Pancha Avayavas (पञ्चावयवाः)

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Avayavas (Samskrit : अवयवाः) are one of the sixteen Padarthas enumerated by Gautama Maharshi in the Nyaya sutras. Knowledge of these sixteen Padarthas constitute the way to Nihshreyas according to the Nyaya Darshana. Avayavas are Statements or Premises required to prove a concept. Since five such statements are collectively required they are termed as "Factors" on which an inference can be proved. They are

1. Pratijna (प्रतिज्ञा) : Statement of Instance

साध्यनिर्देशः प्रतिज्ञा॥३३॥ {प्रतिज्ञालक्षणम्}

Statement of first enunciation to be proved is called Pratijna and is based on Shabda pramana. Include Full bhashya. It is of two kinds see Udaharana bhashyam. Begin till anitya shabdha.

2. Hetu (हेतुः)

उदाहरणसाधर्म्यात्साध्यसाधनं हेतुः॥३४॥ {हेतुलक्षणम्} तथा वैधर्म्यात्॥३५॥ {हेतुलक्षणम्}

Statement of Reasoning which establishes the conclusion on the strength of the similarity of the case in hand with known similar or opposite examples or illustrations. It is based on Anumana pramana. Include Full bhashya

3. Udaharana (उदाहरणम्)

साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्तः उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययात्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्}

Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) is based on Pratyaksha pramana. English explanation only. Anitya shabda till end of sentence and next sentence till page no 43 first line.

4. Upanaya (उपनयः)

उदाहरणापेक्षः तथा इति उपसंहारः न तथा इति वा साध्यस्य उपनयः ॥३८॥ {उपनयलक्षणम्}

Statement of Minor premise (a minor summary) made with support of the Udaharana is thus based on Upamana pramana. Sadhya... till end of sentence.

5. Nigamana (निगमनम्)

हेत्वपदेशात्प्रतिज्ञायाः पुनर्वचनं निगमनम्॥३९॥{निगमनलक्षणम्}

Statement of the Final Conclusion. It is the indication of the capability of the aforesaid statements to arrive at a single conclusion pertaining to the same object or purpose. First line of Bhashya and complete english translation.

It is this five-fold declaration that constitutes the highest form of reasoning because only when thus stated that the Reasoning succeeds in convincing the nonbeliever.

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