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→स्मृत्यां धर्मः ॥ Dharma in the Smrti: Citation
Madhavacharya in his commentary on Parashara Smrti, has briefly and precisely explained the meaning of Dharma as follows:<blockquote>अभ्युदय-निश्रेयसे साधनसत्त्वेन धारयति इति धर्मः । स च लक्षण-प्रमाणाभ्यां चोदनासूत्रैर्व्यवस्थापितः ॥<ref>Pandit Vaman Sastri Islamapurkar (1893), Parasara Dharma Samhita ([https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.273888/page/n97 Vol.1 Part 1]), Bombay Sanskrit Series no.XLVII, Bombay: Government Central Book Depot.</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''abhyudaya-niśreyase sādhanasattvena dhārayati iti dharmaḥ । sa ca lakṣaṇa-pramāṇābhyāṁ codanāsūtrairvyavasthāpitaḥ ॥''</blockquote>Meaning: Dharma is that which sustains and ensures progress and welfare of all in this world and eternal Bliss in the other world. It is promulgated in the form of commands. (positive and negative - vidhi and nishedha)<ref name=":3" />
Madhavacharya in his commentary on Parashara Smrti, has briefly and precisely explained the meaning of Dharma as follows:<blockquote>अभ्युदय-निश्रेयसे साधनसत्त्वेन धारयति इति धर्मः । स च लक्षण-प्रमाणाभ्यां चोदनासूत्रैर्व्यवस्थापितः ॥<ref>Pandit Vaman Sastri Islamapurkar (1893), Parasara Dharma Samhita ([https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.273888/page/n97 Vol.1 Part 1]), Bombay Sanskrit Series no.XLVII, Bombay: Government Central Book Depot.</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''abhyudaya-niśreyase sādhanasattvena dhārayati iti dharmaḥ । sa ca lakṣaṇa-pramāṇābhyāṁ codanāsūtrairvyavasthāpitaḥ ॥''</blockquote>Meaning: Dharma is that which sustains and ensures progress and welfare of all in this world and eternal Bliss in the other world. It is promulgated in the form of commands. (positive and negative - vidhi and nishedha)<ref name=":3" />
However, the essence of various definitions of Dharma is put together by Manu (मनुः). He says,<blockquote>अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं शौचमिन्द्रियनिग्रहः । एतं सामासिकं धर्मं चातुर्वर्ण्येऽब्रवीन्मनुः ॥ 10.63 ||</blockquote><blockquote>''ahiṁsā satyamasteyaṁ śaucamindriyanigrahaḥ । etaṁ sāmāsikaṁ dharmaṁ cāturvarṇye'bravīnmanuḥ ॥ 10.63 ||''</blockquote>Meaning: Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (not coveting the property of others), Shaucha (Purity) and Indriyanigraha (control of senses) are in brief the common dharmas for all [[Varna Dharma (वर्णधर्मः)|Varnas]].<ref name=":3" />
However, the essence of various definitions of Dharma is put together by Manu (मनुः). He says,<blockquote>अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं शौचमिन्द्रियनिग्रहः । एतं सामासिकं धर्मं चातुर्वर्ण्येऽब्रवीन्मनुः ॥ 10.63 ||<ref name=":7" /></blockquote><blockquote>''ahiṁsā satyamasteyaṁ śaucamindriyanigrahaḥ । etaṁ sāmāsikaṁ dharmaṁ cāturvarṇye'bravīnmanuḥ ॥ 10.63 ||''</blockquote>Meaning: Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (not coveting the property of others), Shaucha (Purity) and Indriyanigraha (control of senses) are in brief the common dharmas for all [[Varna Dharma (वर्णधर्मः)|Varnas]].<ref name=":3" />
=== महाभारते धर्मः ॥ Dharma in the Mahabharata ===
=== महाभारते धर्मः ॥ Dharma in the Mahabharata ===
Out of the ten virtues recommended by Maharshi Patanjali, the exponent of Raja Yoga philosophy, the first five constitute Yama or self-restraint and the other five virtues constitute Niyama or religious observance. Also, apart from the ten factors of Dharma as enumerated above, the Padma Purana also mentions bestowing gifts on deserving persons, fixing one’s thoughts on Lord Krishna, adoration of one’s parents, offering a portion of the daily meal to all creatures and giving a morsel of food to a cow as characteristics of Dharma.<ref name=":4" />
Out of the ten virtues recommended by Maharshi Patanjali, the exponent of Raja Yoga philosophy, the first five constitute Yama or self-restraint and the other five virtues constitute Niyama or religious observance. Also, apart from the ten factors of Dharma as enumerated above, the Padma Purana also mentions bestowing gifts on deserving persons, fixing one’s thoughts on Lord Krishna, adoration of one’s parents, offering a portion of the daily meal to all creatures and giving a morsel of food to a cow as characteristics of Dharma.<ref name=":4" />
Manusmrti is more concise in this matter and enumerates 'Dharma' under five heads. It says,<blockquote>अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं शौचमिन्द्रियनिग्रहः । एतं सामासिकं धर्मं चातुर्वर्ण्येऽब्रवीन्मनुः ॥<ref>Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 10].</ref> Manu Smrt 10.63</blockquote><blockquote>''ahiṁsā satyamasteyaṁ śaucamindriyanigrahaḥ । etaṁ sāmāsikaṁ dharmaṁ cāturvarṇye'bravīnmanuḥ ॥''</blockquote>Meaning : Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (not acquiring illegitimate wealth), Shaucha (purity), and Indriya Nigraha (control of senses) are, in brief, the common Dharma for all the varnas. Here,
Manusmrti is more concise in this matter and enumerates 'Dharma' under five heads. It says,<blockquote>अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं शौचमिन्द्रियनिग्रहः । एतं सामासिकं धर्मं चातुर्वर्ण्येऽब्रवीन्मनुः ॥<ref name=":7">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 10].</ref> Manu Smrt 10.63</blockquote><blockquote>''ahiṁsā satyamasteyaṁ śaucamindriyanigrahaḥ । etaṁ sāmāsikaṁ dharmaṁ cāturvarṇye'bravīnmanuḥ ॥''</blockquote>Meaning : Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (not acquiring illegitimate wealth), Shaucha (purity), and Indriya Nigraha (control of senses) are, in brief, the common Dharma for all the varnas. Here,
# The first rule prohibits people from indulging in violence against other living beings.
# The first rule prohibits people from indulging in violence against other living beings.
# The second rule requires every one to be truthful in day to day life.
# The second rule requires every one to be truthful in day to day life.
(d) We must not commit any sexual immorality
(d) We must not commit any sexual immorality
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अहिंसा | ''ahiṁsā''
अहिंसा | ''ahiṁsā''