers met to discuss metaphysical issues over which there were multiple views. There are detailed narrations of such discussions, debates and dialogues recorded in [[Chandogya Upanishad (छान्दोग्योपनिषतद्)|Chandogya Upanishad]], [[Brhadaranyaka Upanishad (बृहदारण्यकोपनिषद्)|Brhadaranyaka Upanishad]] and Prashna Upanishad.
Few other terms that the other early texts such as Aitareya Brahmana, Kathopanishad and others use in this context include:
* Tarka (reasoning)
* Vada (debate)
* Yukti (sustained arguments)
* Prameya (object of knowledge),
* [[Pramana (प्रमाणम्)|Pramana]] (proof),
* Nirnaya (ascertainment) etc.
These later became the principal terminologies of the Nyaya School. While the Manu Samhita and Maharshi Panini's Ashtadhyayi mentioned the idioms of inquiry (Anveshiki) dealing with the theory of reasons (Hetu vidya or Hetu shastra).<ref name=":3">Sreenivasa Rao, [https://swaminathanv208.blogspot.com/2016/05/discussions-debates-and-arguments.html Discussions, Debates and Arguments: Ancient India.]</ref>
==व्युत्पत्तिः ॥ Etymology==
Shabdakalpadruma explains Sambhasha as Sambhashana. It says,<blockquote>सम्भाषा सम्भाषणम् ॥<ref name=":10">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80 Shabdakalpadruma]</ref> ''sambhāṣā sambhāṣaṇam ॥''</blockquote>And Sambhashana is,<blockquote>सम्भाषणं कथनम् । आलापनम् ।<ref name=":10" /> ''sambhāṣaṇaṁ kathanam । ālāpanam ।''</blockquote>Vachaspatya highlights 2 aspects of conversing. That is,
#सम्यक्कथने (''samyakkathane'' | approprite speech/conversation)
#परस्परकथने च (''parasparakathane'' | conversing with each other)<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF Vachaspatya]</ref>
== References ==