Changes

Vedas (Samskrit : वेदः) is regarded as revealed scripture, self-explanatory and self authoritative, according to many traditional scholars. वैदिक सूक्त || Vedic Suktas (Collection of Mantras) and मन्त्र || Mantras are "seen by" or "revealed to" and only spoken by the Rishis(seers or sages). These rishis are neither authors of the Mantras nor are they responsible for the contents of the Mantras.  Thus, Vedas are called अपौरुषेय ॥ Apaurusheya. There is no final authority beyond the Vedas according to Bharatiya philosophy. While the mantras are revealed, the structural arrangement of Vedas given by Veda Vyasa and further formation of shakas (recensions) or versions of Vedas seen today is based on different rishis.  

== परिचय || Introduction ==

Vedas (Samskrit : वेदः) is regarded as revealed scripture, self-explanatory and self authoritative, according to many traditional scholars. वैदिक सूक्त || Vedic Suktas (Collection of Mantras) and मन्त्र || Mantras are "seen by" or "revealed to" and only spoken by the Rishis(seers or sages). These rishis are neither authors of the Mantras nor are they responsible for the contents of the Mantras.  Thus, Vedas are called अपौरुषेय ॥ Apaurusheya. There is no final authority beyond the Vedas according to Bharatiya philosophy. While the mantras are revealed, the structural arrangement of Vedas given by Veda Vyasa and further formation of shakas (recensions) or versions of Vedas seen today is based on different rishis.

 

== परिचय || Introduction ==

महर्षि वेद व्यासः || Maharshi Veda Vyasa collected all the Mantras in existence during his period, edited, codified and organized them into four groups in the form that we see today   

महर्षि वेद व्यासः || Maharshi Veda Vyasa collected all the Mantras in existence during his period, edited, codified and organized them into four groups in the form that we see today   

# ऋग्वेदः || The Rigveda

# ऋग्वेदः || The Rigveda

# यजुर्वेदः || The Yajurveda

# यजुर्वेदः || The Yajurveda

# सामवेदः || The Samaveda  

# सामवेदः || The Samaveda  

# अथर्वणवेदः || The Atharvaveda

# अथर्वणवेदः || The Atharvaveda

Of these, the first three were the principal original division, also called त्रयी विद्या || trayī vidyā, that is, 'the triple science' of reciting mantras (Rigveda), performing yajnas (sacrifices) (Yajurveda), and singing of mantras set to musical notes (Samaveda). Atharvaveda consists of mantras applicable to activities of daily life, such as ailments and their cure, achieving desired things, warfare, trade, commerce, construction among other things.     

Of these, the first three were the principal original division, also called त्रयी विद्या || trayī vidyā, that is, 'the triple science' of reciting mantras (Rigveda), performing yajnas (sacrifices) (Yajurveda), and singing of mantras set to musical notes (Samaveda). Atharvaveda consists of mantras applicable to activities of daily life, such as ailments and their cure, achieving desired things, warfare, trade, commerce, construction among other things.     

== ऋग्वेदः || Rigveda ==

 

== ऋग्वेदः || Rigveda ==

 

=== Etymology ===

=== Etymology ===

The Samskrit धातुः ऋच (तुदादि गणः) is used in the meaning स्तुतौ (to praise). That which has the description of the quality, action and nature of substances are said to be ऋक् (Rk).<ref name=":02232">Shastri, Jwalanth Kumar. (2009) ''Ved aur vedarth'' Rajasthan: Sri Ghudhmal Prahladkumar Arya Dharmarth Nyasa</ref> Rigveda contains primarily Mantras (set in 2, 3 or 4 padas) dealing with the stuti for devatas, their invocation, yajnakarmas, karmakanda, upasana mantras, mantras related to different worldly activities such as dana, conduct, medical remedies etc.

The Samskrit धातुः ऋच (तुदादि गणः) is used in the meaning स्तुतौ (to praise). That which has the description of the quality, action and nature of substances are said to be ऋक् (Rk).<ref name=":022322">Shastri, Jwalanth Kumar. (2009) ''Ved aur vedarth'' Rajasthan: Sri Ghudhmal Prahladkumar Arya Dharmarth Nyasa</ref> Rigveda contains primarily Mantras (set in 2, 3 or 4 padas) dealing with the stuti for devatas, their invocation, yajnakarmas, karmakanda, upasana mantras, mantras related to different worldly activities such as dana, conduct, medical remedies etc.

=== Rigveda Vibhajana ===

 

There are two types of divisions of Rigveda namely Mandala krama and Ashtaka krama, arose mainly for अध्ययनम् || study and अध्यापनम् || teaching. A small lesson is easily grasped or understood and committed to memory.(See footnote 3 on Page 35 of Reference 1<ref name=":02232" />) There are different versions advocated by different scholars about the number of suktas and mantras available in Rigveda.   

=== Rigveda Vibhajana ===

There are two types of divisions of Rigveda namely Mandala krama and Ashtaka krama, arose mainly for अध्ययनम् || study and अध्यापनम् || teaching. A small lesson is easily grasped or understood and committed to memory.(See footnote 3 on Page 35 of Reference 1<ref name=":022322" />) There are different versions advocated by different scholars about the number of suktas and mantras available in Rigveda.   

 

==== Mandala Krama ====

==== Mandala Krama ====

According to the Mandala krama, Rigveda Samhita is divided into 10 Mandalas or books. The Mandalas are subdivided into  85 Anuvakas, 1028 Suktas and 10522 mantras<ref name=":02232" /> and 10552 mantras according to another version<ref name=":1232" />. In Rig veda Shakala samhita the number of suktas in each Mandala is - 191, 43, 62, 58, 87, 75, 104, 103, 114, 191 (1028) respectively from the first to tenth Mandala.<ref name=":02232" /><ref name=":1232">Rigveda Classification on [http://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/rigveda/shakala-samhita/ Vedic Heritage Portal] </ref>

According to the Mandala krama, Rigveda Samhita is divided into 10 Mandalas or books. The Mandalas are subdivided into  85 Anuvakas, 1028 Suktas and 10522 mantras<ref name=":022322" /> and 10552 mantras according to another version<ref name=":12322" />. In Rig veda Shakala samhita the number of suktas in each Mandala is - 191, 43, 62, 58, 87, 75, 104, 103, 114, 191 (1028) respectively from the first to tenth Mandala.<ref name=":022322" /><ref name=":12322">Rigveda Classification on [http://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/rigveda/shakala-samhita/ Vedic Heritage Portal] </ref>

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

!<nowiki>मण्डल  | Mandala      ►</nowiki>

!<nowiki>मण्डल  | Mandala      ►</nowiki>

!<nowiki>सूक्त  | Sukta       ►</nowiki>

!<nowiki>सूक्त  | Sukta       ►</nowiki>

!<nowiki>| Mantra</nowiki>

!<nowiki>| Mantra</nowiki>

|}Rig Veda contains 10552 mantras (about 10,170 Rks) according to some other scholars, spread over 1028 Suktas and 85 Anuvakas in 10 Mandalas.<ref name=":032">Introduction to Samhitas in [http://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/ Vedic Heritage Portal]</ref> According to Shaunaka rishi there are 10580 mantras (Page 17 of Reference 4).<ref name=":2232">Gopal Reddy, Mudiganti and Sujata Reddy, Mudiganti (1997) ''[https://archive.org/stream/SAMSKRUTAKAVIJEEVITAMULUByMALLADISURYANARAYANASASTRIGARU/SAMSKRUTA%20SAHITYA%20CHARITRA%20BY%20MUDUGANTI%20GOPALA%20REDDI%26SUJATA%20REDDI%20#page/n33/mode/2up Sanskrita Saahitya Charitra] (Vaidika Vangmayam - Loukika Vangamayam, A critical approach)'' Hyderabad : P. S. Telugu University</ref> According to Shaunaka Anukramanika 11 suktas of Valakhilyas are present removing which from the total number of suktas (1028) will yield 1017 Suktas in Rig Veda Samhita. Vashkala or Baskala shaka has 8 suktas more than 1017 thereby is mentioned as having 1025 Suktas.<ref name=":02232" /><ref name=":2232" />

|}

Rig Veda contains 10552 mantras (about 10,170 Rks) according to some other scholars, spread over 1028 Suktas and 85 Anuvakas in 10 Mandalas.<ref name=":0322">Introduction to Samhitas in [http://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/ Vedic Heritage Portal]</ref> According to Shaunaka rishi there are 10580 mantras (Page 17 of Reference 4).<ref name=":22322">Gopal Reddy, Mudiganti and Sujata Reddy, Mudiganti (1997) ''[https://archive.org/stream/SAMSKRUTAKAVIJEEVITAMULUByMALLADISURYANARAYANASASTRIGARU/SAMSKRUTA%20SAHITYA%20CHARITRA%20BY%20MUDUGANTI%20GOPALA%20REDDI%26SUJATA%20REDDI%20#page/n33/mode/2up Sanskrita Saahitya Charitra] (Vaidika Vangmayam - Loukika Vangamayam, A critical approach)'' Hyderabad : P. S. Telugu University</ref> According to Shaunaka Anukramanika 11 suktas of Valakhilyas are present removing which from the total number of suktas (1028) will yield 1017 Suktas in Rig Veda Samhita. Vashkala or Baskala shaka has 8 suktas more than 1017 thereby is mentioned as having 1025 Suktas.<ref name=":022322" /><ref name=":22322" />

 

==== Ashtaka Krama ====

==== Ashtaka Krama ====

According to the Ashtaka krama, Rigveda Samhita is divided into 8 Ashtakas each containing 8 Adhyayas thus a total of 64 Adhyayas are available. The number of Vargas in each Ashtaka is -  265, 221, 225, 250, 238, 331, 248, 246 respectively from first to eighth Ashtaka. Thus a total of 2024 vargas are present in Rk samhita. The total number of mantras are 10522 according to some scholars(Page 34 of Ref 1).<ref name=":02232" />

According to the Ashtaka krama, Rigveda Samhita is divided into 8 Ashtakas each containing 8 Adhyayas thus a total of 64 Adhyayas are available. The number of Vargas in each Ashtaka is -  265, 221, 225, 250, 238, 331, 248, 246 respectively from first to eighth Ashtaka. Thus a total of 2024 vargas are present in Rk samhita. The total number of mantras are 10522 according to some scholars(Page 34 of Ref 1).<ref name=":022322" />

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

!<nowiki>| Ashtaka      ►</nowiki>

!<nowiki>| Ashtaka      ►</nowiki>

!<nowiki>| Mantra</nowiki>

!<nowiki>| Mantra</nowiki>

|}

|}

=== Shakas ===

=== Shakas ===

Only one Shaka (school or recension) of the Rigveda is available today called as  '''शाकला ||''' '''Shakala.'''<ref name=":02232" /><ref name=":1232" />

Only one Shaka (school or recension) of the Rigveda is available today called as  '''शाकला ||''' '''Shakala.'''<ref name=":022322" /><ref name=":12322" />

According to Sarvanukramani vritti, Ahirbudhnyasamhita, Muktikopanishad and Pathanjali's Mahabhashyam, and recently many scholars opined that Rigveda had 21 shakas.   

According to Sarvanukramani vritti, Ahirbudhnyasamhita, Muktikopanishad and Pathanjali's Mahabhashyam, and recently many scholars opined that Rigveda had 21 shakas.   

However, according to Pt. Satyavrat Samashrami<ref name=":02232" />, Rig veda has only 2 ancient shakas namely, '''शाकला || Shakala''' and '''माण्डूकेया || Mandukeya'''. These two shakas became 21 shakas gradually. Shakalacharya taught this veda to 5 of his disciples and gradually in their pronunciation there were differences bringing about 5 different versions of the Veda, which according to the text Vikruti Kaumudi is as follows  <blockquote>शाकल्यसेय शतं शिष्या नैष्ठिकब्रह्मचारिणः | पञ्च तेषां गृहस्थास्ते धर्मनिष्ठाश्च कुटुम्बिनः ||</blockquote><blockquote>शिशिरो वाष्कलो सांख्यो वात्स्यश्चैवाश्वलायनः | पञ्चैते शाकलाः शिष्याः शाखाभेदप्रवर्त्तकाः ||</blockquote>Meaning : Shakala had 100 students who were brahmacharis. Of them 5 who were having dharmanistha, and were grihasthas bearing the responsibility of maintaining a family. शिशिरः || Shishira, वाष्कलः || Vashkala (Bashkala) सांख्यः || Samkhya वात्स्यः || Vatsya and अवाश्वलायनः || Asvalayana were the five disciples who were the pravartakas of the different shakas.<ref name=":02232" /> Asvalaayana-Samhita was available as lately as 17th century but is presently unavailable. Sankhyayana samhita is not available but its Brahmanas and Aranyakas are available. Some scholars opine that Sankhyayana and Kaushitaki shakas are one and the same.<ref name=":2232" />

However, according to Pt. Satyavrat Samashrami<ref name=":022322" />, Rig veda has only 2 ancient shakas namely, '''शाकला || Shakala''' and '''माण्डूकेया || Mandukeya'''. These two shakas became 21 shakas gradually. Shakalacharya taught this veda to 5 of his disciples and gradually in their pronunciation there were differences bringing about 5 different versions of the Veda, which according to the text Vikruti Kaumudi is as follows  <blockquote>शाकल्यसेय शतं शिष्या नैष्ठिकब्रह्मचारिणः | पञ्च तेषां गृहस्थास्ते धर्मनिष्ठाश्च कुटुम्बिनः ||</blockquote><blockquote>शिशिरो वाष्कलो सांख्यो वात्स्यश्चैवाश्वलायनः | पञ्चैते शाकलाः शिष्याः शाखाभेदप्रवर्त्तकाः ||</blockquote>Meaning : Shakala had 100 students who were brahmacharis. Of them 5 who were having dharmanistha, and were grihasthas bearing the responsibility of maintaining a family. शिशिरः || Shishira, वाष्कलः || Vashkala (Bashkala) सांख्यः || Samkhya वात्स्यः || Vatsya and अवाश्वलायनः || Asvalayana were the five disciples who were the pravartakas of the different shakas.<ref name=":022322" /> Asvalaayana-Samhita was available as lately as 17th century but is presently unavailable. Sankhyayana samhita is not available but its Brahmanas and Aranyakas are available. Some scholars opine that Sankhyayana and Kaushitaki shakas are one and the same.<ref name=":22322" />

 

=== Devatas, Chandas and Rtvik ===

=== Devatas, Chandas and Rtvik ===

Rig veda mantras are chanted by the '''[[Hotra|होत्र ||]]''' [[Hotra|'''Hotra''']], the Rig veda priest to invoke the deities to the yajna. Important Rig vedic deities are Agni, Indra, Varuna, Ushas, Savita, Pusha, Mitra, Vishnu, Rudra, Marut and Parjanya. Gayatri, Jagati, Bruhati, Pankti and Trishtubh and Anustubh are widely used meters (Page No 6 of Reference 4<ref name=":2232" />).   

Rig veda mantras are chanted by the '''[[Hotra|होत्र ||]]''' [[Hotra|'''Hotra''']], the Rig veda priest to invoke the deities to the yajna. Important Rig vedic deities are Agni, Indra, Varuna, Ushas, Savita, Pusha, Mitra, Vishnu, Rudra, Marut and Parjanya. Gayatri, Jagati, Bruhati, Pankti and Trishtubh and Anustubh are widely used meters (Page No 6 of Reference 4<ref name=":22322" />).   

 

=== विषयविभागम् ===

=== विषयविभागम् ===

The topics dealt with in the Rig Veda Samhita can be classified into 3 groups.

The topics dealt with in the Rig Veda Samhita can be classified into 3 groups.

==== '''स्तुतिविभागम्''' ====

==== '''स्तुतिविभागम्''' ====

The first group is in praise of the deities like [[Agni (आग्निः)|अग्निः || Agni]], [[Indra|इन्द्रः || lndra]], [[Varuna|वरुणः || Varuna]], [[Mitra (मित्रः)|मित्रः || Mitra]] and others. The Vedic deities numbering 33 are assigned to the three regions of the universe  viz. पृथ्वी || Prithvi (earth), द्यौस् || Dyaus (heaven) and अन्तरिक्षम् || Antariksha (intermediary space). Although these deities appear as personifications of forces of nature, they are actually different facets of Brahman, the Only One Supreme Reality. The famous mantra on this point occurs in this Samhita. <blockquote>एकम् सत् विप्रः बहुध वदन्ति ||  ekam sat viprah bahudha vadanti || (Rig. Ved. 1.164. 92)</blockquote><blockquote>Meaning : Truth is one, learned call it by various names.</blockquote>

The first group is in praise of the deities like [[Agni (आग्निः)|अग्निः || Agni]], [[Indra|इन्द्रः || lndra]], [[Varuna|वरुणः || Varuna]], [[Mitra (मित्रः)|मित्रः || Mitra]] and others. The Vedic deities numbering 33 are assigned to the three regions of the universe  viz. पृथ्वी || Prithvi (earth), द्यौस् || Dyaus (heaven) and अन्तरिक्षम् || Antariksha (intermediary space). Although these deities appear as personifications of forces of nature, they are actually different facets of Brahman, the Only One Supreme Reality. The famous mantra on this point occurs in this Samhita. <blockquote>एकम् सत् विप्रः बहुध वदन्ति ||  ekam sat viprah bahudha vadanti || (Rig. Ved. 1.164. 92)</blockquote><blockquote>Meaning : Truth is one, learned call it by various names.</blockquote>

==== '''उपासनाविभागम्''' ====

==== '''उपासनाविभागम्''' ====

The second group is concerned with philosophical speculations like the origin of the Universe and the real nature of human beings. Although the Samhita contains mantras in praise of the devatas, the concept of Vedanta is present at least in a rudimentary form. However, advocacy of worship of devatas with form and qualities - सगुणोपासन || Sagunopasana - is predominant. Various Rig veda mantras show एक देवता वद || eka-devata-vada or monotheism and not polytheism. For example, the Samhita states that Prajapati creates the world out of Himself and rules over it; He is omnipresent (present everywhere), omnipotent (all powerful) and omniscient (all knowing), He is ever perfect, infinitely compassionate, easily approachable by the devotees and He grants us immortality. But the idea about actual process of creation of the universe finds a place only in the later Vedantic  literature i.e. the Upanishads. The concept of Brahma is clearer in the Upanishad parts.

The second group is concerned with philosophical speculations like the origin of the Universe and the real nature of human beings. Although the Samhita contains mantras in praise of the devatas, the concept of Vedanta is present at least in a rudimentary form. However, advocacy of worship of devatas with form and qualities - सगुणोपासन || Sagunopasana - is predominant. Various Rig veda mantras show एक देवता वद || eka-devata-vada or monotheism and not polytheism. For example, the Samhita states that Prajapati creates the world out of Himself and rules over it; He is omnipresent (present everywhere), omnipotent (all powerful) and omniscient (all knowing), He is ever perfect, infinitely compassionate, easily approachable by the devotees and He grants us immortality. But the idea about actual process of creation of the universe finds a place only in the later Vedantic  literature i.e. the Upanishads. The concept of Brahma is clearer in the Upanishad parts.

==== '''इतिहासविभागम्''' ====

==== '''इतिहासविभागम्''' ====

The third group deals with several secular subjects like marriage, war etc., which show the nature of society of those times. A just and equitable social order existed. However, social life was conditioned by spiritual consciousness. There was समन्वय || Samanvaya or harmony of life here and hereafter. सत्य || Satya (truth) and धर्म || Dharma (righteousness) are glorified and अमृतत्व || Amritatva (immortality) as the goal of life was accepted.

The third group deals with several secular subjects like marriage, war etc., which show the nature of society of those times. A just and equitable social order existed. However, social life was conditioned by spiritual consciousness. There was समन्वय || Samanvaya or harmony of life here and hereafter. सत्य || Satya (truth) and धर्म || Dharma (righteousness) are glorified and अमृतत्व || Amritatva (immortality) as the goal of life was accepted.

=== Famous Aspects <ref name=":2232" /> ===

 

=== Famous Aspects <ref name=":22322" /> ===

* Urvashi Pururava Samvada (Rig. Veda. 10.85)

* Urvashi Pururava Samvada (Rig. Veda. 10.85)

* Yama Yami Samvada (Rig. Veda. 10.10)

* Yama Yami Samvada (Rig. Veda. 10.10)

* Hiranyagarbha Sukta

* Hiranyagarbha Sukta

* Vak Sutram

* Vak Sutram

=== Brahmanas, Aranyakas and the Upanishads<ref name=":032" /> ===

 

=== Brahmanas, Aranyakas and the Upanishads<ref name=":0322" /> ===

* Aitareya and Kausitaki Brahmanas

* Aitareya and Kausitaki Brahmanas

* Aitareya and Sankhyayana Aranyakas  

* Aitareya and Sankhyayana Aranyakas  

* Aitareya Upanishad

* Aitareya Upanishad

== यजुर्वेद || Yajurveda ==

== यजुर्वेद || Yajurveda ==

=== Etymology<ref name=":2232" /> ===

 

=== Etymology<ref name=":22322" /> ===

According to Shabdakalpadruma इज्यतेऽनेनेति यजुः meaning performing of yajnas using this hence called Yajus.

According to Shabdakalpadruma इज्यतेऽनेनेति यजुः meaning performing of yajnas using this hence called Yajus.

According to Pt Gajanan Shastri - the word yajus is derived by the combination of यज and उसि.<ref name=":132">Singh, Ahilya. (2010) PhD Thesis Title: [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/3/03_chapter%201.pdf Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan prarambh se vaidik kaal tak]. V. B. S. Purvanchal University.</ref>

According to Pt Gajanan Shastri - the word yajus is derived by the combination of यज and उसि.<ref name=":1322">Singh, Ahilya. (2010) PhD Thesis Title: [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/3/03_chapter%201.pdf Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan prarambh se vaidik kaal tak]. V. B. S. Purvanchal University.</ref>

अनियताक्षरावसानो यजुः meaning that which has no regulation (metrical) of letters is called Yajus.   

अनियताक्षरावसानो यजुः meaning that which has no regulation (metrical) of letters is called Yajus.   

गद्यात्मको यजुः meaning Yajus are (the mantras) in prose form.  

गद्यात्मको यजुः meaning Yajus are (the mantras) in prose form.  

=== Yajurveda Vibhajana ===

=== Yajurveda Vibhajana ===

The divisions of the texts for Shukla Yajurveda are slightly different and include a combination of these as given below (See Page xviii of the Introduction in Reference 6)<ref>Swaminathan, C. R. (1997) ''Kanvasatapathabrahmanam Vol 2.'' New Delhi : Indra Gandhi National Centre For the Arts and Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref> However, variations of these divisions is seen according to other scholars.  

The divisions of the texts for Shukla Yajurveda are slightly different and include a combination of these as given below (See Page xviii of the Introduction in Reference 6)<ref>Swaminathan, C. R. (1997) ''Kanvasatapathabrahmanam Vol 2.'' New Delhi : Indra Gandhi National Centre For the Arts and Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref> However, variations of these divisions is seen according to other scholars.  

!<nowiki>| Kandikas      </nowiki>

!<nowiki>| Kandikas      </nowiki>

|}

|}

* Madhyandina Shaka : 40 Adhyayas and 1975 mantras, 90525 aksharas.<ref name=":0">Topic : Yajus samhita from ''Vaidika Vangmayasya itihasa bharatiya samskriti cha, Volume: Vedaparichaya'' by Rastriya Samskrit Samsthan. </ref>

* Madhyandina Shaka : 40 Adhyayas and 1975 mantras, 90525 aksharas.<ref name=":02">Topic : Yajus samhita from ''Vaidika Vangmayasya itihasa bharatiya samskriti cha, Volume: Vedaparichaya'' by Rastriya Samskrit Samsthan. </ref>

* Kanva Shaka : 40 Adhyayas and 2086 mantras.<ref name=":0" />  

* Kanva Shaka : 40 Adhyayas and 2086 mantras.<ref name=":02" />  

The divisions of the texts for Krishna Yajurveda have different arrangements. Following are the textual divisions in Taittriya shaka which is representative of Krishna Yajurveda.<ref name=":0" />  

The divisions of the texts for Krishna Yajurveda have different arrangements. Following are the textual divisions in Taittriya shaka which is representative of Krishna Yajurveda.<ref name=":02" />  

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

!<nowiki>| Kandas      ►</nowiki>

!<nowiki>| Kandas      ►</nowiki>

!<nowiki>| Anuvakas      ►</nowiki>

!<nowiki>| Anuvakas      ►</nowiki>

!<nowiki>| Mantras or Kandikas      </nowiki>

!<nowiki>| Mantras or Kandikas      </nowiki>

|}In some southern Indian parts where this shaka is widely followed there are other terms such as Panasa and Prashna (ex: Rudrasya prasha) which are in usage. Saraswat and Arsheya system of classification is also seen for Krishna Yajurveda.  

|}

* Taittriya Shaka - 7 kandas, 44 Prapathakas, 651 Anuvakas (631 according to Page 9 of Reference<ref name=":132" /> ), 2198 Kandikas are present.<ref name=":0" />

In some southern Indian parts where this shaka is widely followed there are other terms such as Panasa and Prashna (ex: Rudrasya prasha) which are in usage. Saraswat and Arsheya system of classification is also seen for Krishna Yajurveda.  

* Maitrayani Shaka - 4 kandas, 11 Prapatakas, 3144 mantras.<ref name=":0" />

* Taittriya Shaka - 7 kandas, 44 Prapathakas, 651 Anuvakas (631 according to Page 9 of Reference<ref name=":1322" /> ), 2198 Kandikas are present.<ref name=":02" />

* Kathasamhita - 40 Adhyayas, 843 Anuvakas, 3091 mantras.<ref name=":0" />

* Maitrayani Shaka - 4 kandas, 11 Prapatakas, 3144 mantras.<ref name=":02" />

* Kapisthalakatha - 6 Astakas, 48 Adhyayas.<ref name=":0" />  

* Kathasamhita - 40 Adhyayas, 843 Anuvakas, 3091 mantras.<ref name=":02" />

* Kapisthalakatha - 6 Astakas, 48 Adhyayas.<ref name=":02" />  

Thus as seen above different classification systems are seen for every shaka.  

Thus as seen above different classification systems are seen for every shaka.  

=== Shakas ===

=== Shakas ===

The number of Yajurveda shakas is given variously by different rishis and scholars as 101 shakas (recensions)<ref name=":2232" /> 107 according to Sutasamhita, Skanda and Brahmanda Puranas, 109 according to Muktikopanishad, 100 according to Pathanjali in his Mahabhasyam, 86 according to Charanavyuha and Shaunaka. According to Vayu Purana, there were 86 student lineages and thus 86 shakas of Maharshi Vaisampayana.<ref name=":132" /> Vishnupurana and Agnipurana give a number of 27 shakas of Yajurveda.<ref name=":02232" /> Thus quite some variation is seen in the number of shakas that existed for Yajurveda.  

The number of Yajurveda shakas is given variously by different rishis and scholars as 101 shakas (recensions)<ref name=":22322" /> 107 according to Sutasamhita, Skanda and Brahmanda Puranas, 109 according to Muktikopanishad, 100 according to Pathanjali in his Mahabhasyam, 86 according to Charanavyuha and Shaunaka. According to Vayu Purana, there were 86 student lineages and thus 86 shakas of Maharshi Vaisampayana.<ref name=":1322" /> Vishnupurana and Agnipurana give a number of 27 shakas of Yajurveda.<ref name=":022322" /> Thus quite some variation is seen in the number of shakas that existed for Yajurveda.  

In the present day five Shakas of Yajurveda are seen namely Taittriya, Katha or Kapisthala, Maitrayani, Vajasaneyi  and Kanva according to some scholars.<ref name=":132" />

In the present day five Shakas of Yajurveda are seen namely Taittriya, Katha or Kapisthala, Maitrayani, Vajasaneyi  and Kanva according to some scholars.<ref name=":1322" />

Many scholars view the classification into two major groups or शाखा || Shakhas<ref name=":02232" /><ref>Yajurveda Introduction by [http://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/yajurveda/ Vedic Heritage Portal]</ref> :   

Many scholars view the classification into two major groups or शाखा || Shakhas<ref name=":022322" /><ref>Yajurveda Introduction by [http://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/yajurveda/ Vedic Heritage Portal]</ref> :   

* Krishna Yajurveda   

* Krishna Yajurveda   

* Shukla Yajurveda  

* Shukla Yajurveda  

Today a vast majority of people follow the Yajurveda. Krishna Yajurveda is common in the South of India and Shukla Yajurveda in the North.

Today a vast majority of people follow the Yajurveda. Krishna Yajurveda is common in the South of India and Shukla Yajurveda in the North.

==== '''कृष्णयजुर्वेद संहिता || Krishna Yajurveda''' ====

==== '''कृष्णयजुर्वेद संहिता || Krishna Yajurveda''' ====

The term "कृष्ण krishna" of the shakha is so given due to following reasons  

The term कृष्ण ||  krishna of the shakha is so given due to following reasons  

# It contains both the छन्दोबद्ध Chandas (metrical) and गद्यात्मकम् Gadya (prose) forms of mantras<ref name=":2232" />   

# It contains both the छन्दोबद्ध Chandas (metrical) and गद्यात्मकम् Gadya (prose) forms of mantras<ref name=":22322" />   

# Mantras are interspersed with Brahmanas which explain the usage of the mantras<ref name=":02232" />   

# Mantras are interspersed with Brahmanas which explain the usage of the mantras<ref name=":022322" />   

This samhita is said to have contained 85 Shakhas but only four of them are available now, out of which the Taittiriya Samhita is widely studied and followed especially in South India  and other three Shakhas are not so well known.<ref name=":2232" />   

This samhita is said to have contained 85 Shakhas but only four of them are available now, out of which the Taittiriya Samhita is widely studied and followed especially in South India  and other three Shakhas are not so well known.<ref name=":22322" />   

Texts of the four major shakas that have survived are<ref name=":1" />   

Texts of the four major shakas that have survived are<ref name=":12" />   

# मैत्रायणी || Maitrayani  

# मैत्रायणी || Maitrayani  

# कठ/काठक || Katha or Kathaka  

# कठ/काठक || Katha or Kathaka  

# कपिष्ठलकठ || Kapisthala-Katha  

# कपिष्ठलकठ || Kapisthala-Katha  

# तैत्तिरीय || Taittiriya  

# तैत्तिरीय || Taittiriya  

==== Brahmanas Aranyakas and Upanishads ====

==== Brahmanas Aranyakas and Upanishads ====

Related to this Samhita are-

Related to this Samhita are-

3. Taittiriya, Katha, Swetaswatara, Maitrayani and Maha Narayana Upanishads.

3. Taittiriya, Katha, Swetaswatara, Maitrayani and Maha Narayana Upanishads.

==== शुक्लयजुर्वेद संहिता || Shukla Yajurveda ====

==== शुक्लयजुर्वेद संहिता || Shukla Yajurveda ====

The term "शुक्ल Shukla" of the shakha is so given due to following reasons

The term शुक्ला ||  Shukla of the shakha is so given due to following reasons

# It contains only the Chandas (metrical) forms of mantras<ref name=":2232" /> without any prose content.   

# It contains only the Chandas (metrical) forms of mantras<ref name=":22322" /> without any prose content.   

# Mantras are arranged in an orderly manner. <ref name=":02232" />   

# Mantras are arranged in an orderly manner. <ref name=":022322" />   

The Shukla Yajurveda separates the Samhita from its Brahmana (the Shatapatha Brahmana).  

The Shukla Yajurveda separates the Samhita from its Brahmana (the Shatapatha Brahmana).  

This Samhita was said to contain 15 shakas (See footnote 1 in Page 20 of Reference 1<ref name=":02232" />) which were called Vajasaneyi. शुक्ल यजुर्वेद संहिता || Shukla Yajurveda Samhita is said to have been brought to the knowledge of the world by the famous sage याज्ञवल्क्य || Yajnavalkya from Vaajasani which means the Surya devata. Hence this is also known as वाजसनेयी संहिता || Vajasneyi Samhita.  

This Samhita was said to contain 15 shakas (See footnote 1 in Page 20 of Reference 1<ref name=":022322" />) which were called Vajasaneyi. शुक्ल यजुर्वेद संहिता || Shukla Yajurveda Samhita is said to have been brought to the knowledge of the world by the famous sage याज्ञवल्क्य || Yajnavalkya from Vaajasani which means the Surya devata. Hence this is also known as वाजसनेयी संहिता || Vajasneyi Samhita.  

Texts of only two major shakas have survived   

Texts of only two major shakas have survived   

3. Brhadaraanyokopanishad and Isavasyopanishad.

3. Brhadaraanyokopanishad and Isavasyopanishad.

==== कृष्णशुक्ल-यजुर्वेदयोः भेदः ====

==== कृष्णशुक्ल-यजुर्वेदयोः भेदः ====

Following are few differences between Krishna and Shukla Yajurveda presented by Pt. Rishiram Regmi.<ref name=":1">Regmi, Sri Rishiramji. Article : [http://vedicheritage.gov.in/flipbook/ved_vedang_gp_15/#book/ ''Yajurved ka Sankshipth Parichay''] available in Vedic Heritage Portal.</ref>

Following are few differences between Krishna and Shukla Yajurveda presented by Pt. Rishiram Regmi.<ref name=":12">Regmi, Sri Rishiramji. Article : [http://vedicheritage.gov.in/flipbook/ved_vedang_gp_15/#book/ ''Yajurved ka Sankshipth Parichay''] available in Vedic Heritage Portal.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

!S. No

!S. No

|Given by Rishi Yajnavalkya

|Given by Rishi Yajnavalkya

|}

|}

=== Devatas, Chandas and Rtvik ===

=== Devatas, Chandas and Rtvik ===

The devatas are the same as in Rig veda because a majority of mantras in Yajurveda are taken from there. The Yajurvedic procedural details are recited and conducted by [[Adhvaryu|'''अध्वर्यु || Adhvaryu''']] priest for the proper performance of Yajnas. In Shukla Yajurveda, the mantras have the same chandas as in Rig veda from where they have been   

The devatas are the same as in Rig veda because a majority of mantras in Yajurveda are taken from there. The Yajurvedic procedural details are recited and conducted by [[Adhvaryu|'''अध्वर्यु || Adhvaryu''']] priest for the proper performance of Yajnas. In Shukla Yajurveda, the mantras have the same chandas as in Rig veda from where they have been   

=== विषयम् || Content ===

=== विषयम् || Content ===

Whether Krishna or Shukla, both the shakas of Yajurveda deal primarily with the karmakanda and are also called yajnakanda<ref name=":0" />. All the shaka texts deal with detailed descriptions of Srauta yajnas like Rajasuya, Vajapeya, Somayaga etc. Krishna Yajurveda is considered older than the Shukla Yajurveda.

Whether Krishna or Shukla, both the shakas of Yajurveda deal primarily with the karmakanda and are also called yajnakanda<ref name=":02" />. All the shaka texts deal with detailed descriptions of Srauta yajnas like Rajasuya, Vajapeya, Somayaga etc. Krishna Yajurveda is considered older than the Shukla Yajurveda.

For example in Madhyandina samhita, the yajna kriyas for Darshapurnamasa, Agnihotra, Chaturmasya, Agnistoma, Nirudhapasubandha, Chayanayaga, Sautramani, Asvamedha, Vajapeya, Rajasuya etc among other yajnas and istis are present. The 40th Adhyaya is the Isavasyopanishad; this is the only instance where an Upanishad is associated with the Samhita.

For example in Madhyandina samhita, the yajna kriyas for Darshapurnamasa, Agnihotra, Chaturmasya, Agnistoma, Nirudhapasubandha, Chayanayaga, Sautramani, Asvamedha, Vajapeya, Rajasuya etc among other yajnas and istis are present. The 40th Adhyaya is the Isavasyopanishad; this is the only instance where an Upanishad is associated with the Samhita.

=== Famous Mantras ===

=== Famous Mantras ===

The popular mantras in praise of Lord Siva - श्रीरुद्रप्रस्न || SriRudraprasna – finds a place in this Veda (Shodasa Adhyaya). The other famous suktam पुरुष सूक्तं || Purusha Suktam also occurs here with some modifications.

The popular mantras in praise of Lord Siva - श्रीरुद्रप्रस्न || SriRudraprasna – finds a place in this Veda (Shodasa Adhyaya). The other famous suktam पुरुष सूक्तं || Purusha Suktam also occurs here with some modifications.

==  सामवेद || Saamaveda ==

==  सामवेद || Saamaveda ==

=== Etymology ===

=== Etymology ===

तल्लक्षणमाह जैमिनिः - गीतेषुसामाख्या इति गीयमानेषु मन्त्रेषु सामसंज्ञेत्यर्थः . इति 

तल्लक्षणमाह जैमिनिः - गीतेषुसामाख्या इति गीयमानेषु मन्त्रेषु सामसंज्ञेत्यर्थः . इति ||  

According to Jaimini (Shabdakalpadruma) Mantras which are to be sung are called as Sama.  

According to Jaimini (Shabdakalpadruma) Mantras which are to be sung are called as Sama.  

सा चामश्चेति तत्साम्नः सामत्वम् । <ref>Samaveda as per Brhadaranyaka Upanishad ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D_1a Adhyaya 1])</ref>  

सा चामश्चेति तत्साम्नः सामत्वम् । <ref>Samaveda as per Brhadaranyaka Upanishad ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D_1a Adhyaya 1])</ref>  

Meaning : सा stands for Rk mantra and अम stands for Gana (gandhara) and forms Sama when combined.<ref name=":2">Adhikari, Shriram Topic : ''[http://vedicheritage.gov.in/pdf/ved_vedang_gp_16.pdf Samaved ka parichay evam vaisishtya]'' from Vedic Heritage Portal </ref>

Meaning : सा stands for Rk mantra and अम stands for Gana (gandhara etc svaras) and forms Sama when combined.<ref name=":22">Adhikari, Shriram Article : ''[http://vedicheritage.gov.in/pdf/ved_vedang_gp_16.pdf Samaved ka parichay evam vaisishtya]'' from Vedic Heritage Portal </ref>

During the preparation of Soma rasa, praising the devatas by singing Samagana is an important aspect during Somayajna. Shatapata Brahmana states that without Samagana, Somayajna does not yield its results.<ref name=":2232" />

Along with the preparation of Soma rasa, praising the devatas by singing Samagana is an important aspect during Somayajna. Shatapata Brahmana states that without Samagana, Somayajna does not yield the desired results.<ref name=":22322" />

=== Samaveda Vibhajana ===

=== Samaveda Vibhajana ===

Samaveda Samhita is the shortest of all the vedas given to the world by Jaimini.<ref name=":2" />  Many Sama mantras are derived from the eighth and ninth Mandalas of the Rigveda.  

Samaveda Samhita is the shortest of all the vedas given to the world by Jaimini.<ref name=":22" />  Many Sama mantras are derived from the eighth and ninth Mandalas of the Rigveda.<ref name=":22322" />

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

!<nowiki>| Kandas      ►</nowiki>

!<nowiki>| Kandas      ►</nowiki>

|}

|}

The Samaveda samhita comprises two major parts. The first part is called (ārcika, आर्चिक) and the second is (gāna, गान). A melody in the song books corresponds to a verse in the arcika books.

The Samaveda samhita comprises two major parts.  

 

आर्चिक Archika (gāna, गान).  

=== Shakas ===

=== Shakas ===

According to Mahabhashya, Charanavyuha, Muktikopanishad, Atharvana Parishistham, Sarvanukramanika and Mahabharata, this Veda is said to have 1000 Shakhas. This aspect is also found to be mentioned in Puranas. There is an interesting ancedote mentioned by Pt. Ramshankar Bhattacharya that Samashakas were destroyed by Indra. Also a mention was made about the different Samashaka preachers being wiped out by a natural calamity (See Page 21 of Reference 1<ref name=":02232" />). However, there are different versions of scholars about the loss of shakas of Samaveda.

सहस्त्रवर्त्मा सामवेदः |<ref name=":22322" /><ref name=":22" />

 

 

The Samaveda Samhita consists of 1549 stanzas, taken almost entirely (except for 75 mantras) from the Rigveda.

The Samaveda Samhita consists of 1549 stanzas, taken almost entirely (except for 75 mantras) from the Rigveda.

=== Devatas, Chandas and Rtvik ===

=== Devatas, Chandas and Rtvik ===

All the mantras of the Samaveda are sung by the [[Udgatri|'''उद्गात्रि''' || '''Udgaatri''']] priest during Somayajna. Unlike Rigveda, deities of Samaveda are predominantly Agni, Indra

All the mantras of the Samaveda are sung by the [[Udgatri|'''उद्गात्रि''' || '''Udgaatri''']] priest during Somayajna. Unlike Rigveda, deities of Samaveda are predominantly Agni, Indra

==  अथर्वण || Atharvana or अथर्व वेद || Atharva veda ==

==  अथर्वण || Atharvana or अथर्व वेद || Atharva veda ==

The Artharvaveda Samhita is the text 'belonging to the अथर्वण || Atharvan and [[Angirasa (अङ्गिरसः)|अङ्गिरस || Angirasa]] poets. It has about 760 hymns, and about 160 of the hymns are in common with the Rigveda. Most of the verses are metrical, but some sections are in prose.  This is also called Brahma Veda because it is assigned to the '''[[Brahma (ब्रह्मा)|ब्रह्मा || Brahma]]''' priest who supervises the conduct of the Yajnas. The mantras in this Veda are both in prose and verse forms.

The Artharvaveda Samhita is the text 'belonging to the अथर्वण || Atharvan and [[Angirasa (अङ्गिरसः)|अङ्गिरस || Angirasa]] poets. It has about 760 hymns, and about 160 of the hymns are in common with the Rigveda. Most of the verses are metrical, but some sections are in prose.  This is also called Brahma Veda because it is assigned to the '''[[Brahma (ब्रह्मा)|ब्रह्मा || Brahma]]''' priest who supervises the conduct of the Yajnas. The mantras in this Veda are both in prose and verse forms.

The Atharva veda has been a primary source for information about Vedic culture, the customs and beliefs, the aspirations and frustrations of everyday Vedic life, as well as those associated with kings and governance. The text also includes hymns dealing with the two major rituals of passage – marriage and cremation. The Atharva Veda also dedicates significant portion of the text asking the meaning of a ritual.

The Atharva veda has been a primary source for information about Vedic culture, the customs and beliefs, the aspirations and frustrations of everyday Vedic life, as well as those associated with kings and governance. The text also includes hymns dealing with the two major rituals of passage – marriage and cremation. The Atharva Veda also dedicates significant portion of the text asking the meaning of a ritual.

== Sub Classification of Vedas ==

== Sub Classification of Vedas ==

=== संहिता || Samhitas ===

=== संहिता || Samhitas ===

Samhitas (Sanskrit saṃhitā, "collection"), are collections of mantras  or hymns and prayers in praise of Deities for attaining prosperity in the world and happiness hereafter.. There are four "Vedic" Samhitas: the Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda, and Atharva-Veda, most of which are available in several recensions (śākhā).  

Samhitas (Sanskrit saṃhitā, "collection"), are collections of mantras  or hymns and prayers in praise of Deities for attaining prosperity in the world and happiness hereafter.. There are four "Vedic" Samhitas: the Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda, and Atharva-Veda, most of which are available in several recensions (śākhā).  

This portion is mainly meant for [[Brahmacharya (walking on the path of the divine)|ब्रह्मचारी || Brahmacharis]], those who are in the first stage of their lives.

This portion is mainly meant for [[Brahmacharya (walking on the path of the divine)|ब्रह्मचारी || Brahmacharis]], those who are in the first stage of their lives.

=== ब्राह्मण || Brahmanas ===

=== ब्राह्मण || Brahmanas ===

The Brahmanas are commentaries, explanation of solemn rituals as well as expound on their meaning of Vedic Samhita rituals in the four Vedas. They also incorporate legends and in some cases philosophy. Each regional Vedic shakha (school) has its own operating manual-like Brahmana text, most of which have been lost. A total of 19 Brahmana texts have survived into modern times: two associated with the Rigveda, six with the Yajurveda, ten with the Samaveda and one with the Atharvaveda.  

The Brahmanas are commentaries, explanation of solemn rituals as well as expound on their meaning of Vedic Samhita rituals in the four Vedas. They also incorporate legends and in some cases philosophy. Each regional Vedic shakha (school) has its own operating manual-like Brahmana text, most of which have been lost. A total of 19 Brahmana texts have survived into modern times: two associated with the Rigveda, six with the Yajurveda, ten with the Samaveda and one with the Atharvaveda.  

This portion of a Veda guides people in the performance of Vedic Karmas or sacrificial rituals; they are the prose explanations of the method of using the mantras in the Yajnas and other rituals. Brahmana is suitable for the गृहस्थ || Grihasthas (the householders), those belonging to the second stage in life.

This portion of a Veda guides people in the performance of Vedic Karmas or sacrificial rituals; they are the prose explanations of the method of using the mantras in the Yajnas and other rituals. Brahmana is suitable for the गृहस्थ || Grihasthas (the householders), those belonging to the second stage in life.

=== अरण्यक || Aranyakas ===

=== अरण्यक || Aranyakas ===

Aranyakas, "wilderness texts" or "forest treaties", were composed by people who meditated in the woods as recluses and are the third part of the Vedas. The texts contain discussions and interpretations of ceremonies, from ritualisitic to symbolic meta-ritualistic points of view. It is frequently read in secondary literature.

Aranyakas, "wilderness texts" or "forest treaties", were composed by people who meditated in the woods as recluses and are the third part of the Vedas. The texts contain discussions and interpretations of ceremonies, from ritualisitic to symbolic meta-ritualistic points of view. It is frequently read in secondary literature.

The Aranyaka portion is addressed to the people of that category offering a substitute for rituals. They teach methods of meditation based upon symbolical interpretations of sacrificial rites. It is a process of performing Yajnas and sacrifices at the mental level. For example Brihadaranyaka Upanishad starts with such analytical mental performance of Aswamedha Yajna. The Aranyakas are intended for the Vanaprasthas or people who prepare themselves for the last stage in life i.e. Sanyasa. Aranyakas form the transition link between the ritual of the Brahmanas and the philosophy of the Upanishads.  

The Aranyaka portion is addressed to the people of that category offering a substitute for rituals. They teach methods of meditation based upon symbolical interpretations of sacrificial rites. It is a process of performing Yajnas and sacrifices at the mental level. For example Brihadaranyaka Upanishad starts with such analytical mental performance of Aswamedha Yajna. The Aranyakas are intended for the Vanaprasthas or people who prepare themselves for the last stage in life i.e. Sanyasa. Aranyakas form the transition link between the ritual of the Brahmanas and the philosophy of the Upanishads.  

=== उपनिषद् || Upanishads ===

=== उपनिषद् || Upanishads ===

The number of works that go by the name Upanishad and available today in print exceeds 200. The Muktikopanishad gives a list of 108 Upanishads. However, the principal Upanishads are accepted to be those which Adi Sankaracharya who lived between 788 and 820 A.D. chose to comment upon.  

The number of works that go by the name Upanishad and available today in print exceeds 200. The Muktikopanishad gives a list of 108 Upanishads. However, the principal Upanishads are accepted to be those which Adi Sankaracharya who lived between 788 and 820 A.D. chose to comment upon.  

Aranyakas are sometimes identified as karma-kanda (ritualistic section), while the Upanishads are identified as jnana-kanda (spirituality section). In an alternate classification, the early part of Vedas are called Samhitas and the commentary are called the Brahmanas which together are identified as the ceremonial karma-kanda, while Aranyakas and Upanishads are together referred to as the jnana-kanda.

Aranyakas are sometimes identified as karma-kanda (ritualistic section), while the Upanishads are identified as jnana-kanda (spirituality section). In an alternate classification, the early part of Vedas are called Samhitas and the commentary are called the Brahmanas which together are identified as the ceremonial karma-kanda, while Aranyakas and Upanishads are together referred to as the jnana-kanda.

== References ==

== References ==

# https://ia802606.us.archive.org/17/items/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft.pdf<references />

# https://ia802606.us.archive.org/17/items/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft.pdf<references />