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Line 60: − − == दीक्षाप्रवचनम् ॥ Addressing the Students == − Taittriya Upanishad Shikshavalli is referred to as a classic example of how a student is addressed at the end of his studies and the fundamental principles that he should remember for life. Samavartana is equated to convocation ceremony of the present day. − − The famous samavartana speech in the Taittriyopanishad starts with Speak the Truth, Practice Dharma, Make no mistake about the study of the Veda..<ref name=":03">N. S. Ananta Rangacharya (2003) ''Principal Upanishads (Isa, Kena, Katha, Prasna, Mundaka, Mandookya, Taittiriya, Mahanarayana, Svetasvatara) Volume 1.'' Bangalore : Sri Rama Printers</ref><blockquote>वेदमनूच्याचार्योऽन्तेवासिनमनुशास्ति - सत्यं वद , धर्मं चर, स्वाध्यायान्मा प्रमदः ।... ... (Tait. Upan. Shiks. 11.1)<ref>Taittriya Upanishad [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4% (Shiksha Valli Anuvaka 11])</ref></blockquote>Having taught the Vedas to the student, the preceptor Acharya imparts the Samavartana or end of education instructions to disciples (Antevasi). It is implied that a disciple who has studied the Veda, should not leave his Acharya's house without inquiring into the scriptural duties. (Page 265-266 of Reference <ref>Swami Gambhirananda (1957) ''Eight Upanishads, Volume 1 (Isa, Kena, Katha, and Taittriya)'' ''with the Commentary of Sankaracharya.'' Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama</ref>).
→दीक्षाप्रवचनम् ॥ Addressing the Students
Before the ceremonial bath, the student has to obtain permission from the acharya to end his studentship and give him guru-dakshina - tuition fees as explained below in Parashara Smrti. <blockquote>गुरवे तु वरं दत्त्वा स्नायीत तदनुज्ञया । वेदव्रतनि वा पारं नीत्वा ह्युभयमेव वा ॥ '''पराशरस्मृतिः - आचारकाण्डः'''</blockquote>In similar lines the Yajnavalkya smrti also expresses the above idea<blockquote>गुरवे तु वरं दत्त्वा स्नायाद्वा तदनुज्ञया । वेदं व्रतानि वा पारं नीत्वा ह्युभयं एव वा । । १.५१ । । (Yajn. Smrt. 1.51)<ref>Yajnavalkya Smrti (Acharaadhyaya [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Vivahaprakarana]) </ref></blockquote>Up to this time the student did not pay any thing to the Acharya. So at the time of taking leave from him he is expected to pay him according to his means, in the form of fees.
Before the ceremonial bath, the student has to obtain permission from the acharya to end his studentship and give him guru-dakshina - tuition fees as explained below in Parashara Smrti. <blockquote>गुरवे तु वरं दत्त्वा स्नायीत तदनुज्ञया । वेदव्रतनि वा पारं नीत्वा ह्युभयमेव वा ॥ '''पराशरस्मृतिः - आचारकाण्डः'''</blockquote>In similar lines the Yajnavalkya smrti also expresses the above idea<blockquote>गुरवे तु वरं दत्त्वा स्नायाद्वा तदनुज्ञया । वेदं व्रतानि वा पारं नीत्वा ह्युभयं एव वा । । १.५१ । । (Yajn. Smrt. 1.51)<ref>Yajnavalkya Smrti (Acharaadhyaya [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Vivahaprakarana]) </ref></blockquote>Up to this time the student did not pay any thing to the Acharya. So at the time of taking leave from him he is expected to pay him according to his means, in the form of fees.
=== समावर्तनम् (स्नातकम्) विवाहः च ॥ Snataka and Marriage ===
=== दीक्षाप्रवचनम् ॥ Convocation Address ===
Taittriya Upanishad Shikshavalli is referred to as a classic example of how a student is addressed at the end of his studies and the fundamental principles that he should remember for life. Samavartana is equated to convocation ceremony of the present day.
The famous samavartana speech in the Taittriyopanishad starts with Speak the Truth, Practice Dharma, Make no mistake about the study of the Veda..<ref name=":03">N. S. Ananta Rangacharya (2003) ''Principal Upanishads (Isa, Kena, Katha, Prasna, Mundaka, Mandookya, Taittiriya, Mahanarayana, Svetasvatara) Volume 1.'' Bangalore : Sri Rama Printers</ref><blockquote>वेदमनूच्याचार्योऽन्तेवासिनमनुशास्ति - सत्यं वद , धर्मं चर, स्वाध्यायान्मा प्रमदः ।... ... (Tait. Upan. Shiks. 11.1)<ref>Taittriya Upanishad [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4% (Shiksha Valli Anuvaka 11])</ref></blockquote>Having taught the Vedas to the student, the preceptor Acharya imparts the Samavartana or end of education instructions to disciples (Antevasi). It is implied that a disciple who has studied the Veda, should not leave his Acharya's house without inquiring into the scriptural duties. (Page 265-266 of Reference <ref>Swami Gambhirananda (1957) ''Eight Upanishads, Volume 1 (Isa, Kena, Katha, and Taittriya)'' ''with the Commentary of Sankaracharya.'' Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama</ref>).
=== Gurudakshina ===
Returning from the assembly the student bids farewell to his teacher after paying him the honorarium that he could afford.
== समावर्तनम् (स्नातकम्) विवाहः च ॥ Snataka and Marriage ==
A lot of confusion prevails as to the conduct of Samavartana and Marriage whether they should be conducted as contiguous events or not. Later when Upanayana lost its educational significance, it became more of a bodily samskara, more of a license for marriage. But because marriage could not take place before the Samavartana, it must be performed some time before marriage. In the present situations, in majority of cases Upanayana is performed followed by Samavartana immediately and all this has become symbolic. Unfortunately, it portrays that education of the person is completed even before it commenced.<ref name=":1" /> <blockquote>वेदानधीत्य वेदौ वा वेदं वापि यथाक्रमम् । अविप्लुतब्रह्मचर्यो गृहस्थाश्रममावसेत् ॥ (Manu. Smrt. 3.2)<ref name=":2">Manusmrti ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 3])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>अनधीत्य द्विजो वेदान् अनुत्पाद्य तथा सुतान् । अनिष्ट्वा चैव यज्ञांश्च मोक्षमिच्छन् व्रजत्यधः ॥ (Manu. Smrt. 6.37)<ref>Manusmrti ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 6])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>गुरुगेहदनावृत्तः स्नातको हि न कथ्यते । तत्परत्वविधानाच्च न तवत् दारसङ्ग्रहः ॥ (Shlok. Vart. Praty. 103 and 104)</blockquote>All the above stand for विवाहः after समावर्तनम् । We see that there is no insistence on performance of समवर्तनम् and विवाह without pause.<blockquote>वेदमधीत्य स्नास्यन् प्रागुदयात् व्रजं प्रविश्य अन्तर्लोम्ना चर्मणा द्वारमपिधाय आस्ते। (Apas. Grhy. Sutr. 5.12.1)<ref>Apastamba Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D#%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4% Patala 5 Khanda 12])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>रातिना सम्भाष्य यथार्थं गच्छति १४ । (Apas. Grhy. Sutr. 5.12.14)</blockquote>Having discussed with a friend , the student would go to an आश्रम (गार्हस्थ्यम् , वानप्रस्थम् , संन्यासः ) as per his choice.
A lot of confusion prevails as to the conduct of Samavartana and Marriage whether they should be conducted as contiguous events or not. Later when Upanayana lost its educational significance, it became more of a bodily samskara, more of a license for marriage. But because marriage could not take place before the Samavartana, it must be performed some time before marriage. In the present situations, in majority of cases Upanayana is performed followed by Samavartana immediately and all this has become symbolic. Unfortunately, it portrays that education of the person is completed even before it commenced.<ref name=":1" /> <blockquote>वेदानधीत्य वेदौ वा वेदं वापि यथाक्रमम् । अविप्लुतब्रह्मचर्यो गृहस्थाश्रममावसेत् ॥ (Manu. Smrt. 3.2)<ref name=":2">Manusmrti ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 3])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>अनधीत्य द्विजो वेदान् अनुत्पाद्य तथा सुतान् । अनिष्ट्वा चैव यज्ञांश्च मोक्षमिच्छन् व्रजत्यधः ॥ (Manu. Smrt. 6.37)<ref>Manusmrti ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 6])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>गुरुगेहदनावृत्तः स्नातको हि न कथ्यते । तत्परत्वविधानाच्च न तवत् दारसङ्ग्रहः ॥ (Shlok. Vart. Praty. 103 and 104)</blockquote>All the above stand for विवाहः after समावर्तनम् । We see that there is no insistence on performance of समवर्तनम् and विवाह without pause.<blockquote>वेदमधीत्य स्नास्यन् प्रागुदयात् व्रजं प्रविश्य अन्तर्लोम्ना चर्मणा द्वारमपिधाय आस्ते। (Apas. Grhy. Sutr. 5.12.1)<ref>Apastamba Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D#%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4% Patala 5 Khanda 12])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>रातिना सम्भाष्य यथार्थं गच्छति १४ । (Apas. Grhy. Sutr. 5.12.14)</blockquote>Having discussed with a friend , the student would go to an आश्रम (गार्हस्थ्यम् , वानप्रस्थम् , संन्यासः ) as per his choice.
सुदर्शनाचार्य discusses the above issue as follows<blockquote>सर्वर्तवो विवाहस्य इति सूत्रात् यदा दक्षिणायने विवाहः तदा समावर्तनमपि तत्रैव - अन्यथा उदगयने समावर्तने अनाश्रमी न तिष्ठेत् इति विरोधः स्यात् ।</blockquote>The purport is that - since all ऋतुs are acceptable for विवाह , one has to decide well in advance as to which आश्रम he wants to embrace - गृहस्थवानप्रस्थसंन्यासाश्रमाः ( ब्रह्मचर्यादेव प्रव्रजेत् etc) and if he wishes to go to गृहस्थाश्रम then he has to arrange the विवाह, with the help of friends , parents and गुरु, and see to it that both स्नातकव्रतम् and विवाह fall in the same - either उत्तरायणम् or दक्षिणायनम् । समावर्तनम् in उत्तरायणम् and विवाह in दक्षिणायनम् or vice versa is not acceptable as it would offend the above नियम (niyama meaning rule) ordained by धर्मशास्त्रम्। Any violation of the above नियम would attract कृच्छ्रव्रतम् (Krcchravratam) as प्रायश्चित्त (prayaschitta).(By Dr. Korada Subrahmanyam in BVP Forum<ref>Bharatiya Vidvat Parishad ([https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/bvparishat/samskaras%7Csort:date/bvparishat/_Cmbjz1efCQ/7BlKbT80CgAJ Samavartana])</ref>)
सुदर्शनाचार्य discusses the above issue as follows<blockquote>सर्वर्तवो विवाहस्य इति सूत्रात् यदा दक्षिणायने विवाहः तदा समावर्तनमपि तत्रैव - अन्यथा उदगयने समावर्तने अनाश्रमी न तिष्ठेत् इति विरोधः स्यात् ।</blockquote>The purport is that - since all ऋतुs are acceptable for विवाह , one has to decide well in advance as to which आश्रम he wants to embrace - गृहस्थवानप्रस्थसंन्यासाश्रमाः ( ब्रह्मचर्यादेव प्रव्रजेत् etc) and if he wishes to go to गृहस्थाश्रम then he has to arrange the विवाह, with the help of friends , parents and गुरु, and see to it that both स्नातकव्रतम् and विवाह fall in the same - either उत्तरायणम् or दक्षिणायनम् । समावर्तनम् in उत्तरायणम् and विवाह in दक्षिणायनम् or vice versa is not acceptable as it would offend the above नियम (niyama meaning rule) ordained by धर्मशास्त्रम्। Any violation of the above नियम would attract कृच्छ्रव्रतम् (Krcchravratam) as प्रायश्चित्त (prayaschitta).(By Dr. Korada Subrahmanyam in BVP Forum<ref>Bharatiya Vidvat Parishad ([https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/bvparishat/samskaras%7Csort:date/bvparishat/_Cmbjz1efCQ/7BlKbT80CgAJ Samavartana])</ref>)
== Samavartana in Modern Days ==
== Samavartana in Modern Days ==