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=== भागवतपुराणे वर्णः ॥ Varna in Bhagavata Purana ===

=== भागवतपुराणे वर्णः ॥ Varna in Bhagavata Purana ===

Bhagavata Purana (11.17.13) also stresses that the four varnas that originated from the supreme Purusha are to be recognized/designated by their atmachara (natural activities or personal duties according to inherent nature).<ref name=":2" /> <blockquote>विप्रक्षत्रियविट्शूद्रा मुखबाहूरुपादजाः । वैराजात् पुरुषात् जाता य आत्माचारलक्षणाः ॥ १३ ॥<ref>Bhagavata Purana, Skandha 11, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AD Adhyaya 17].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''viprakṣatriyaviṭśūdrā mukhabāhūrupādajāḥ । vairājāt puruṣāt jātā ya ātmācāralakṣaṇāḥ ॥ 13 ॥''</blockquote>

Bhagavata Purana (11.17.13) also stresses that the four varnas that originated from the supreme Purusha are to be recognized/designated by their atmachara (natural activities or personal duties according to inherent nature).<ref name=":2" /> <blockquote>विप्रक्षत्रियविट्शूद्रा मुखबाहूरुपादजाः । वैराजात् पुरुषात् जाता य आत्माचारलक्षणाः ॥ १३ ॥<ref name=":6">Bhagavata Purana, Skandha 11, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AD Adhyaya 17].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''viprakṣatriyaviṭśūdrā mukhabāhūrupādajāḥ । vairājāt puruṣāt jātā ya ātmācāralakṣaṇāḥ ॥ 13 ॥''</blockquote>

== वर्णमीमांसा ॥ Varna Mimamsa ==

== वर्णमीमांसा ॥ Varna Mimamsa ==

Mahabharata notes that people attain different varnas due to “nature”, i.e. inherent svabhava.<ref name=":2" /> <blockquote>ब्राह्मण्यं देवि दुष्प्रापं निसर्गात् ब्राह्मणः शुभे । क्षत्रियो वैश्यशूद्रौ वा निसर्गादिति मे मतिः ॥६॥<ref name=":4" /></blockquote><blockquote>''brāhmaṇyaṁ devi duṣprāpaṁ nisargāt brāhmaṇaḥ śubhe । kṣatriyo vaiśyaśūdrau vā nisargāditi me matiḥ ॥6॥''</blockquote>After explaining how conduct (svadharma) and quality determines varṇa, it further notes that the distribution of varnas using birth is only for the sake of classification, i.e. birth was used only as easy reference to inner svabhava and hence, it is svabhava and not birth into a family, which is the real criteria for determining varṇa.<ref name=":2" /><blockquote>एते योनिफला देवि स्थानभागनिदर्शकाः । स्वयं च वरदेनोक्ता ब्रह्मणा सृजता प्रजाः ॥५३॥<ref name=":4" /></blockquote><blockquote>''ete yoniphalā devi sthānabhāganidarśakāḥ । svayaṁ ca varadenoktā brahmaṇā sr̥jatā prajāḥ ॥53॥''</blockquote>Though, some like Sri Jnanananda Bharathi believe that birth in a particular family, caste, or community is an index of previous store of actions, which by themselves cannot be seen. Hence, birth in a particular family in itself determines varṇa. However, Mahabharata (Anushasana Parva, Chapter 13) itself notes: “Even a Shudra, O goddess, that has purified his soul by pure deeds and that has subjugated all his senses, deserves to be waited upon and served with reverence as a brahmaṇa. This has been said by the Self-born brahmaṇa himself."<ref name=":2" /> <blockquote>कर्मभिः शुचिभिर्देवि शुद्धात्मा विजितेन्द्रियः । शूद्रोऽपि द्विजवत् सेव्य इति ब्रह्माब्रवीत् स्वयम् ॥४८॥<ref name=":4" /></blockquote><blockquote>''karmabhiḥ śucibhirdevi śuddhātmā vijitendriyaḥ । śūdro'pi dvijavat sevya iti brahmābravīt svayam ॥48॥''</blockquote>It further says in verse 50 that "Neither birth, nor the purificatory rites, nor learning, nor offspring, can be regarded as grounds for conferring upon one the regenerate status. Shudra, if he is established on good conduct, is regarded as possessed of the status of a brahmaṇa."<ref name=":2" /> <blockquote>स्वभावः कर्म च शुभं यत्र शूद्रोऽपि तिष्ठति । विशिष्टः स द्विजातेर्वै विज्ञेय इति मे मतिः ॥४९॥<ref name=":4" /></blockquote><blockquote>''svabhāvaḥ karma ca śubhaṁ yatra śūdro'pi tiṣṭhati । viśiṣṭaḥ sa dvijātervai vijñeya iti me matiḥ ॥49॥''</blockquote>And that, "The status of Brahma, O auspicious lady, is equal wherever it exists.”  

Mahabharata notes that people attain different varnas due to “nature”, i.e. inherent svabhava.<ref name=":2" /> <blockquote>ब्राह्मण्यं देवि दुष्प्रापं निसर्गात् ब्राह्मणः शुभे । क्षत्रियो वैश्यशूद्रौ वा निसर्गादिति मे मतिः ॥६॥<ref name=":4" /></blockquote><blockquote>''brāhmaṇyaṁ devi duṣprāpaṁ nisargāt brāhmaṇaḥ śubhe । kṣatriyo vaiśyaśūdrau vā nisargāditi me matiḥ ॥6॥''</blockquote>After explaining how conduct (svadharma) and quality determines varṇa, it further notes that the distribution of varnas using birth is only for the sake of classification, i.e. birth was used only as easy reference to inner svabhava and hence, it is svabhava and not birth into a family, which is the real criteria for determining varṇa.<ref name=":2" /><blockquote>एते योनिफला देवि स्थानभागनिदर्शकाः । स्वयं च वरदेनोक्ता ब्रह्मणा सृजता प्रजाः ॥५३॥<ref name=":4" /></blockquote><blockquote>''ete yoniphalā devi sthānabhāganidarśakāḥ । svayaṁ ca varadenoktā brahmaṇā sr̥jatā prajāḥ ॥53॥''</blockquote>Though, some like Sri Jnanananda Bharathi believe that birth in a particular family, caste, or community is an index of previous store of actions, which by themselves cannot be seen. Hence, birth in a particular family in itself determines varṇa. However, Mahabharata (Anushasana Parva, Chapter 13) itself notes: “Even a Shudra, O goddess, that has purified his soul by pure deeds and that has subjugated all his senses, deserves to be waited upon and served with reverence as a brahmaṇa. This has been said by the Self-born brahmaṇa himself."<ref name=":2" /> <blockquote>कर्मभिः शुचिभिर्देवि शुद्धात्मा विजितेन्द्रियः । शूद्रोऽपि द्विजवत् सेव्य इति ब्रह्माब्रवीत् स्वयम् ॥४८॥<ref name=":4" /></blockquote><blockquote>''karmabhiḥ śucibhirdevi śuddhātmā vijitendriyaḥ । śūdro'pi dvijavat sevya iti brahmābravīt svayam ॥48॥''</blockquote>It further says in verse 50 that "Neither birth, nor the purificatory rites, nor learning, nor offspring, can be regarded as grounds for conferring upon one the regenerate status. Shudra, if he is established on good conduct, is regarded as possessed of the status of a brahmaṇa."<ref name=":2" /> <blockquote>स्वभावः कर्म च शुभं यत्र शूद्रोऽपि तिष्ठति । विशिष्टः स द्विजातेर्वै विज्ञेय इति मे मतिः ॥४९॥<ref name=":4" /></blockquote><blockquote>''svabhāvaḥ karma ca śubhaṁ yatra śūdro'pi tiṣṭhati । viśiṣṭaḥ sa dvijātervai vijñeya iti me matiḥ ॥49॥''</blockquote>And that, "The status of Brahma, O auspicious lady, is equal wherever it exists.”  

Similarly, Bhagavata Purana (7.11.35) explicitly states that a person’s svabhava must be the driving factor behind assignment of a particular varṇa to him, irrespective of the social class, he is born into.<ref name=":2" /> <blockquote>यस्य यल्लक्षणं प्रोक्तं पुंसो वर्णाभिव्यञ्जकम् । यदन्यत्रापि दृश्येत तत्तेनैव विनिर्दिशेत् ॥ ३५ ॥<ref>Bhagavata Purana, Skandha 7, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7 Adhyaya 11].</ref> </blockquote><blockquote>''yasya yallakṣaṇaṁ proktaṁ puṁso varṇābhivyañjakam । yadanyatrāpi dr̥śyeta tattenaiva vinirdiśet ॥ 35 ॥''</blockquote>Thus, birth into a family or community can at best serve as a provisional indicator of one’s varṇa, and not as an absolute criteria. This is especially true for kaliyuga, wherein, unlike previous yugas, there is very less sync between birth in a family, svabhava, and our livelihood activities. Nevertheless, birth cannot be altogether done away with, since, the svabhava-s inherited from the parents still play an important role in determining svabhava of the children and hence may be provisionally used as one of the determining factors.

Similarly, Bhagavata Purana (7.11.35) explicitly states that a person’s svabhava must be the driving factor behind assignment of a particular varṇa to him, irrespective of the social class, he is born into.<ref name=":2" /> <blockquote>यस्य यल्लक्षणं प्रोक्तं पुंसो वर्णाभिव्यञ्जकम् । यदन्यत्रापि दृश्येत तत्तेनैव विनिर्दिशेत् ॥ ३५ ॥<ref>Bhagavata Purana, Skandha 7, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7 Adhyaya 11].</ref> </blockquote><blockquote>''yasya yallakṣaṇaṁ proktaṁ puṁso varṇābhivyañjakam । yadanyatrāpi dr̥śyeta tattenaiva vinirdiśet ॥ 35 ॥''</blockquote>Thus, birth into a family or community can at best serve as a provisional indicator of one’s varṇa, and not as an absolute criteria. This is especially true for kaliyuga, wherein, unlike previous yugas, there is very less sync between birth in a family, svabhava, and our livelihood activities. Nevertheless, birth cannot be altogether done away with, since, the svabhava-s inherited from the parents still play an important role in determining svabhava of the children and hence may be provisionally used as one of the determining factors.<ref name=":2" />

=== वर्गीकरणम् ॥ Classification ===

=== वर्गीकरणम् ॥ Classification ===

With guṇa and svabhava as the identifying factor, Hindu dharma texts have created four conceptual categories: brahmana, kshatriya, vaishya and shudra. Adi Shankaracharya, while commenting on Bhagavad Gita (4.13 & 18.41) says that brahmaṇa is a designation given to one in whom there is a predominance of sattva; kshatriya is one in whom there is both sattva and rajas, but rajas predominates; in vaishya, both rajas and tamas exist, but rajas predominates; and shudra is one in whom both rajas and tamas exist, but tamas predominates. These gunas are revealed by the natural temperaments and behavior exhibited by the person.<blockquote>गुणकर्मविभागशः गुणविभागशः कर्मविभागशश्च। गुणाः सत्त्वरजस्तमांसि। तत्र सात्त्विकस्य सत्त्वप्रधानस्य ब्राह्मणस्य शमो दमस्तपः इत्यादीनि कर्माणि सत्त्वोपसर्जनरजः प्रधानस्य क्षत्रियस्य शौर्यतेजः प्रभृतीनि कर्माणि तमोपसर्जनरजः प्रधानस्य वैश्यस्य कृष्यादीनि कर्माणि रजोपसर्जनतमः प्रधानस्य शूद्रस्य शुश्रूषैव कर्म इत्येवं गुणकर्मविभागशः चातुर्वर्ण्यं मया सृष्टम् इत्यर्थः। (भ.गी.४.१३-शाङ्करभाष्यम्)<ref name=":5" /></blockquote><blockquote>''guṇakarmavibhāgaśaḥ guṇavibhāgaśaḥ karmavibhāgaśaśca। guṇāḥ sattvarajastamāṁsi। tatra sāttvikasya sattvapradhānasya brāhmaṇasya śamo damastapaḥ ityādīni karmāṇi sattvopasarjanarajaḥ pradhānasya kṣatriyasya śauryatejaḥ prabhr̥tīni karmāṇi tamopasarjanarajaḥ pradhānasya vaiśyasya kr̥ṣyādīni karmāṇi rajopasarjanatamaḥ pradhānasya śūdrasya śuśrūṣaiva karma ityevaṁ guṇakarmavibhāgaśaḥ cāturvarṇyaṁ mayā sr̥ṣṭam ityarthaḥ।'' </blockquote>Elaborating on this, Bhāgavatapurāṇa (11.17.16-19), lists what temperaments and behavior indicates what varna designation to be assigned to a person. It says: the control of mind and senses, austerity, cleanliness, satisfaction, tolerance, simple straightforwardness, devotion to God, mercy, and truthfulness are the natural qualities of the brahmaṇa-s; dynamic power, bodily strength, determination, heroism, forbearance, generosity, great endeavor, steadiness, devotion to the brahmaṇa-s and leadership are the natural qualities of the kshatriya-s; faith in God and Vedas, dedication to charity, freedom from hypocrisy, service to the brahmaṇa-s and perpetually desiring to accumulate more money are the natural qualities of the vaiśya-s, service without duplicity to others, cows and gods and complete satisfaction with whatever income is obtained in such service, are the natural qualities of śūdra-s.

With guṇa and svabhava as the identifying factor, Hindu dharma texts have created four conceptual categories: brahmana, kshatriya, vaishya and shudra. Adi Shankaracharya, while commenting on Bhagavad Gita (4.13 & 18.41) says that brahmaṇa is a designation given to one in whom there is a predominance of sattva; kshatriya is one in whom there is both sattva and rajas, but rajas predominates; in vaishya, both rajas and tamas exist, but rajas predominates; and shudra is one in whom both rajas and tamas exist, but tamas predominates. These gunas are revealed by the natural temperaments and behavior exhibited by the person.<ref name=":2" /><blockquote>गुणकर्मविभागशः गुणविभागशः कर्मविभागशश्च। गुणाः सत्त्वरजस्तमांसि। तत्र सात्त्विकस्य सत्त्वप्रधानस्य ब्राह्मणस्य शमो दमस्तपः इत्यादीनि कर्माणि सत्त्वोपसर्जनरजः प्रधानस्य क्षत्रियस्य शौर्यतेजः प्रभृतीनि कर्माणि तमउपसर्जनरजः प्रधानस्य वैश्यस्य कृष्यादीनि कर्माणि रजउपसर्जनतमः प्रधानस्य शूद्रस्य शुश्रूषैव कर्म इत्येवं गुणकर्मविभागशः चातुर्वर्ण्यं मया सृष्टम् इत्यर्थः। (भ.गी.४.१३-शाङ्करभाष्यम्)<ref name=":5" /></blockquote><blockquote>''guṇakarmavibhāgaśaḥ guṇavibhāgaśaḥ karmavibhāgaśaśca। guṇāḥ sattvarajastamāṁsi। tatra sāttvikasya sattvapradhānasya brāhmaṇasya śamo damastapaḥ ityādīni karmāṇi sattvopasarjanarajaḥ pradhānasya kṣatriyasya śauryatejaḥ prabhr̥tīni karmāṇi tamaupasarjanarajaḥ pradhānasya vaiśyasya kr̥ṣyādīni karmāṇi rajaupasarjanatamaḥ pradhānasya śūdrasya śuśrūṣaiva karma ityevaṁ guṇakarmavibhāgaśaḥ cāturvarṇyaṁ mayā sr̥ṣṭam ityarthaḥ।'' </blockquote><blockquote>अथवा ब्राह्मणस्वभावस्य सत्त्वगुणः प्रभवः कारणम्, तथा क्षत्रियस्वभावस्य सत्त्वोपसर्जनं रजः प्रभवः, वैश्यस्वभावस्य तमउपसर्जनं रजः प्रभवः, शूद्रस्वभावस्य रजौपसर्जनं तमः प्रभवः, प्रशान्त्यैश्वर्येहामूढतास्वभावदर्शनात् चतुर्णाम् । (भ.गी.१८.४१-शाङ्करभाष्यम्) <ref>The Works of Sri Sankaracharya (Volume 12), The Bhagavad-Gita Bhashya ([https://archive.org/stream/BhagavadGitaBhashyaAdiSankara2/Bhagavad%20Gita%20Bhashya%20Adi%20Sankara%202#page/n245/mode/2up Volume 2]), Srirangam: Sri Vani Vilas Press.</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''athavā brāhmaṇasvabhāvasya sattvaguṇaḥ prabhavaḥ kāraṇam, tathā kṣatriyasvabhāvasya sattvopasarjanaṁ rajaḥ prabhavaḥ, vaiśyasvabhāvasya tamaupasarjanaṁ rajaḥ prabhavaḥ, śūdrasvabhāvasya rajaupasarjanaṁ tamaḥ prabhavaḥ, praśāntyaiśvaryehāmūḍhatāsvabhāvadarśanāt caturṇām ।''</blockquote>Elaborating on this, Bhagavata Purana (11.17.16-19), lists what temperaments and behavior indicates what varna designation is to be assigned to a person. It says: the control of mind and senses, austerity, cleanliness, satisfaction, tolerance, simple straightforwardness, devotion to God, mercy, and truthfulness are the natural qualities of the brahmanas; dynamic power, bodily strength, determination, heroism, forbearance, generosity, great endeavor, steadiness, devotion to the brahmanas and leadership are the natural qualities of the kshatriyas; faith in God and Vedas, dedication to charity, freedom from hypocrisy, service to the brahmanas and perpetually desiring to accumulate more money are the natural qualities of the vaishyas, service without duplicity to others, cows and deities and complete satisfaction with whatever income is obtained in such service, are the natural qualities of shudras.<ref name=":2" /><blockquote>शमो दमस्तपः शौचं संतोषः क्षांतिरार्जवम् । मद्‍भक्तिश्च दया सत्यं ब्रह्मप्रकृतयस्त्विमाः ॥ १६ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>तेजो बलं धृतिः शौर्यं तितिक्षौदार्यमुद्यमः । स्थैर्यं ब्रह्मण्यतैश्वर्यं क्षत्र प्रकृतयस्त्विमाः ॥ १७ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>आस्तिक्यं दाननिष्ठा च अदंभो ब्रह्मसेवनम् । अतुष्टिः अर्थोपचयैः वैश्य प्रकृतयस्त्विमाः ॥ १८ ॥</blockquote><blockquote>शुश्रूषणं द्विजगवां देवानां चापि अमायया । तत्र लब्धेन संतोषः शूद्र प्रकृतयस्त्विमाः ॥ १९ ॥<ref name=":6" /></blockquote><blockquote>''śamo damastapaḥ śaucaṁ saṁtoṣaḥ kṣāṁtirārjavam । mad‍bhaktiśca dayā satyaṁ brahmaprakr̥tayastvimāḥ ॥ 16 ॥''</blockquote><blockquote>''tejo balaṁ dhr̥tiḥ śauryaṁ titikṣaudāryamudyamaḥ । sthairyaṁ brahmaṇyataiśvaryaṁ kṣatra prakr̥tayastvimāḥ ॥ 17 ॥''</blockquote><blockquote>''āstikyaṁ dānaniṣṭhā ca adaṁbho brahmasevanam । atuṣṭiḥ arthopacayaiḥ vaiśya prakr̥tayastvimāḥ ॥ 18 ॥''</blockquote><blockquote>''śuśrūṣaṇaṁ dvijagavāṁ devānāṁ cāpi amāyayā । tatra labdhena saṁtoṣaḥ śūdra prakr̥tayastvimāḥ ॥ 19 ॥''</blockquote>Therefore, dharmic texts clearly give a wide framework by which people can be designated and classified according to their inherent temperaments. But, this four-fold classification is essentially a conceptual classification based on four ideal svabhava conditions (i.e. having a clear cut svabhava). For example, Manusmrti notes that there are only four varṇa and there is no fifth one.<ref name=":2" /><blockquote>ब्राह्मणः क्षत्रियो वैश्यस्त्रयो वर्णा द्विजातयः । चतुर्थ एकजातिस्तु शूद्रो नास्ति तु पञ्चमः । । १०.४ । ।<ref>Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 10].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''brāhmaṇaḥ kṣatriyo vaiśyastrayo varṇā dvijātayaḥ । caturtha ekajātistu śūdro nāsti tu pañcamaḥ । । 10.4 । ।''</blockquote>Yet, it does note a number of sankara jatis with mixed svabhavas, which at a later stage became consolidated under “Pancama”. The point to note here is that these are not classifications intended to stratify the society at social level, but only an attempt at understanding different guṇa – svabhava of people. Thus, while the four-fold classification represents four ideal cases of clearly defined svabhavas based on interplay of gunas, people on the ground may have a svabhava which would be a combination of these four-primary svabhavas. Such combinations can be enormously huge, which would be impossible to either identify or classify, hence the Manu’s statement that there are only four varṇa-s. Sri Jnanananda Bharati gives an interesting example of colors to illustrate this point. He writes: “The primary castes (he uses the term caste to refer to varṇa itself), as in the case of the primary colours, are limited number, but the mixed castes, derivable from the primary castes themselves, derivable from the mixture of the primary castes and the mixed castes and derivable from the mixture of the several mixed castes among themselves and so on in permutation and combination will naturally be unlimited in number.” Therefore, the classification of varna may not always reflect a ground situation, especially in kaliyuga in general and at current times in particular, as society is stratified along caste, profession, and political lines and the concept of guṇa and svadharma no longer drives the society.

Nonetheless, this four-fold guṇa based varna and the assignment of ideal duties that a person with a particular svabhava must practice, will act as general guideline, which would not only help societies to evolve their own practical models according to their own unique social conditions, it will also help each individual to examine one’s own temperaments and inner leanings and compare and evaluate with respect to four-fold conceptual model and understand where he/she stands in life, such that people may choose their svadharma accordingly to attain material and spiritual success.<ref name=":2" />

 

Nonetheless, this four-fold guṇa based varna and the assignment of ideal duties that a person with a particular svabhava must practice, will act as general guidelines, which would not only help societies to evolve their own practical models according to their own unique social conditions, it will also help each individual to examine one’s own temperaments and inner leanings and compare and evaluate with respect to four-fold conceptual model and understand where he/she stands in life, such that people may choose their svadharmaaccordingly to attain material and spiritual success.

=== धर्मनियोजनम् ॥ Assignment ===

=== धर्मनियोजनम् ॥ Assignment ===

After successful identification and classification of the varna-s of people, the final stage is the assignment of duties or svadharma for each person according to his/her own inherent temperaments. Bhagavad Gita (18.42-44) assigns following duties to people exhibiting different varna svabhava. Brahmaṇa-s are assigned: control of the internal and external organs, austerity, purity, forgiveness, straightforwardness, jñāna (Knowledge of the scriptures), vijñāna (experiential understanding of what is presented in the scriptures) and āstikya (faith and conviction in the truth expounded in the scriptures regarding God, etc.), as their duties. Similarly kshatriya-s are assigned: heroism, boldness, fortitude, capability, and also not retreating from battle, generosity and lordliness; vaiśya-s are assigned: agriculture, cattle-rearing and trade; and śūdra-s are assigned service as their duty.

After successful identification and classification of the varna-s of people, the final stage is the assignment of duties or svadharma for each person according to his/her own inherent temperaments. Bhagavad Gita (18.42-44) assigns following duties to people exhibiting different varna svabhava. brahmanas are assigned: control of the internal and external organs, austerity, purity, forgiveness, straightforwardness, jñāna (Knowledge of the scriptures), vijñāna (experiential understanding of what is presented in the scriptures) and āstikya (faith and conviction in the truth expounded in the scriptures regarding God, etc.), as their duties. Similarly kshatriyas are assigned: heroism, boldness, fortitude, capability, and also not retreating from battle, generosity and lordliness; vaishyas are assigned: agriculture, cattle-rearing and trade; and shudras are assigned service as their duty.

Manusmṛti (1.88-91) has further elaborated the duties for people having the four varna guṇa-s thus- teaching and studying, sacrificing for their own benefit and for others, giving and accepting (of alms) as duties of brahmaṇa-s; protection of the people, giving charity, to offer sacrifices (yajña), to study (the veda), and to abstain from attaching himself to sensual pleasures as duties of kshatriya-s, to tend cattle, giving charity, to offer sacrifices, to study (the veda), to trade, to lend money, and to cultivate land, are the duties of vaiśya; and serving the other varna-s, i.e. rest of the society by means of various professions[22] like arts, sculpture making, wood carving, etc.

Manusmṛti (1.88-91) has further elaborated the duties for people having the four varna gunas thus- teaching and studying, sacrificing for their own benefit and for others, giving and accepting (of alms) as duties of brahmanas; protection of the people, giving charity, to offer sacrifices (yajña), to study (the veda), and to abstain from attaching himself to sensual pleasures as duties of kshatriyas, to tend cattle, giving charity, to offer sacrifices, to study (the veda), to trade, to lend money, and to cultivate land, are the duties of vaiśya; and serving the other varna-s, i.e. rest of the society by means of various professions[22] like arts, sculpture making, wood carving, etc.

It is clear from the above discussion that the duties assigned to people are a) in sync with their inherent temperaments, b) duties further seek to reinforce and strengthen the already present inner talents and temperaments, c) through performance of these duties, though different for different persons, all will attain complete success and overall welfare[23].

It is clear from the above discussion that the duties assigned to people are a) in sync with their inherent temperaments, b) duties further seek to reinforce and strengthen the already present inner talents and temperaments, c) through performance of these duties, though different for different persons, all will attain complete success and overall welfare[23].

It is also clear that, contrary to popular understanding, varna does not refer to any particular vocation. Instead it provides guidelines of a general nature regarding suitable duties for people with different temperaments, which they can in-turn implement through choosing any of the vocations, which are in sync with their svadharma[24]. In other words, varna grouping is clearly a conceptual classification and has no direct connection to kula-s or clan groupings based on trade and skills. Similarly, varna grouping is not related to ethno-cultural jāti[25] groupings or the colonial formulation of castes[26].

It is also clear that, contrary to popular understanding, varna does not refer to any particular vocation. Instead it provides guidelines of a general nature regarding suitable duties for people with different temperaments, which they can in-turn implement through choosing any of the vocations, which are in sync with their svadharma[24]. In other words, varna grouping is clearly a conceptual classification and has no direct connection to kula-s or clan groupings based on trade and skills. Similarly, varna grouping is not related to ethno-cultural jāti[25] groupings or the colonial formulation of castes[26].

However, it must be conceded that whenever a practical social model is derived from this conceptual framework of varna, it is bound to result in overlapping with different social groupings and identities: be it social-economic groups, ethno-cultural groups (jāti), or groups based on clans and/or professions (kula). But, the mere presence of such overlapping does not mean that varna based social model will become identical to social stratification along the lines of castes, jāti, or kula. Instead, Bhāgavatapurāṇa (7.11.35) explicitly states that a person’s guṇa must be the driving factor behind assignment of a particular varna to him, irrespective of the social class, he is born into. That is, meritocracy will the central driving force of such a varna-based social order.

However, it must be conceded that whenever a practical social model is derived from this conceptual framework of varna, it is bound to result in overlapping with different social groupings and identities: be it social-economic groups, ethno-cultural groups (jāti), or groups based on clans and/or professions (kula). But, the mere presence of such overlapping does not mean that varna based social model will become identical to social stratification along the lines of castes, jāti, or kula. Instead, Bhagavata Purana (7.11.35) explicitly states that a person’s guṇa must be the driving factor behind assignment of a particular varna to him, irrespective of the social class, he is born into. That is, meritocracy will the central driving force of such a varna-based social order.

Thus, it is important to distinguish the conceptual framework of varnaenunciated in the paper from different social groupings like kula, jāti, and caste present in the society. And it is also vital to recognize that any practical social model constructed with varna as a basis will have to evolve means to address these social stratifications.

Thus, it is important to distinguish the conceptual framework of varnaenunciated in the paper from different social groupings like kula, jāti, and caste present in the society. And it is also vital to recognize that any practical social model constructed with varna as a basis will have to evolve means to address these social stratifications.