Changes

== Various components of Sadvrtta ==

== Various components of Sadvrtta ==

Charaka Samhita expounds the following code of conduct to maintain positive health and have control over one's sense organs.  

In order to maintain positive health and have control over one's sense organs various acharyas have proposed the sadvrttam. Acharya Charaka has put forward the following code-

* One should worship God, cows, Brahmins, preceptors, elderly persons, highly accomplished persons and teachers.

* One should worship God, cows, those who are involved in pious acts, preceptors, elderly persons, highly accomplished persons and teachers.

* One should honor fire with oblation, should put on auspicious herbs

* One should honor fire with oblation, should put on auspicious herbs in fire (ref)

* One should bathe twice a day, and one should clean his excretory passages and feet frequently

* One should bathe twice a day, and one should clean his excretory passages and feet frequently

* Cutting of hair, shaving & nail cutting should be done thrice a fortnight

* Cutting of hair, shaving & nail cutting should be done thrice a fortnight

* One should always wear untorn clothes, should be cheerful, use flowers and fragrance. The attire should be gentle and style of hair should be as commonly in practice

* One should always wear untorn clothes, should be cheerful, use flowers and fragrance. The attire should be gentle and style of hair should be as commonly in practice

* One should apply oil to head, ear, nose, and feet daily and should resort to (healthy) smoking

* One should apply oil to head, ear, nose, and feet daily and should resort to (healthy) smoking

* One should take an initiative during discourses and remain pleasant faced.

* One should take an initiative during discourses and remain pleasant faced.

* One should save persons in dire situations or distress

* One should save persons in dire situations or distress

* Should offer hospitality to guests, offer ''pindas'' (rice balls) to forefathers

* Should offer hospitality to guests, offer ''pindas'' (rice balls) to forefathers

* One should timely speak useful, measured, sweet & meaningful words

* One should timely speak useful, measured, sweet & meaningful words

* Should be self controlled & virtuous

* Should be self controlled & virtuous

* One should be zealous to the cause but not be anxious about the result/outcome

* One should be zealous to the cause but not be anxious about the result/outcome

* One should be free from anxiety, fearless, shy (from committing bad deeds), wise, highly enthusiastic, skillful, fore bearing, religious, with positive attitude

* One should be free from anxiety, fearless, shy (from committing bad deeds), wise, highly enthusiastic, skillful, fore bearing, religious, with positive attitude

* One should be devoted to the teachers, accomplished persons and to those who are superior in modesty, intellect, learning, clan and age.

* One should be devoted to the teachers, accomplished persons and to those who are superior in modesty, intellect, learning, clan and age.

* One should walk with an umbrella, stick, turban & foot wear, and look six feet ahead

* One should walk with an umbrella, stick, turban & foot wear, and look six feet ahead

* One should adopt auspicious conduct, should avoid places with dirty clothes, bones, thorns, impure articles, hairs, chaff, garbage, ash, and skull and one should bathe & sacrifice

* One should adopt auspicious conduct, should avoid places with dirty clothes, bones, thorns, impure articles, hairs, chaff, garbage, ash, and skull and one should bathe & sacrifice

* Should discontinue exercise before feeling of fatigue.

* Should discontinue exercise before feeling of fatigue.

* Should behave like brother to all living beings (i.e., should be compassionate), should pacify the angry and the discontent, and console the frightened

* Should behave like brother to all living beings (i.e., should be compassionate), should pacify the angry and the discontent, and console the frightened

* Should help the poor, be truthful & peaceful.

* Should help the poor, be truthful & peaceful.

The Forbidden Codes of Conduct

The Forbidden Codes of Conduct

* One should not tell lies and should not take other’s possessions

* One should not tell lies and should not take other’s possessions

* Should not covet other’s women or property

* Should not covet other’s women or property

* Should not point out defects of others and should not try to know other’s secrets.

* Should not point out defects of others and should not try to know other’s secrets.

* One should not keep company of the unvirtuous, those hated by the king, insane persons, those not following social ethics, foetus killers, wretched and wicked ones.

* One should not keep company of the unvirtuous, those hated by the king, insane persons, those not following social ethics, foetus killers, wretched and wicked ones.

* One should not ride on defective vehicles, sit on hard place of knee height, sleep on uncovered hard bed or having no pillow, not having sufficient dimensions or uneven.

* One should not ride on defective vehicles, sit on hard place of knee height, sleep on uncovered hard bed or having no pillow, not having sufficient dimensions or uneven.

* One should not move on uneven tops of the mountains, climb trees, and take dip in water with strong currents.

* One should not move on uneven tops of the mountains, climb trees, and take dip in water with strong currents.

* One should not tread on the shade of a bank, or move around the place that are prone to fire hazards, should not laugh loudly, release flatus with sound, should not yawn, sneeze, or laugh with uncovered mouth, should not contort the nose, grind teeth, make scratching sounds using nails, strike the bones, scrape the earth, cut the grass, press the earthen lamp, perform any improper actions of body parts .

* One should not tread on the shade of a bank, or move around the place that are prone to fire hazards,  

* should not laugh loudly, release flatus with sound, should not yawn, sneeze, or laugh with uncovered mouth, should not contort the nose, grind teeth, make scratching sounds using nails, strike the bones, scrape the earth, cut the grass, press the earthen lamp, perform any improper actions of body parts .

* One should not see light, undesirable, impure and inauspicious objects, should not produce any abnormally loud sound at the sight of corpse and tread on the shadow of sacred persons, teachers, revered ones or any such persons.

* One should not see light, undesirable, impure and inauspicious objects, should not produce any abnormally loud sound at the sight of corpse and tread on the shadow of sacred persons, teachers, revered ones or any such persons.

* One should not stay for long in the temples, sacred places, raised platforms, crossroads, gardens, cremation grounds & places of execution during nights, and should not enter a deserted house or forests alone.

* One should not stay for long in the temples, sacred places, raised platforms, crossroads, gardens, cremation grounds & places of execution during nights, and should not enter a deserted house or forests alone.

* One should not be attached to women, friends and servants with sinful conduct, should not oppose or antagonize superior persons and be attached to inferior persons.

* One should not be attached to women, friends and servants with sinful conduct, should not oppose or antagonize superior persons and be attached to inferior persons.

* One should not take interest in crooked things, take refuge of wicked persons and indulge in frightening/ terrorising acts.

* One should not take interest in crooked things, take refuge of wicked persons and indulge in frightening/ terrorising acts.

* One should not indulge in undue courage or excessive sleep, night awakening, bath, drinks and food. One should not stay for long with knees up and approach fierce animals and those having prominent teeth and horns.

* One should not indulge in undue courage or excessive sleep, night awakening, bath, drinks and food. One should not stay for long with knees up and approach fierce animals and those having prominent teeth and horns.

* One should not be exposed to easterly winds, the sun, dews and the strong currents of wind.

* One should not be exposed to easterly winds, the sun, dews and the strong currents of wind.

* One should not initiate quarrels.

* One should not initiate quarrels.

* One should not do ''yajna'' (worship fire) in secluded place, should not keep feet close to fire, and should not wear spotted clothes. One should not take bath when tired and exhausted, and should rest and wash the face before taking bath. Should not touch the head with dirty clothes nor should strike at hair tips and should wear fresh clothes after bathing .

* One should not do ''yajna'' (worship fire) in secluded place, should not keep feet close to fire, and should not wear spotted clothes. One should not take bath when tired and exhausted, and should rest and wash the face before taking bath. Should not touch the head with dirty clothes nor should strike at hair tips and should wear fresh clothes after bathing .

* One should not leave without touching the gems, ghee, the respectable, the auspicious and flowers.

* One should not leave without touching the gems, ghee, the respectable, the auspicious and flowers.

* One should not pass the respectable and the auspicious on left and others on right side. [19]

* One should not pass the respectable and the auspicious on left and others on right side.

==== Codes/Etiquettes for Eating ====

==== Codes/Etiquettes for Eating ====

* One should not eat without wearing precious stones in the hand or without taking bath or while wearing torn clothes, without reciting mantras, without offering oblations to God, without offerings to the departed forefathers, teachers, guests and dependants.

* One should not eat without wearing precious stones in the hand or without taking bath or while wearing torn clothes, without reciting mantras, without offering oblations to God, without offerings to the departed forefathers, teachers, guests and dependants.

* One should not eat without applying purifying fragrance and garland, without washing hands, feet and face, without cleaning the mouth, facing towards the north, with depressed /stressed mind, surrounded by the disloyal, undisciplined, unclean and hungry attendants, in unclean utensils or at improper place and time, in crowded surroundings, without first offering to the fire, without sprinkling with sacred water, without sanctifying it with mantras, with contemptuous disposition towards the food.

* One should not eat without applying purifying fragrance and garland, without washing hands, feet and face, without cleaning the mouth, facing towards the north, with depressed /stressed mind, surrounded by the disloyal, undisciplined, unclean and hungry attendants, in unclean utensils or at improper place and time, in crowded surroundings, without first offering to the fire, without sprinkling with sacred water, without sanctifying it with mantras, with contemptuous disposition towards the food.

* One should not take contaminated meal or food which has been served by enemies or opponents.

* One should not take contaminated meal or food which has been served by enemies or opponents.

* One should not take stale food (meat, salad, dry vegetables, fruit and hard eatables).

* One should not take stale food (meat, salad, dry vegetables, fruit and hard eatables).

* One should not finish the all food (served in the plate) articles except the curd, honey, salt, roasted grain flour and ghee (these should be finished).

* One should not finish the all food (served in the plate) articles except the curd, honey, salt, roasted grain flour and ghee (these should be finished). (Ref)

* One should not take curd at night. One should not consume roasted grain flour without mixing it with ghee and sugar, in the night, after meals, in large quantity, twice daily or interrupted with water intake or tearing with teeth. [20]

* One should not take curd at night. One should not consume roasted grain flour without mixing it with ghee and sugar, in the night, after meals, in large quantity, twice daily or interrupted with water intake or tearing with teeth.  

==== Codes for Passing Natural Urges ====

==== Codes for Passing Natural Urges ====

* One should not sneeze, eat and sleep in curved position.

* One should not sneeze, eat and sleep in curved position.

* One should not be engaged in other works while urge for the natural urges.(One should pass natural urge first and then do other works).

* One should not be engaged in other works while natural urge arises.

* One should not spit out sputum, pass feces and urine in front of the winds, fire, water, the moon, the sun, Brahmins and the preceptors.

* Oattendhto the ould pass natural urge first and then do other works).

* One should not spit out sputum, pass feces and urine in front of the winds, fire, water, the moon, the sun, (Brahmins and the preceptors.)

* One should not urinate on the road, in crowded (public) places and while taking food.

* One should not urinate on the road, in crowded (public) places and while taking food.

* One should not let out oral or nasal excreta at the time of recitation of mantras, oblation, studies, and sacrifice, religious and auspicious acts. [21]

* One should not let out oral or nasal excreta at the time of recitation of mantras, oblation, studies, and sacrifice, religious and auspicious acts.  

 

==== Codes for Behaviour with Women ====

==== Codes for Behaviour with Women ====

* One should not insult women, and should not place too much of faith in them. One should not disclose secrets to them nor should give authority indiscriminately.

* One should not perform sexual intercourse with a woman during her menstrual period, with a woman suffering from a disease, or one who is impure, inauspicious, with undesirable appearance, with bad behaviour/conducts and manners or with the one devoid of skills.

*  

* should not perform sexual intercourse with a woman during her menstrual period, with a woman suffering from a disease, or one who is impure, inauspicious, with undesirable appearance, with bad behaviour/conducts and manners or with the one devoid of skills.

* One should not perform sexual intercourse with women who are not friendly, or one who is not having passionate desire or has passionate desire for some other person or is married to some other person.

* One should not perform sexual intercourse with women who are not friendly, or one who is not having passionate desire or has passionate desire for some other person or is married to some other person.

* One should not perform sexual intercourse with other animal species except human being, and with other body parts except genitals.

* One should not perform sexual intercourse with other animal species except human being, and with other body parts except genitals.

* One should not perform sexual intercourse under holy trees, at sacred places, public courtyard, on a crossroad, in a garden, at cremation ground, execution place/ slaughter house, near water reservoir, in the medicine stores. Sexual intercourse is also prohibited in the houses of brahmins, teachers and in temples.

* One should not perform sexual intercourse under holy trees, at sacred places, public courtyard, on a crossroad, in a garden, at cremation ground, execution place/ slaughter house, near water reservoir, in the medicine stores. Sexual intercourse is also prohibited in the houses of brahmins, teachers and in temples.

* One should not perform sexual intercourse during the dawn and dusk and on inauspicious days i.e. on full moon days and ''pratipadas'', etc. One should not perform sexual intercourse if unclean, if not taken aphrodisiacs, without prior determination and desire, without having proper erection, without food or after excessive food intake, on uneven place, while under the urge of micturition or defecation, after exertion, physical exercise, during fasting, after exhaustion or in a place having no privacy .[22]

* One should not perform sexual intercourse during the dawn and dusk and on inauspicious days i.e. on full moon days and ''pratipadas'', etc. One should not perform sexual intercourse if unclean, if not taken aphrodisiacs, without prior determination and desire, without having proper erection, without food or after excessive food intake, on uneven place, while under the urge of micturition or defecation, after exertion, physical exercise, during fasting, after exhaustion or in a place having no privacy .

==== Behaviour Code with Preceptors ====

==== Behaviour Code with Preceptors ====

* One should not speak ill of noble persons and preceptors.

* One should not speak ill of noble persons and preceptors.

* One should not perform spells, worship of sacred trees and superiors, and studies while remaining impure. [23]

* One should not perform spells, worship of sacred trees and superiors, and studies while remaining impure.  

==== Code for Learning and Studying ====

==== Code for Learning and Studying ====

* One should not study when there is unseasonal lightning, houses appear as if they are burnt, during outbreak of fire, earthquake, grand festivals, fall of meteors, eclipses (solar or lunar). One should not study on a new moon day, during dawn or dusk.

* One should not study when there is unseasonal lightning, houses appear as if they are burnt, during outbreak of fire, earthquake, grand festivals, fall of meteors, eclipses (solar or lunar). One should not study on a new moon day, during dawn or dusk.

* One should not study without being instructed by preceptor. One should not pronounce words in low, high, weak or deranged voice, without proper accents and morphological symmetry, neither too fast nor too slow, nor with excessive delay and nor with too high or too low pitch of sound. [24]

* One should not study without being instructed by preceptor. One should not pronounce words in low, high, weak or deranged voice, without proper accents and morphological symmetry, neither too fast nor too slow, nor with excessive delay and nor with too high or too low pitch of sound.  

 

==== Codes for Social Behavior ====

==== Codes for Social Behavior ====

* One should not deviate from generally approved social practices and should not break any code of conduct.

* One should not deviate from generally approved social practices and should not break any code of conduct.

* One should not move in the night or in an inappropriate place. One should not indulge in taking food, studies, sexual relations or sleep during the dawn or dusk.

* One should not move in the night or in an inappropriate place. One should not indulge in taking food, studies, sexual relations or sleep during the dawn or dusk.

* One should not make friendship with children, the old, the greedy, the fools, the persons under affliction and the eunuchs.

* One should not make friendship with children, the old, the greedy, the fools, the persons under affliction.

* One should not have interest in taking wine, gambling and making physical relationship with prostitutes.

* One should not have interest in taking wine, gambling and making physical relationship with prostitutes.

* One should not disclose secrets and should not insult anybody. One should not be self conceited, unskilled, inexperienced and envious.

* One should not disclose secrets and should not insult anybody. One should not be self conceited, unskilled, inexperienced and envious.

* One should not insult the brahmins nor should beat the cow with sticks. One should not abuse the old, the preceptors, the administrative class and the king.

* One should not insult those involved in pious acts nor should beat the cow with sticks. One should not abuse the old, the preceptors, the administrative class and the king.

* One should not speak too much nor treat kins, persons attached, that stood along in difficult times and the persons who know the secrets disparagingly. [25]

* One should not speak too much nor treat kins, persons attached, that stood along in difficult times and the persons who know the secrets disparagingly. [25]

 

==== Codes for Maintaining Good Psyche in Society ====

==== Codes for Maintaining Good Psyche in Society ====

* One should not be impatient, or overexcited/ over exhilarated.

* One should not be impatient, or overexcited/ over exhilarated.

** One should not be despondent and assume that now nothing can be done.

** One should not be despondent and assume that now nothing can be done.

** One should not lose spirit (give up courage) nor should remember his insults. [27]

** One should not lose spirit (give up courage) nor should remember his insults. [27]

One should touch water, reciting- ''Agnirme na apa gachhet''. After touching the lips and feet, one should daub water on all the orifices of the head (two nasal, one buccal, two auditory, and two ocular orifices), the seats of his soul (mentally), heart and head. [28]

One who is desirous of one’s wellbeing should not offer oblation to the fire with cow ghee, whole rice grains, ''tila'' (Sesamum indicum Linn.), ''kusha'' grass (Desmostachya bipinnata Staff.) and mustard seeds while in impure condition. One should touch water, reciting- ''Agnirme na apa gachhet''. After touching the lips and feet, one should daub water on all the orifices of the head (two nasal, one buccal, two auditory, and two ocular orifices), the seats of his soul (mentally), heart and head. [28]

ब्रह्मचर्यज्ञानदानमैत्रीकारुण्यहर्षोपेक्षाप्रशमपरश्च स्यादिति||२९||

ब्रह्मचर्यज्ञानदानमैत्रीकारुण्यहर्षोपेक्षाप्रशमपरश्च स्यादिति||२९||