Jatakarma (जातकर्म)
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Jatakarma Saṃskāra is performed before the navel string is cut.
प्राङ्नाभिवर्धनात्पुंसः जातकर्म विधीयते। मनुस्मृतिः २.२९ ।
prāṅnābhivardhanātpuṃsaḥ jātakarma vidhīyate। Manusmṛtiḥ 2.29 .
Jātakarma of a male child is ordained before the umbilical cord is cut. Before cutting the navel string there is no Aśaucam (impurity) due to birth and Jātakarma has to be performed at that time on a male child.
जातं वात्सप्रेण अभिमृश्य उत्तरेण यजुषा उपस्थे आधाय उत्तराभ्याम् अभिमन्त्रणम् मूर्धनि अवघ्राणं दक्षिणे कर्णे जापः। आपस्तम्बगृह्यसूत्रम्, १५.१ ॥
jātaṃ vātsapreṇa abhimṛśya uttareṇa yajuṣā upasthe ādhāya uttarābhyām abhimantraṇam mūrdhani avaghrāṇaṃ dakṣiṇe karṇe jāpaḥ.
Āpastambagṛhyasūtram, 15.1 ॥
As soon as the (male) child is born the father should recite the Vātsaprānuvāka, i.e. "divaspari . . .", and touch (at the end of the Mantra), should take him into the lap while reciting the Yajus "asminnaham", recite two Mantras, viz., "aṅgādaṅgāt" and "aśmā bhava", for him and smell his head and the same Mantras are to be repeated in the right ear.
नक्षत्रनाम च निर्दिशति; तद्रहस्यं भवति । आपस्तम्बगृह्यसूत्रम्, १५.२, ३ ॥
nakṣatranāma ca nirdiśati; tadrahasyaṃ bhavati।
Āpastambagṛhyasūtram, 15.2, 3 ॥
The father pronounces the Nakṣatranāma (name coined after the name of the birth star) also in the right ear secretly.
The name runs like this:
Birth-star Name related to Star
Rohiṇī Rauhiṇaḥ
Revatī Raivataḥ
Maghā Māghaḥ
Such a name has to be kept a secret, i.e. should not be pronounced loudly.
Śatapathabrāhmaṇam (6.1.3.9) ordains that a name should be given to the male child as soon as he is born:
तस्मात् पुत्रस्य जातस्य नाम कुर्यात् ।
tasmāt putrasya jātasya nāma kuryāt ।
Vedāṅgajyotiṣam (Ṛgveda 25-28) enumerates twenty eight Nakṣatras (stars), including Abhijit and their Devatas (Gods) and adds that in Yajñas (Sacrifices) the Yajamāna (Sacrificer) has to bear the Nakṣatranāma:
नक्षत्रदेवता ह्येता एताभिर्यज्ञकर्मणि। यजमानस्य शास्त्रज्ञैः नाम नक्षत्रजं स्मृतम्॥
nakṣatradevatā hyetā etābhiryajñakarmaṇi।
yajamānasya śāstrajñaiḥ nāma nakṣatrajaṃ smṛtam॥
These are the deities of Nakṣatras (stars) useful in Yajñas. Scholars say that the Nakṣatranāma of Yajamāna has to be employed in Yajñas.
The Nakṣatranāma has to be kept secret in order to avoid Abhicāra (magical practice) against the person. The commentary on Khādiragṛhyasūtram (2.3.32) explains the above said concept, i.e. Yajñakarma and Abhicāra –
वैदिककर्मार्थमेतत्। नामापरिज्ञाने अभीचाराद्यसिद्धिः फलम्।
vaidikakarmārthametat। nāmāparijñāne abhicārādyasiddhiḥ phalam।
This [Nakṣatranāma] is meant for Vedic rites. If the name [to be used in Vedic rites] is not known, the result is that Abhicāra etc. would not be successful.
Jatakarma described in Ayurveda
Jatakarma samskara or vidhi includes certain rituals and procedures that are performed immediately after birth of a child. Acharya Charaka has described certain procedures which are performed after birth of a baby to resuscitate him.
It is birth rite which helps the baby to smoothly transcend from intrauterine life to extra uterine life (adopt the changes of environment present inside the womb to that outside the womb). After birth of a baby the change is not just in the outside environment but also in the dependency of a baby on mother for survival. The child remains only partially dependent on mother post birth. Therefore the Jatakarma has been advised in this phase of transition.
अतोऽनन्तरं जातकर्म कुमारस्य कार्यम्|
तद्यथा- मधुसर्पिषी मन्त्रोपमन्त्रिते यथाम्नायं प्रथमं प्राशितुं दद्यात्|
स्तनमत ऊर्ध्वमेतेनैव विधिना दक्षिणं पातुं पुरस्तात् प्रयच्छेत्|
अथातः [१] शीर्षतः स्थापयेदुदकुम्भं मन्त्रोपमन्त्रितम्||४६|| (Char. Samh. Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 8 Sutra 46)
Thereafter, birth-rites of the child should be performed per vedic rituals, which are as follows: first of all, honey and ghee duly “consecrated” with vedic mantras (chanted by brahmanas or priests) should be anointed to the child. Breast milk should first be fed from the right breast, and should be done so after performing the rituals mentioned above. An earthen pot filled with water should be consecrated with mantras and kept near the head of the child. [46]
It should be done for clearing the mouth secretion which clears airway and prevents aspiration.
Placing cotton soaked in ghee on head maintains temperature of the baby which prevents heat loss from baby’s head, which has the largest surface area, thus preventing hypothermia.
Only after the baby is stabilised umbilical cord was cut, emphasizing on resuscitative measures.
Tying the cord to baby’s neck by thread prevents bleeding from cord and minimizes chances of infection.
Swarnaprashan a type of Lehan given to baby by Suvarna Bhasma, honey and ghee serves the purpose of both nutrition and immunization. This Lehana (licking of medicine preparations) also gives an opportunity to physician to assess the rooting and sucking reflex of neonate. Honey and ghee have a rich caloric value, provide energy to baby whose previous source of nutrition from placenta has stopped. This first feed initiates gastrointestinal movements and activates the gut. Swarna Bhasma gives physical protection to baby. enhances brain development and is in micro particles easily absorbable by baby’s intestine.
Use of Mantra in Jata Karma gives psychological support to parents especially mother.
Breast feeding is to be given on the first day so to ensure proper nutrition and protective immunoglobulin present in colostrum. Early initiation of breast feed also stimulates prolactin reflex. When the baby sucks, the nerve ending in the nipple carry message to the anterior pituitary which in turn release prolactin and that acts on the alveolar glands in the breast to stimulate milk secretion. The water filled earthen jar may serve cooling purpose or maintenance of humidity in baby’s ward room.
Rakshavidhi
अथास्य रक्षां विदध्यात्- आदानीखदिरकर्कन्धुपीलुपरूषकशाखाभिरस्या गृहं समन्ततः परिवारयेत्|
सर्वतश्च सूतिकागारस्य सर्षपातसीतण्डुलकणकणिकाः प्रकिरेयुः|
तथा तण्डुलबलिहोमः सततमुभयकालं [१] क्रियेतानामकर्मणः [२] |
द्वारे च मुसलं देहलीमनु तिरश्चीनं न्यसेत्|
वचाकुष्ठक्षौमकहिङ्गुसर्षपातसीलशुनकणकणिकानां रक्षोघ्नसमाख्यातानां चौषधीनां पोट्टलिकां बद्ध्वासूतिकागारस्योत्तरदेहल्यामवसृजेत्, तथा सूतिकायाः कण्ठे सपुत्रायाः, स्थाल्युदककुम्भपर्यङ्केष्वपि, तथैव चद्वयोर्द्वारपक्षयोः|
कणककण्टकेन्धनवानग्निस्तिन्दुककाष्ठेन्धनश्चाग्निः सूतिकागारस्याभ्यन्तरतो नित्यं स्यात्|
स्त्रियश्चैनां यथोक्तगुणाः सुहृदश्चानुश्चानुजागृयुर्दशाहं द्वादशाहं वा|
अनुपरतप्रदानमङ्गलाशीःस्तुतिगीतवादित्रमन्नपानविशदमनुरक्तप्रहृष्टजनसम्पूर्णं च तद्वेश्म कार्यम्|
ब्राह्मणश्चाथर्ववेदवित् सततमुभयकालं शान्तिं जुहुयात् स्वस्त्ययनार्थं कुमारस्य तथा सूतिकायाः|
इत्येतद्रक्षाविधानमुक्तम्||४७||
This verse describes measures to protect the newborn. To start with, the maternity home should be surrounded by the branches of adani (-?-),khadira (Acacia catechu Willd.), karkandhu (Zyzyphus nummularia W.&A.), pilu (Salvadora persica Linn.), and parushaka (Grewiaasiatica Linn.).Sarshapa (Brassica nigra Linn - mustard seeds), atasi (Linum ustatissimum Linn.), and tandula kanakanika (pieces of broken rice) should be spread all over the floors in the maternity home. The sacrificial ritual of offering rice to fire should be performed every morning and evening till the naming ceremony for the child is complete. At the door-sill, a wooden pestle should be kept obliquely. A potli (bag) containing vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.), kushtha (Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke.), choraka (Ksaumaka -?-), hingu (Ferula narthex Boiss.), sarshapa (Brassica nigra Koch.), atasi (Linum usitatissimum Linn.), lashuna (Alium sativum Linn.), kanakanika (-?-) and other drugs known to be repellents of evil spirits should be tied to the door-sill, and to the necks of the mother and the child , and should also be put into cooking utensils, water jars, bed, and on either side of the door panels. There should be a fire lighted constantly with the fire woods of kanakanika (-?-), and tinduka (Diospyros peregrine Gurke.) at the fireplace within the maternity home. The attending women (of the qualities mentioned earlier) should keep vigilance of the maternity home for ten to twelve days. The whole house should be kept busy with people who are pious, affectionate and happy, and kept engaged with gifts, encouraging blessings, praise, song, music food and drinks. In order to bestow auspicious blessings on the mother and the child, brahmins well versed in Atharva Veda should perform ritual sacrifices in the sacred fire two times a day. These are, rituals and measures that need to be put in place to protect the mother and the child. [47]