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Types of Discourse (सम्भाषाप्रकाराः) (view source)
Revision as of 17:18, 14 May 2019
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Three methods to obtain knowledge are adhyayana (study), adhyapana (teaching) and Sambhasha (participating in debates), from which the last method 'Tadvidya Sambhasha' (debate between experts of same field) is discussed here.
Three methods to obtain knowledge are adhyayana (study), adhyapana (teaching) and Sambhasha (participating in debates), from which the last method 'Tadvidya Sambhasha' (debate between experts of same field) is discussed here. (Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana, Chapter 8, Verse 1)
It is said that, भिषक् भिषज सह संभाषेत् ।
It is said that, भिषक् भिषज सह संभाषेत् ।
Meaning: One physician discusses a problem with another physician to solve the problem and clear the doubt is a 'Tadvidya Sambhasha'.
Meaning: One physician discusses a problem with another physician to solve the problem and clear the doubt is a 'Tadvidya Sambhasha'. (Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana, Chapter 8, Verse 14)
It could also be used to solve the war issues between the nations and family disputes also. Sambhasha is that which is used to discuss a problem or a topic to explore the thoughts of intellectual people and to give a relevant conclusion. Rgveda (1.89.1) and nyaya darshana also give the clues about Sambhasha.
It could also be used to solve the war issues between the nations and family disputes also. Sambhasha is that which is used to discuss a problem or a topic to explore the thoughts of intellectual people and to give a relevant conclusion. Rgveda (1.89.1) and nyaya darshana also give the clues about Sambhasha.
Sambhasha is also called as Vada (discussion) in many texts. The concept of Vada is derived from the Nyaya darshana. It is said that,<blockquote>प्रमाणतर्कसाधनोपालम्भः सिद्धान्ताविरुद्धः पञ्चावयवोपपन्नः पक्षप्रतिपक्षपरिग्रहः वादः ।।१।।</blockquote>Amongst the 44 Vada marga padas (logical terms used in debate), the first one is Vada. It refers to a debate following the laws of shastra (text) ie. it should have 5 avayavas, paksha (in favour) and Pratipaksha (in opposing side) both laod down on the basis of Pramana (parametres of evidence) and tarka (logical reasoning).<ref name=":9" />
Sambhasha is also called as Vada (discussion) in many texts. The concept of Vada is derived from the Nyaya darshana. It is said that,<blockquote>प्रमाणतर्कसाधनोपालम्भः सिद्धान्ताविरुद्धः पञ्चावयवोपपन्नः पक्षप्रतिपक्षपरिग्रहः वादः ।।१।।</blockquote>Amongst the 44 Vada marga padas (logical terms used in debate), the first one is Vada. It refers to a debate following the laws of shastra (text) ie. it should have 5 avayavas, paksha (in favour) and Pratipaksha (in opposing side) both laod down on the basis of Pramana (parametres of evidence) and tarka (logical reasoning).<ref name=":9" />
== संभाषायाः प्रयोजनानि ॥ Purpose of Sambhasha ==
== संभाषायाः प्रयोजनम् ॥ Purpose of Sambhasha ==
The purposes of Sambhasha are enumerated as,
The purposes of Sambhasha are enumerated as,
# Enjoyment through knowledge
# Enjoyment through knowledge
# Encouraging oratory skills
# Encouraging oratory skills
# Gaining command and confidence over a certain topic as well as fame
# Gaining command and confidence over a certain topic as well as fame
# To acquire new knowledge about various things as well as develop scholarship and skill of defeating the opponent.<ref name=":9" />
# To acquire new knowledge about various things as well as develop scholarship and skill of defeating the opponent.<ref name=":9" /> (Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana, Chapter 8, Verse 15-16)
== संभाषाप्रकाराः ॥ Types of Sambhasha ==
There are 2 types of Sambhasha mentioned in the Charaka Samhita - Sandhaaya Sambhasha and Vigrhya Sambhasha
Sandhaaya Sambhasha (friendly discussion) is characterised by (Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana, Chapter 8, Verse 17)
# participants having scientific knowledge
# power of argument and counter argument
# correct knowledge
# not rejoicing defeat of opponents
# answering questions with confidence
# having a polite approach with the opponent
Vigrhya Sambhasha (hostile discussion) is characterised by examination of the good and bad qualities of the opponent based on which opponents are classified into superior, equal and inferior.
It is said that one should not participate in a debate with superior opponent nor immediately defeat the inferior with tricky procedures. (Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana, Chapter 8, Verse 18)
The debaters are to be acquainted with certain logical terms known as the 44 Vada marga pada which decide the victory of a debater over the opponent. These mostly consist of (Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana, Chapter 8, Verse 27)
{{Columns-list|*5 Avayavas
*6 Padarthas
*Vada
*Sthapana
*6 Pramanas
*Pratisthapana
*Uttar
*Siddhanta
*Samshaya
*Paryojana
*Jigyasa
*Vyavasaya
*Sambhava
*Anujojya
*Annujojya
*Anuyoga
*Pratyanuyoga
*Vakyadosha
*Vakyaparsamsa
*Chala
*Ahetu
*Attikala
*Upalambha
*Parihara
*Pratigyahani
*Abhayanugya
*Hetvantara
*Arthantra
*Nigrahasthana}}
If the opponent is using the 12 type of Nigrahasthana in his discussion and loses his proposition without explaining the relevant reasoning and evidence in its favour he will be considered as defeated in debate.
There are 7 Sambhashas in Charaka Samhita.<ref name=":9" />
== वादविद्या ॥ Vada Vidya ==
== वादविद्या ॥ Vada Vidya ==