Changes

== Etymology ==

== Etymology ==

The word '''philosophy''<nowiki/>' means 'love of learning'. It signifies a natural and necessary urge in human beings to know themselves and the world in which they 'live and move and have their being'.

The word '<nowiki/>''philosophy''<nowiki/>' means 'love of learning'. It signifies a natural and necessary urge in human beings to know themselves and the world in which they 'live and move and have their being'. The word '''darshana''<nowiki/>' means 'vision' and also the 'instrument of vision'. It stands for the direct, intermediate and intuitive vision of Reality, the actual perception of Truth, and also includes the means which lead to this Realization.<ref name=":2">Sharma, Chandradhar. (1962). ''The Indian Philosophy : A Critical Survey.'' USA: Barnes & Noble, Inc.</ref>

 

The word '''darshana''<nowiki/>' means 'vision' and also the 'instrument of vision'. It stands for the direct, intermediate and intuitive vision of Reality, the actual perception of Truth, and also includes the means which lead to this Realization.<ref name=":2">Sharma, Chandradhar. (1962). ''The Indian Philosophy : A Critical Survey.'' USA: Barnes & Noble, Inc.</ref>  

Brhdaranyaka Upanishad describes the fundamental concept of Atma (आत्मा ) during [[Yajnavalkya Maitreyi samvada (याज्ञवल्क्यमैत्रेय्योः संवादः)|Yajnavalkya Maitreyi Samvada]] as follows <blockquote>साक्षात् मोक्षसाधनानि इमानि आत्मा वा अरे द्रष्टव्यः श्रोतव्यो मन्तव्यो निदिध्यासितव्यः । - बृहदारण्यकोपनिषत् २-४-५  </blockquote>आत्मा वा अरे द्रष्टव्यः । See the Self is the keynote of all schools of Bharatiya Darshana Shastras.  And this is also the reason why most of these schools are also religious sects.<ref name=":2" />

Brhdaranyaka Upanishad describes the fundamental concept of Atma (आत्मा ) during [[Yajnavalkya Maitreyi samvada (याज्ञवल्क्यमैत्रेय्योः संवादः)|Yajnavalkya Maitreyi Samvada]] as follows <blockquote>साक्षात् मोक्षसाधनानि इमानि आत्मा वा अरे द्रष्टव्यः श्रोतव्यो मन्तव्यो निदिध्यासितव्यः । - बृहदारण्यकोपनिषत् २-४-५  </blockquote>आत्मा वा अरे द्रष्टव्यः । See the Self is the keynote of all schools of Bharatiya Darshana Shastras.  And this is also the reason why most of these schools are also religious sects.<ref name=":2" />

== अास्तिकदर्शनानि ॥ Astika Darshanas ==

== अास्तिकदर्शनानि ॥ Astika Darshanas ==

The term Astika (Samskrit : अास्तिकः) according to Vachaspatyam means अस्ति परलोक इति मतिर्यस्य । one who believes in the existence of paraloka (other worlds). Some schools of philosophy are based on the Vedas all of which proclaim the existence of other lokas (worlds), punarjanma (rebirth), existence of a supreme power etc.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">Swami Sivananda, All About Hinduism, Page 47-51</ref> Six systems of the Hindu philosophy or the Shad Darsanas are the Astika darshanas. They include:

The term Astika (Samskrit : अास्तिकः) according to Vachaspatyam means अस्ति परलोक इति मतिर्यस्य । one who believes in the existence of paraloka (other worlds). Some schools of philosophy are based on the Vedas all of which proclaim the existence of other lokas (worlds), punarjanma (rebirth), existence of a supreme power etc.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">Swami Sivananda, All About Hinduism, Page 47-51</ref> Six systems of the Indian philosophy called popularly as the Shad Darsanas are the Astika darshanas. They include:

#  न्यायः || [[Nyaya Darshana (न्यायदर्शनम्)|Nyaya]] (Rishi Gautama)

#  न्यायः || [[Nyaya Darshana (न्यायदर्शनम्)|Nyaya]] (Rishi Gautama)

#  वैशेषिकः || Vaiseshika (Rishi Kanada)

#  वैशेषिकः || [[Vaiseshika Darsana|Vaiseshika]] (Rishi Kanada)

#  साङ्ख्यः || [[Samkhya Darshana (साङ्ख्यदर्शनम्)|Samkhya]]  (Kapila Muni)

#  साङ्ख्यः || [[Samkhya Darshana (साङ्ख्यदर्शनम्)|Samkhya]]  (Kapila Muni)

#  योगः || Yoga (Maharishi Patanjali)

#  योगः || Yoga (Maharishi Patanjali)

#  पूर्वमीमांसा || Poorva [[Mimamsa Darsana|Mimamsa]] (Jaimini)

#  पूर्वमीमांसा || Poorva [[Mimamsa Darsana|Mimamsa]] (Jaimini)

# उत्तरमीमांसा || Uttara Mimamsa or वेदान्त || [[Vedanta]] (Badarayana or Vyasa) 

# उत्तरमीमांसा || Uttara Mimamsa or वेदान्त || [[Vedanta]] (Badarayana or Vyasa) 

These are often grouped by twos, taken in order, since the are allied to each other. They last pair, (Poorva and Uttara Mimamsa, however, are not so closely akin in their theoretical aspects, according to a few scholars. They are the two schools which are directly based on the Veda. The remaining four schools, in their present form, declare allegiance to the Veda, but it is doubtful whether they were Vedic from the beginning of their history.<ref name=":3">Hiriyanna. M. (1949) ''The Essentials of Indian Philosophy.'' London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd.</ref>

These are often grouped by twos, taken in order, since the are allied to each other. They last pair, (Poorva and Uttara Mimamsa, however, are not so closely akin in their theoretical aspects, according to a few scholars. They are the two schools which are directly based on the Veda. The remaining four schools, in their present form, declare allegiance to the Veda, but it is doubtful whether they were Vedic from the beginning of their history. Astika Darshanas regard the realm of being as by no means exhausted by common experience and acknowledges a unique ''pramana'' for knowing what lies beyond. It may be further divided into two classes <ref name=":3">Hiriyanna. M. (1949) ''The Essentials of Indian Philosophy.'' London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd.</ref>

 

 

 

We find that Padma purana introduces these shastras in the following slokas<blockquote>कणादेन तु संप्रोक्तं शास्त्रं वैशेषिकं महत् । गौतमेन तथा न्यायं सांख्यं तु कपिलेन वै ॥ (Padm. Pura.6.236.4-5) <ref>Padma Purana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/पद्मपुराणम्/खण्डः_६_(उत्तरखण्डः)/अध्यायः_२३६ Kanda 6 Adhyaya 236])</ref> </blockquote><blockquote>kaṇādena tu saṃproktaṃ śāstraṃ vaiśeṣikaṃ mahat । gautamena tathā nyāyaṃ sāṃkhyaṃ tu kapilena vai ॥ </blockquote>Meaning : The Vaisheshika shastra has been elucidated by Kanada, while the Nyaya shastra was given by Gautama Rishi, and Samkhya shastra was by Kapila Rishi.

We find that Padma purana introduces these shastras in the following slokas<blockquote>कणादेन तु संप्रोक्तं शास्त्रं वैशेषिकं महत् । गौतमेन तथा न्यायं सांख्यं तु कपिलेन वै ॥ (Padm. Pura.6.236.4-5) <ref>Padma Purana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/पद्मपुराणम्/खण्डः_६_(उत्तरखण्डः)/अध्यायः_२३६ Kanda 6 Adhyaya 236])</ref> </blockquote><blockquote>kaṇādena tu saṃproktaṃ śāstraṃ vaiśeṣikaṃ mahat । gautamena tathā nyāyaṃ sāṃkhyaṃ tu kapilena vai ॥ </blockquote>Meaning : The Vaisheshika shastra has been elucidated by Kanada, while the Nyaya shastra was given by Gautama Rishi, and Samkhya shastra was by Kapila Rishi.

#* The School of Idealism or Yogacharas (Buddhistic)

#* The School of Idealism or Yogacharas (Buddhistic)

#* The School of Nihilism or the Madhyamikas (Buddhistic).

#* The School of Nihilism or the Madhyamikas (Buddhistic).

When the term Shad Darsanas is employed, it means the six Astika Darsanas. In this article the six Astika systems of Indian Philosophy will be introduced.   

When the term Shad Darsanas is employed, it means the six Astika Darsanas. In this article the six Astika systems of Indian Philosophy will be introduced.