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Shad Darshanas (षड्दर्शनानि) (view source)
Revision as of 08:59, 14 February 2018
, 08:59, 14 February 2018Added content
=== न्यायः || Nyaya Darsana ===
=== न्यायः || Nyaya Darsana ===
INTKUDU Ullt)P1
Salutations to Rishi Gautama, the founder of the Nyaya system of philosophy. The Nyaya or Hindu logic was founded by Gautama Rishi, who is also known by the names Akshapada and Dirghatapas. The Nyaya and the Vaiseshika are analytic types of philosophy. The word Nyaya signifies going into a subject, i.e., investigating it analytically. In this sense of analysis, the word Nyaya is exactly opposed to Sankhya, synthesis. The Nyaya is sometimes called Tarka-Vidya or the Science of Debate, Vada-Vidya or the Science of Discussion. Tarka is the special feature of the Nyaya.
HINDU PHILOSOPHY—I 191
The Nyaya is not merely formal logic, but a complete epistemology. Ordinary people think that the Nyaya is chiefly concerned with logic. Logic is merely -a part or a sirigie topic. The purpose of the Nyaya is a critical examination of the objects of knowledge by means of the canons of logical proof. The Nyaya system deals critically with metaphysical problems. It contains discussions on psychology', logic, metaphysics and theology. The Nyaya—A Method of Philosophical Enquiry The Nyaya is intended to furnish a correct method of philosophical enquiry into all the objects and subjects of human knowledge, including the process of reasoning and laws of thought. The evidence of the senses is submitted to a critical enquiry. The Nyaya gives a description of the mechanism of knowledge in detail. The Nyaya and the Vaiseshika explore the significance of time, space, cause, matter, mind, soul and knowledge for experience, and give the results in the form of a theory of the universe. The Nyaya and the Vaiseshika are regarded as parts of one whole. The Vaiseshika is a supplement to the Nyaya. They are allied systems. They both believe in a Personal God, a plurality of souls and an atomic universe. Further, they use many arguments in common. The Nyaya is the basis of all Sanskrit philosophical studies. It is an introduction to all systematic philosophy. It is the preliminary course for a student of Philosophy. You cannot understand the Brahma-Sutras 7f Sri Vyasa without a knowledge of the Nyaya. A study of he Nyaya develops the power of reasoning or arguing. It :iders the intellect sharp and subtle. You cannot make he Ka sharp without a sharp and subtle intellect. LiksiChathoPanishad says: "Drisyate Tuagryaya Buddhya rsubninaYaSukshma-Darsibhih—It (the Atman) is beheld The seers through their sharp and subtle intellect." aya ne:. YaYa Sutra' by Gautama is the first work on 4-4.010sop, fl.Y• This is the most famous book of the
192 school. Numerous commetaries. have been wr,at this book by various authors, by .,_NYaYa-814 ell() B dliSr'ikanth4' 1\111Y41) Vatsyayana, Nyayalankara Manjari by Jayanta, Nyaya- bo v ini by Govar,37y4, Nyaya-Varttika-Tatparya- a y achaspati mist7N a, A, KNOWLEDGE implies four conditions: (i) the sub. All knowledge imp or the Pramata, the cogniser, (ii) the object OrJect the resulting state of cognition or tti Prameya, Pr iti and (iv) the means of knowledge or the Prarnaliae Prameya, or the objects. of which right knowledge to be obtained, are twelve, viz., (1) Soul (Atman), Bod" (Sarira), (iii) Senses (Indnyas), (iv) Objects of seriseYs (Artha), (v) Intellect (Buddhi), (vi) Mind (Manas), (vii) Activity (Pravritti), (viii) Fault (Dosha), (ix) Transrnigra tion (Pretyabhava), (x) Fruit (Phala), (xi) Pain (Duhichal, and (xii) Salvation (Apavarga). Perception (Pratyaksha), inference (Anumang comparison (Upamana), and word, or verbal testimony (Sabda) are the Pramanas or the means of right knowledge. Sabda, or verbal testimony, includes Vedic revelation. Pratyaksha is perception by the senses. GOD, SOUL AND UNIVERSE God The Nyaya says that the actions of man produce their fruits, called Adrishta, under the control of God. God supervises the work of Adrishta. The intelligentst principle of Adrishta, which governs the fate of man, acs under the direction of God. God does not alter the course of Adrishta. but renders possible its operation. G°c1,isdt is bestower of the fruits of actions of human beings' u°-,d a Special Soul endowed with omnipotence Pthe omniscience, by which He guides and regulates world.
riiNDU PHILOSOPHY—I 193
God is a Personal Being. He is free from ithYa-Jnana (false knowledge), Adharma (demerit), and ,,raniada (carelessness). He has Jnana (knowledge), ichlia (desire) and Prayatna (volitional effort). God is ONE, Creator, who is endowed with Nitya Jnana (eternal iucnowiedge) and Ichha-Kriya (desire-action) as His Gunas (attributes). He is Vibhu (all-pervading). The Soul The soul is a real being. It is an eternal entity. Desire, aversion, volition, pleasure, pain, intelligence and cognition are its qualities or marks. The object of the notion of T is the soul. No cognition or recollection is possible without a soul. The eye cannot see objects and the ear cannot hear sounds without a soul. There should be an agent to use the instruments (senses). That agent is the soul. After an object is seen, even if the eyes are both destroyed, the knowledge that I have seen remains. This knowledge is not a quality of either the objects or the senses. The mind is not the soul. It is only an instrument of the soul, by means of which it thinks. The self is the subject. The soul exists even when the body perishes, the senses are cut off and the mind is controlled. There are infinite numbers of souls.
The Universe The universe is a composite of eternal, unalterable, causeless atoms, which exists independently of our thoughts. The universe is the modification of the atoms (Paramanus) of the physical elements: Earth (Prithvi), Water (Apas), Fire (Tejas) and Air (Vayu). The Nyaya !chits nine objects (Dravyas), viz., Earth, Water, Fire, Air, Ether, Time, Space (Quarters), Mind and the Self (Atrrian). rNE CAUSE OF BONDAGE AND THE MEANS TO EMANCIPATION 44:Misapprehension (Mitliya-Jnana), faults (Dosha), cons,itY (Pravritti), birth (Janma) and pain (Duhkha) iltute the world. False notion or false knowledge is at
वैशेषिकः || Vaiseshika Darsana
वैशेषिकः || Vaiseshika Darsana