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| Manifold are the topics that have been included under the Dharmasastra from very ancient times. From very ancient times '''''Truth''''' is exalted above everything else. Rig veda (7.104.12) says <blockquote>सुविज्ञानं चिकितुषे जनाय सच्चासच्च वचसी पस्पृधाते । तयोर्यत्सत्यं यतरदृजीयस्तदित्सोमोऽवति हन्त्यासत् ॥१२॥</blockquote><blockquote>''"True speech and false speech run a race against each other. Soma protects out of the two what is true and what is very straight-forward and strikes down what is false."'' </blockquote>The conception of rta in the Rigveda is a sublime one and is the germ of the later doctrine of the rule of dharma. The Dharmasutras of Gautama, Baudhayana, Apastamba, and Vasishta deal in greater or less detail principally the following subjects: | | Manifold are the topics that have been included under the Dharmasastra from very ancient times. From very ancient times '''''Truth''''' is exalted above everything else. Rig veda (7.104.12) says <blockquote>सुविज्ञानं चिकितुषे जनाय सच्चासच्च वचसी पस्पृधाते । तयोर्यत्सत्यं यतरदृजीयस्तदित्सोमोऽवति हन्त्यासत् ॥१२॥</blockquote><blockquote>''"True speech and false speech run a race against each other. Soma protects out of the two what is true and what is very straight-forward and strikes down what is false."'' </blockquote>The conception of rta in the Rigveda is a sublime one and is the germ of the later doctrine of the rule of dharma. The Dharmasutras of Gautama, Baudhayana, Apastamba, and Vasishta deal in greater or less detail principally the following subjects: |
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− | {{columns-list|colwidth=20em|style=width: 1000px; font-style: italic;| | + | {{columns-list|colwidth=20em|style=width: 1100px; font-style: italic;| |
| * '''Varna Dharmas''' (four classes) | | * '''Varna Dharmas''' (four classes) |
| * '''Ashrama Dharmas''' (Brahmachari, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, Sanyasi) | | * '''Ashrama Dharmas''' (Brahmachari, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, Sanyasi) |
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| #systems and structures ('''dharmik vyavastha''') | | #systems and structures ('''dharmik vyavastha''') |
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− | == Elements of the Dharmic Worldview == | + | == Dharmika Jeevana Dristhi == |
− | Some elements of the dharmik perspective of life ('''dharmik jeevan dristi''') that are based on such a dharmic paradigm [Major references: Dr. K. S. Narayanacharya, Shri Aurobindo] '''Atma, Satya, karma, Punarjanma, Moksha''' | + | Some elements of the dharmik perspective of life that are based on such a dharmic paradigm |
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− | #'''Sarvavyapatvam'''<nowiki> : Consciousness is all pervading [Bhagavad Gita 2.24: nitya sarva gatah, Bhagavad Gita 10.8: aham sarvasya prabhavo], nature is made of consciousness [Bhagavad Gita 9.4: maya tatami dam sarvam..]. Thus life is unlimited in space. </nowiki>
| + | *'''Satya''' (Truth) : The famous words of Taittriya Upanishad may be recollected where at the end of the student's education the teacher places Truth in the forefront of his exhotation and dharma next. |
− | #'''Punarjanma'''<nowiki> : Similarly, life is eternal in time and rebirth (punarjanma) is but an expression of this eternity of life [Bhagavad Gita: yam yam vapi smaran…] Rebirth as a means to fulfill the missed opportunity of self-fulfillment, in earlier lives, with no achievement made at any stage lost. It is an assurance that life shall not fail. It is not aimless or endless transmigration of life as pessimists understand or fatalists believe. It is positive way of life-fulfillment. </nowiki>
| + | <blockquote>वेदमनूच्याचार्योऽन्तेवासिनमनुशास्ति । सत्यं वद । धर्मं चर ।</blockquote>Satya has 13 aspects and shloka 21 says that non-injury to all beings in thought, word and deed, good will and charity are the eternal dharma of the good.<blockquote>अद्रोहः सर्वभूतेषु कर्मणा मनसा गिरा। अनुग्रहश्च दानं च सतां धर्मः सनातनः॥ (Maha. Sant. 12.162.21)</blockquote> |
− | #'''Jivana Chakram'''<nowiki> : In line with this eternity, creation and destruction are cyclic and mutually complementary. [example of seed that grows into tree, gives rise to more seed that fall to the ground again and each seed, in its destruction gives rise to more trees]</nowiki>
| + | *'''आत्मा ॥ Soul''' : The Gautama Dharmasutras (8.24-26) expound the eight qualities of the Soul. |
− | #
| + | <blockquote>अथाष्टाव् आत्मगुणाः ॥ दया सर्वभूतेषु क्षान्तिर् अनसूया शौचम् अनायासोमङ्गलम् अकार्पण्यम् अस्पृहेति ॥ (Gaut. Grhy. Sutr. 8.23)</blockquote><blockquote>dayā (दया ) kṣānti (क्षान्ति) anasūyā (अनसूया) śaucam (शौचम्) anāyāsaḥ (अनायासः) maṅgalam (मङ्गलम्) akārpaṇyam (अकार्पण्यम्) aspr̥heti (अस्पृहेति) </blockquote> |
− | #'''Karma siddhanta'''
| + | *'''Sarvavyapatvam'''<nowiki> : Consciousness is all pervading [Bhagavad Gita 2.24: nitya sarva gatah, Bhagavad Gita 10.8: aham sarvasya prabhavo], nature is made of consciousness [Bhagavad Gita 9.4: maya tatami dam sarvam..]. Thus life is unlimited in space. </nowiki> |
− | #Role of moksha, independence (svatantrata) in individual and social life
| + | *'''Punarjanma'''<nowiki> : Rebirth as a means to fulfill the missed opportunity of self-fulfillment, in earlier lives, with no achievement made at any stage lost. It is an assurance that life shall not fail. It is not aimless or endless transmigration of life as pessimists understand or fatalists believe. It is positive way of life-fulfillment. In line with this eternity, creation and destruction are cyclic and mutually complementary. [example of seed that grows into tree, gives rise to more seed that fall to the ground again and each seed, in its destruction gives rise to more trees]</nowiki> |
| + | *'''Moksha''' |
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| == Code of conduct (Dharmik vyavahar sutra) == | | == Code of conduct (Dharmik vyavahar sutra) == |