Yajurveda Shakhas (यजुर्वेदस्य शाखाः)

The Yajurveda is divided into two divisions the White or Shukla Yajurveda and the Black or Krishna Yajurveda. The number of the shakhas of the Shukla Yajurveda is less than that of the Krishna. For the sake of convenience we take first the Shakhas of the Shukla Yajurveda.

Shakhas of Shukla Yajurveda

The Shukla Yajurveda is said to have 15 Shakhas. But unfortunately the texts about the names of these Shakhas vary.

Thus the Brahmanda-Purana mentions the following schools of this Veda :

याज्ञवल्क्यस्य शिष्यास्ते कण्वो बौधेय एव च ।। मध्यंदिनस्तु सापत्यो वैधेयश्चाद्धबौद्धकौ ।। ३५.२८ ।।

तापनीयश्च वत्साश्च तथा जाबालकेवलौ ।। आवटी च तथा पुंड्रो वैणोयः सपराशरः ।। ३५.२९ ।।

इत्येते वाजिनः प्रोक्ता दशपंच च सत्तमाः ।।

In the Vayu-Purana the names are as follows :

याज्ञवल्क्यस्य शिष्यास्ते कण्ववौधेयशालिनः । मध्यन्दिनश्च शापेयी विदग्धश्चाप्य उद्दलः । ताम्रायणश्च वात्स्यश्च तथा गालवशैशिरी । आटवी च तथा वर्णी वीरणी सपरायणः । इत्येते वाजिनः प्रोक्ता दश पञ्च च संस्मृताः ॥ ६१.२४-२६

The Visnu-Purana, after narrating the quarrel between Yajnavalkya and Vaisampayana, says :

शाखाभेदास्तु तेषां वै दश पञ्च च वाजिनाम् । काण्वाद्यास्तु महाभाग! याज्ञवल्क्या-प्रवर्तिताः ।। २९ ।।

In the Srimadbhagavata, the Story of origin of the schools of the White Yajurveda is told and it puts its Shakhas as follows :

यजुर्भिरकरोच्छाखा दश पञ्च शतैर्विभुः जगृहुर्वाजसन्यस्ताः काण्वमाध्यन्दिनादयः ७४

In the Charanavyuha of Shaunaka the following 15 Shakhas are mentioned :

जाबाला बौधायनाः काण्वा माध्यन्दिनेयाः शाफेयास्तापनीयाः कपोला पौण्डरवत्सा आवटिकाः परमावटिकाः पराशरा वैणेया वैधेया अद्धा बौधेयाश्चेति ।

In the Atharvan Caranavyuha, Sayana's Introduction to the Kanvabhasya, Pratijna-Parisista and Aryavidya-Sudhakara also these name are noted with some variations. These differences are due to the fact that the writers of these texts were not directly concerned with the tradition of these Shakhas and in some cases it is possible that due to scribal mistakes these discripencies occurred.

When such discrepancies occur in the texts it is not easy to settle the correct names of these Sakhas. Pt. Bhagavad-datta gives the following fifteen names of the Sakhas of the white Yajurveda as generally acceptable :

Jabala, Baudheya, Kanva, Madhyandina, Sapeyi, Tapaniya, Kapola, Paundra-Vatsa, Avatika, Paramavatika, Parasara, Vaineya, Vaidheya, Katyayana and Vaijavapa. 31

Now a brief description of these Shakhas is given here :

(1) The Jabala, Shakha : In the Chandogya-up. the story of a Jabala is narrated in detail. There he is regarded as the student of Haridrumata Gautama." In the Brhadaranyaka83 a Jabalayan, is said to be the pupil of Madhyandinayana. According to the Mahabharata a Jabala was one of the Brahmavadin-sons of Visvamitra.34 The Matsya-Purana mentions a Jabala.35 A Jabali Rshi is mentioned in the Vamana-Purana. This Rshi is regarded here as son of Rshi Rtadhvaja. 36 Panini's acquaintance with this Shakha may be inferred from his mention of this name.37 No Samhita or Brahmana of this Sakha is available. Only a Jabalopanisad is available, but it is uncertain whether it originally belonged to the Y. V. or Atharvaveda. A Jabala-.Darsanopanisad belongs to the Samaveda.88 In the epics Jabala is a gotra name.89

(2) The Baudheya Sakha : The other variations of this name are Baudhayana, Gaudheya, Gaudhayana and Audheya. Nothing of this Sakha has come down to us.39a No reference to this name is traced. In the Mahabharata a Bodhi Pingala appears as Adhvaryu-priest of King Janamejaya.10 But it is uncertain whether he is identical with the founder of this Sakha.

(3) The Kanva Sakha : This Sakha has preserved both its Samhita and the Brahmana. It is one of the pronounced schools of the White Yajurveda. According to the Maharnva, the Kanva-Sakha is first among the schools of the White Yajurveda. In the Visnu and the Bhagavata Puranas also it is referred to as the first Sakha. It is very difficult to identify the founder of this Sakha among the various Kanvas of the Puranas. In some places he is said to be a son of Apratiratha and father of Medhatithi; Sakuntala was brought up in his Asrama.44 He is also said to be a sage and contemporary of Krishna with whom he went to Mithila. He was invited by king Yudhisthira to his Rajasuya. He left Dvaraka for Pindaraka.45 In other Puranas he is called an Angirasa and Mantrakrt. Here his studentship of Yajnavalkya is confirmed.46 At some places he is said to be the son of Ajamidha.4T According to the Puranas the members of the family of the Brahmanas originated from Kanva were called Kanvayanas.48 According to the Mahabharata Kanva was a brahmana of Kasyapa-gotra. His hermitage was on the bank of river Malini. 49 He brought up Sakuntala and married her to DuSyanta.50 From these references it may be concluded that Kanva was a famous personality of his age. Panini is also acquainted with Kanva.51

The Samhita and the Brahmana of the Kanvas are now available- The Kanva-Samhita contains 40 Adhyayas, 328 Anuvakas and 2086 verses.52 The Madhyandina-Samhita contains 1975 verses. Thus, the Kanva Samhita has 111 verses more than the Madhyandina-Samhita- The Brahmana of the Kanvas as well as of the Madhyandinas is called the 'Satapatha-Brahrnana. But there is some minor differences between the two Brahmanas. In the Kanva-Satapatha, there are 17 Kandas, 104 Adhyayas and 6806 Kandikas, The subject-matter of both the Brahmanas is same but the order is different.53 The Kalpasutra of Katyayana is prescribed for the followers of these Shakhas. According; to Mahadeva, the commentator of the Hiranaya-kesi-sutra, Katyayana sutra was prescribed for both the schools. The school of the Kanvas was especially related to Pancharatra Agama. In the Jayakhya Samhita (a text of the Pancharatrins) the five main followers of the Pancharatra are said to be the followers of the Kanva-sakha.5 From this statement a relation between the two is clear.

(4) The Madhyandina Shakha : The Samhita and the Brahmana of this Veda are now in wide currency. At the present, the followers of this Sakha are found in almost every part of Northern India. The name of this Sakha as usual is derived from the Rishi Madhyandina. No personal account of this Rshi is found in the Puranas. Only he is said as the pupil of Yajnavalkya. Panini has referred to this name.67 In the Samhita of the Madhyandinas, there are 40 Adhyayas, 303 Anuvakas and 1975 verses. The Brahmana of the Sakha is called the Madhyandina-Satapatha. It has 14 Kandas, 100 Adhyayas, 64 Prapathakas, 438 Brahmanas and 7624 Kandikas. The rules laid down by Katyayana Sutra are observed in the Sakha of the Madhyandinas. Pargiter has placed the founder of this Sakha in the time of Asvamedhadatta.158

(5) The Sapeyi Sakha : Other variations of this name are Sapeya, Sapiyas and Sapheyas. Panini was aware of this name.68 In the commentary on the Katyayana-Pratisakhya the name of Sabiya Sakha is twice referred to.60 It is probable that the Sabiya-Sakha of the commentator is the Sapiya-Sakha. Nothing of this Sakha is known. The Puranas are silent about this Rishi.

(6) The Tapaniya Sakha : This Sakha also, like many others, exists only in references. No literature of this Sakha is preserved. The other variations of this name are Tapayaniya, Tapayana and Sthapaniya.

(7) The Kapola Sakha : This Sakha has been totally lost. Even references to this school are not found. The variations of this name are Kevala, Kapola and Kalapa.

(8) The Paundravatsa Sakha : The two other variations of this name are Vatsa and Vatsya. According to the Mahabharata, Paundra is the name of a country which was captured by Krshna. 81 It may be probable that Vatsa, being the resident of Paundra country was called Paundravatsa. In the Tandya-Mahabrahmana a quarrel between Vatsa ond Medhatithi is narrated.82 Here both Vatsa and Medhatithi are called Kanvas, In the Mahabharata

a Vatsa is said to be present in the sacrifice of Janamejaya. In the Katyayana Srauta Sutra a Vatsa is mentioned. No literature of this Sakha is known.

(9) The Avati Sakha : This Sakha is also called as Avatika. The name Atavi occuring in the Vayu-Purana and Brahmanda Purana a is variation of Avati. No literature of this Sakha is available. Panini seems aware of this school. He has mentioned the name of Avati.63

(10) The Paramavatika Sakha : From the name of this Sakha it appears that it was closely related to Avati or Avatika Sakha and the difference between the two was minor. The version of the Vayu-Purana is Parni. Nothing is known of this Sakha.

(11) Parasara Sakha : The ancient textual tradition accepts Parasara as the founder of a Sakha of the white Yajurveda. Panini repeatedly mentions him.64 Whether Panini intended to mean this Parasara or some one else is not certain. The Mahabharata and the Puranas variously refer to Parasara. A Parasara is said to be the father of Veda-vyasa. The Dharma Sutra of Parasara is available.

(12) The Vaineya-Sakha : The other Variations of this name are Vainateya, Virani and Vainoya. Nothing is known about this Sakha.

(13) The Vaidheya Sakha : This Sakha is also completely unknown.

(14) The Katyayana-Sakha :- The variant form of this name is Kaunteya, which is a corrupt form of this name. In the Puranic list of the Sakhas of the White Yajurveda this name does not occur. In the Caranavyuhas also this name is absent. The Srauta and the Gfhya Sutras of Katyayana are available. From the existence of the Katyayana Pratisakhya it may be inferred that originally this Sakha had its own Samhita for which the Pratisakhya was written. Whether the Sutra-writer Katyayana and Katyayana, the grammarian are identical is not known. A Katyayana Rshi is mentioned in the Mahabharata.6a

(15) The Vaijavapa Sakha : Variations of this name are Vaijaka, Vaijapa and Vaijava. A Grhya Sutra of this Sakha is

published66

Other Shakhas

As all the texts do not give the same names so many names are not included in these 15 above-mentioned names. Some other names mentioned in the Puranas are as follows :

(1) Audheya or Addha Sakha : According to the Brahmanda Purana Addha is a Sakha of the White Yajurveda* The Vayu- Purana has some different reading and it reads as Vidagdha. Somewhere Udheya is also mentioned as the name of a Sakha. Nothing is known about this Sakha.

(2) The Uddala Sakha :-The Vayu-Purana refers to an Uddala Sakha. The name may be a variant of Addha or Audheya. Nothing has survived of this Sakha.

(3) The Galava Sakha : According to Sayana and the Vayu Purana a Galava Sakha belongs to the White Yajurveda. No literature of this Sakha is available. In the Puranas we meet with Galava several times. But whether this Galava and the Sakhakara Galava are same is not certain.

(4) Th Gaudheya Shakha : In the Samskara-Ganapati this name is mentioned.

(5) The Pundra Sakha : According to the Brahmanda- Purana this Sakha is different from the Vatsa-Sakha.

(6) The Sapatya Sakha :-In the Brahmanda Purana this name occurs.

This is the list of the Sakhas of the White Yajurveda. As already remarked, it is possible that various names of this list may be the corrupt forms of the other names of the Sakhas of the Yajurveda, But at present we have no definite data to trace their origin.

Shakhas of Krishna Yajurveda

The disciples of Vaishampayana established the schools of Krishna Yajurveda. The Krishna Yajurveda is known to have 86 branches. However, mention of only 43 out of these 86 schools are found in Puranas and other texts. Even amongst these 43, some are known only by name.

The Yajurveda was taught by Vyasa to one of his pupils, named Vaisampayana who divided it into eighty-six shakhas and taught it to his pupils.3 So Vaishampayana is said to be the original propagator of the Sakhas of the KYV. It was he from whom sprang all the sakhas of the KYV. This was the reason why Sabarasvamin regarded him as Sarvasakhadhyayi.

In the Vayu-Purana the following description of the Sakhas of the KYV. is given :

वैशम्पायनगोत्रोऽसौ यजुर्वेदं व्यकल्पयत् । षडशीतिस्तु येनोक्ताः संहिता यजुषां शुभाः ॥

शिष्येभ्यः प्रददौ ताश्च जगृहुस्ते विधानतः । एकस्तत्र परित्यक्तो याज्ञवल्क्यो महातपाः ॥

षडशीतिस्तु तस्यापि संहितानां विकल्पकाः । सर्वेषामेव तेषां वै त्रिधा भेदाः प्रकीर्तिताः ॥

त्रिधा भेदास्तु ते प्रोक्ता भेदेऽस्मिन्नवमे शुभे । उदीच्या मध्यदेशाश्च प्राच्याश्चैव पृथग्विधाः ॥

श्यामायनिरुदीच्यानां प्रधानः सम्बभूव ह । मध्यदेशप्रतिष्ठानामारुणिः प्रथमः स्मृतः ॥

आलम्बिरादिः प्राच्यानां त्रयोदश्यास्तु ते । इत्येते चरकाः प्रोक्ताः संहितावादिनो द्विजाः ॥ ६१.५-१०

The Brahmanda-Purana also says the same thing :

वैशंपायनशिष्योऽसौ यजुर्वेदमकल्पयत् ।। षडशीतिस्तु तेनोक्ताः संहिता यजुषां शुभाः ।। ३५.८ ।।

शिष्येभ्यः प्रददौ ताश्च जगूहुस्ते विधानतः ।। एकस्तत्र परित्यक्तो या५वल्क्यो महातपाः ।। ३५.९ ।।

षडशीतिस्तथा शिष्याः संहितानां विकल्पकाः ।। सर्वेषामेव तेषां वै त्रिधा भेदाः प्रकीर्त्तिताः ।। ३५.१० ।।

त्रिधा भेदास्तु ते वेदभेदेऽस्मिन्नवमे शुभे ।। उदीच्या मध्यदेश्याश्च प्राच्यश्चैव पृथग्विधाः ।। ३५.११ ।।

श्यामायनिरुदीच्यानां प्रधानः संबभूव ह ।। मध्यदेशप्रतिष्ठाता चासुरिः प्रथमः स्मृतः ।। ३५.१२ ।।

आलंबिरादिः प्राच्यानां त्रयोदेश्यादयस्तु ते ।। इत्येते चरकाः प्रोक्ताः संहिता वादिनो द्विजाः ।। ३५.१३ ।।

The Agni-Purana briefly mentions the Sakhas of the KYV

कठी माध्यकठी तथा ॥२७१.००४

मैत्रायणी च संज्ञा च तैत्तिरीयाभिधानिका ।२७१.००५

वैशम्पायनिकेत्याद्याः शाखा यजुषि संस्थिताः ॥२७१.००५

In the Visnu and the Bhag. Pura, the Sakhas of the KYV. are not mentioned. Only reference is made to the Taittiriyas.

यजूंषि तित्तिरा भूत्वा तल्लोलुपतयाऽऽददुः तैत्तिरीया इति यजुः शाखा आसन्सुपेशलाः ६५

यजू ष्यथ विसृष्टानि याज्ञवल्क्येन वै द्रिज । जगृहुस्तित्तिरा भूत्वा तैत्तिरीयास्तु ते ततः ।। १२ ।।

According to the Caranavyuha of Saunaka, among the eighty-six Sakhas of the KYV. twelve are the- sub-divisions of the Carakas, six of the Maitrayamyas, two of the Taittirlyas and five of the Khandikeyas.1 According to the Mahabhashya Vaisampayana had nine pupils. In the Atharvan Caranavyuha fourteen Sakhas are mentioned.8 The list given in the Prapanchahrdaya is obscure and is not corroborated by others.

In the Caranavyuha of Saunaka, Caraka, Maitrayaniya, Taittiriya and the Khandikeya are the major Sakhas of the KYV. Below is given a brief description of the Sakhas.

1. THE CARAKA SAKHA.

As mentioned before Caraka was the name of Vaisampayana who was the first propagator of KYV. But a separate Sakha is also attached to his name. There are various references to the Caraka Sakha. But it is not certain whether all these' references mention a particular Sakha by the name of Caraka- or all the Sakhas of this Veda ,are called by the name Caraka. Uvata, the commentator, in his Sukla Yajurveda-Bhasya (VII. 23 ; XXV, 27) quotes the verses from the Caraka-Samhita. Similarly Katyayana in his Pratisakhya refers to the Sandhi-rules of the Carakas, Sayana has mentioned a Caraka-Brahmana. In Visvarupa's commentary also a Caraka-Brahmana is mentioned. Kashmiri Pandits are followers of the Caraka Sakha.

2. THE AHVARAKA SAKHA.

The Caranavyuha of Saunaka mentions this school as a sub-division of the Carakas. Ahuraka and Hvaraka are the variants of this name. No text of this Sakha is available. Only references to this Sakha are available. Yadavaprakasa has mention this Sakha in his commentary on Pingalasutra (111,15). Durga in his commentary on Nirukta (III. 21) has referred to this Sakha. This name finds mention in Sarasvati Kanthabharana (1.4.189).

3. THE KATHA SAKHA.

The Katha or the Kathaka Sakha is one of the existing schools of the KYV, Patanjaii testifies the wide popularity of this Sakha. He says that the Kathaka literature was read in every villages.2 Panini is also aware of this Sakha. Patanjali says that the Katha literature is very vast.4 In the Ganapatha of Panini the name Katha occurs along with Kalapa and Kauthuma.5

It is presumed that this Sakha, was founded by sage Katha. In the Mahabharata an Adya Katha is mentioned among 16 Rtviks of King Uparicaravasu.6 Katha was present in the court of Yudhisthira.1 He was honoured and given gifts in the Rajasuya of Yudhisthira. 2 He came to see Pramad-vara who had died of snake bite.8 The Kathas and the Kalapas were famous in the time of Ramayana.4 Here they are mentioned as respected by noble men. In the Mahabhasya, Patanjali has mentioned the women of the Kathas.5 The Katha people were popular in ancient times. 7