Manusmrti (मनुस्मृतिः)

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Introduction to Manusmriti

परिचयः ॥ Introduction

Manu, Yajnavalkya and Parashara are some of the most celebrated law-givers of Bharata. Bharatiya society is founded on, and governed by, the laws made by these three great rishis. The granthas that enumerate these law codes are termed as Smritis and are named after their authors. So, we have Manusmrti or Manava Dharmashastra (Laws of Manu or the Institutes of Manu), Yajnavalkya Smrti and Parashara Smrti. They contain the code of conduct for man. And among them, Manu is the oldest law-giver among. Yajnavalkya Smriti follows on similar lines as the Manu Smrti. Manusmrti and Yajnavalkya Smrti are accepted all over Bharata as authoritative works on law.

It is said that the laws of Manu are intended for the Satya Yuga, those of Yajnavalkya are for the Treta Yuga; those of Sankha and Likhita are for the Dvapara Yuga; and those of Parashara are for the Kali Yuga.

Manu

The first Manu called स्वायंभुवमनु is the one to whom the code of laws known as Manusmriti is ascribed. (Apte)

Importance and Antiquity

श्रुतिस्तु वेदो विज्ञेयो धर्मशास्त्रं तु वै स्मृतिः । 2.10

As per this saying of Manusmrti, another name for Dharmashastra is Smrti. Many smrtis like Manusmrti are known by the name of their author. There are as many as 71 smrtis enlisted in various smrti texts.

Manusmrti is considered the foremost among them all.

वेदार्थोपनिबन्धत्वात्प्राधान्यं हि मनोःस्मृतम् । मन्वर्थविपरीता तु या स्मृतिः सा न शस्यते ॥

According to Brhaspati, the importance of Manusmrti is due to it collecting the essence of the Vedas. And hence, any smrti that goes tangential to Manusmrti is not praiseworthy.

For, the praise of Manu's tenets are obtained in the shrutis that are the basis for all smrtis

मनुर्वै यत्किञ्चिदवदत्तद्भेषजं भेषजतायाः ।

Meaning: Whatever is proposed by Manu is to be taken like medicine. There is no need to argue about the same.

The Mahabharata also says the same.

पुराणं मानवो धर्मः साङ्गो वेदश्चिकित्सितम् । आज्ञासिद्धानि चत्वारि न हन्तव्यानि हेतुभिः ॥

The story of propogation of Manusmrti

इदं शास्त्रं तु कृत्वासौ मां एव स्वयं आदितः । विधिवद्ग्राहयां आस मरीच्यादींस्त्वहं मुनीन् । । १.५८ । ।

एतद्वोऽयं भृगुः शास्त्रं श्रावयिष्यत्यशेसतः । एतद्धि मत्तोऽधिजगे सर्वं एषोऽखिलं मुनिः । । १.५९ । ।

ततस्तथा स तेनोक्तो महर्षिमनुना भृगुः । तानब्रवीदृषीन्सर्वान्प्रीतात्मा श्रूयतां इति । । १.६० । ।

It is mentioned in the Manusmrti itself that Maharshi Bhrgu learnt all the dharmas from Manu and on his advice, he taught the same to other rshis and versified it for the benefit of all that became popular by the name Manusmrti. It is hence that the line भृगुप्रोक्तायां संहितायां is found at the end of all adhyayas in Manusmrti.

Also, the knowledge of dharma passed on by Manu and his shishya parampara is seen in the form of quotations in other smrti texts that go by the name of Manu.

For example,

The Parashara Smrti says,

अग्निरापश्च वेदाश्च सोमसूर्यानिलास्तथा । एते सर्वेऽपि विप्राणां श्रोत्रे तिष्ठन्ति दक्षिणे ॥ ३९ ॥

प्रभासादीनि तीर्थानि गङ्गाद्याः सरितस्तथा । विप्रस्य दक्षिणे कर्णे सान्निध्यं मुनिरब्रवीत् ॥ ४० ॥

मनुना चैव्येकेन सर्वशास्त्राणि जानता । प्रायश्चित्तं तु तेनोक्तं गोघ्नश्चान्द्रायणं चरेत् ॥ ४१ ॥

The following two verses from the Manusmrti is found in the Ramayana

शासनाद्वा विमोक्षाद्वा स्तेनः स्तेयाद्विमुच्यते । अशासित्वा तु तं राजा स्तेनस्याप्नोति किल्बिषम् । । ८.३१६ । ।

राजभिः कृतदण्डास्तु कृत्वा पापानि मानवाः । निर्मलाः स्वर्गं आयान्ति सन्तः सुकृतिनो यथा । । ८.३१८ । ।

It is said in the kishkindhakanda of the Valmiki Ramayana

श्रूयते मनुना गीतौ श्लोकौ चारित्र वत्सलौ ॥ गृहीतौ धर्म कुशलैः तथा तत् चरितम् मया ॥४-१८-३०॥

राजभिः धृत दण्डाः च कृत्वा पापानि मानवाः । निर्मलाः स्वर्गम् आयान्ति सन्तः सुकृतिनो यथा ॥४-१८-३१॥

शसनात् वा अपि मोक्षात् वा स्तेनः पापात् प्रमुच्यते । राजा तु अशासन् पापस्य तद् आप्नोति किल्बिषम् ॥४-१८-३२॥

Though some pathabheda has crept over the period of time, the meaning of these verses is the same. This shows that it was this Manusmrti that was prevalent in the times of Valmiki.

Manusmrti is an ancient smrti shastra. Its verses are found in the Valmiki Ramayana as well as other smrti texts.

There have been many commentaries on the Manusmrti out of which the ones by Medhatithi, Sarvajna Narayana, Govindaraja, Kulluka, Raghavaananda, Nandana and Ramachandra are well-known.

(Manusmrti - Girija Prasad Dwivedi)

Contents

MANUSMṚTI is a code of conduct written by Manu or Mānavāchārya who was the father of man-kind for the harmonious existence of a social life. The book contains twelve chapters.

The first chapter deals with the origin of the smṛti and the origin of the world. No other smṛti begins like this and so it is believed that this chapter must have been added to it later.

The contents of each of the other eleven chapters are given below:

Second chapter. It deals with the sense organs and stresses the importance of conquering and controlling them. It describes the qualities of a brahmana.

Third chapter. It contains the duties of a householder after his course of study of the Vedas. Eight different kinds of marriages are described in it. It also deals with methods of giving protection to women and children.

Fourth chapter. Duties of a brāhmaṇa, study of the Vedas and responsibilities of a Snātaka are all described in this chapter.

Fifth chapter. This deals with pure and impure foods, impurity and methods of purification, women and their responsibilities.

Sixth Chapter. This contains the duties of those who have entered the āśhrama of vānaprastha and also of ascetics.

Seventh chapter. It deals with the duties of Rulers and ministers.

Eighth chapter. It deals with law and justice. It contains laws for the proper conduct of justice and includes ways and means of settling disputes and handling cases of debts, sale without right, partnership, duels, theft, prostitution, boundary disputes and all such matters as are to be decided by a court of law.

Ninth chapter. It deals with the duties of a husband and wife. It also contains matters relating to property rights, partition and the duties of a Raja with regard to these.

Tenth chapter. It deals with the duties of the different varnas, mixed varnas and the duties of one in times of danger.

Eleventh chapter. It deals first with penance, observation of Vratas, Yāgas, Yajñas and fee to the priests. It then deals with punishments of crimes, expiation for murder, prostitution etc.

Twelfth chapter. It deals with the theory of births and describes how your deeds in the present life are directive of the nature of life of your next birth. What deeds would fetch you what life is also explained. It contains instructions on Ātmajñāna and the way to obtain mokṣa (absolute bliss).

The basis of the present Hindu Law is Manusmṛti.

(Puranic Encyclopedia)

Topic-wise index of Manusmrti

Manusmrti - Girija Prasad Dwivedi

1.Achara Kanda

Sr.no	Topic	Adhyaya	Shlokas
1	Beginning	1	1-4
2	Gross and Subtle creation	1	5-57 61-84 87
3	Propogation of shastra	1	58-60 119
4	Praise of the shastra (Achara Mahatmya)	1	102-110
5	Subject matter of the Shastra	1	111-118
6	Entitlement to the shastra	2	16
7	Unauthoritative shastra	12	95-96
8	Dharma Pithika	2	1-5
9	Dharma	2	6-15 (Proof in Dharma)
		4	170-176 238-243
		8	15-17
		1	85-86
		6	91-93 (10 lakshanas of Dharma)
		10	63 (Sadharana Dharma), 97
10	Dharmika Sabha	12	107-117 105-106 (Qualification as a Dharma shastra)
11	Achara	4	155-158 (Dharma mula)
12	Yajniya Desha	2	17-25 (Desha Vibhaga)
13	Apavitra Desha	10	43-44
14	Brahmana Varna	1	92-101
15	Activities of a Brahmana	1	88
		10	74-76
16	Importance of a Brahmana	2	150-156
		3	183-186
		9	313-321
		11	35
		10	3
17	Brahmana Dharma	2	162-163 167
		4	1-17 33-36 80-81 84-91 110-111 117 186-187 (Pratigraha Nishedha) 205-206 (Bhojana Nishedha) 247-252
		10	109-114
		11	24-25 38-43
18	Apaddharma of Brahmanas	4	223
		10	81-93 101-104
		11	16-17
19	Bhakshya and Abhakshya for Brahmanas	4	207-222
		11	96
20	Unfit Brahmana	2	103 118 168
		11	36-37
21	Foolish Brahmana	2	157-158
		3	132-133
		4	188-191
22	Kshatriya Varna	1	89
		10	77 79-80 117
23	Vaishya Varna	1	90
		9	326-333
		10	78 98
24	Shudra Varna	1	91
		5	139-140
		9	334-335
		10	99-100 121-131
		4	253-256
25	Brahmachari	2	69 109-116 (Teaching the deserving) 140-144 147-149
26	Dharma of a Brahmachari	2	70-87 101-108 159-161 164-166 169-223
		3	1-3
		4	95-127
		5	88 159
27	Grhastha	3	77-80 63-66
		6	87-90
		10	1-2 115-116
		11	28-30
28	Varna Dharma (Samskara)	2	26-68
29	Ahnika (Dinacharya)	3	67-76 81-121
		4	45-52 92-94 201-203
		5	132-139
30	Snataka Dharma and Grhastha Dharma	2	224-240
		3	45-50
		4	18-32 37-44 53-79 82-83 128-153 159-169 175-185 192-204 224-237 244-246 256-260
		11	6-10
31	Sammana	2	117 119-139 145-146
		4	154
32	Emergency	8	348-351
		11	31-34
33	Vivaha	3	20-21 22-44 51-54
		9	47
34	Dharma of the Groom	3	4-19
35	Dharma of the Bride	9	90-92
36	Rules of Vivaha	3	171-172
		5	167-169
		8	204-205 224-227
		9	69-73 88-89 93-100 80-83 175-176
		11	5
37	Putrika karana	9	127-129 139-140
38	Stri	3	55-62
		9	1-25 26-46 48-56 74-79
		11	177-178
39	Stri Dharma	5	146-158 160-166
		9	84-87
40	Dharma of Stri and Purusha	9	101-102
41	Niyoga	9	57-68
42	Putra	9	137-138 182-183 158-181
43	Varna and Life	10	4-62 64-73 (Bija and Kshetra)
44	Shraddha	3	122-286
45	Bhaksya and Abhakshya of Dvijatiyas	5	1-25
46	Prohibition of meat	5	26-56
47	Purification of things	5	110-131
48	Dharma Bhikshu	11	1-4 11-16 18-23

2. Vyavahara Kanda

Sr. no.	Topic	Adhyaya	Shlokas
1	Importance of Raja	7	1-13
		9	301-302
2	Raja Dharma	7	26-40 41-42 43-53 77-86 99-112 145-169 212-226
		8	172-175 395
		9	300 303-312 322-325
3	Rajya Prabandha	7	54-76 141-144 113-126
		8	27-41 386-387
		9	294-299
4	State Taxation	7	127-140
		8	394 404-409
		10	118-120
5	Sangrama	7	87-98 170-211
6	Rna	8	1-14 18-26 42-112 140-171 176-178
		7	113-123
7	Nikshepa	8	179-196
8	Paradhana Vikraya	8	197-203
9	Sambhuya Karmakari (Business Partner)	8	206-213
10	Salary	8	214-217
11	Maryada Bhedana	8	218-221
12	Krita Paravartana	8	222-223 228
13	Pashu Svamipala	8	229-244
14	Border	8	245-265
15	Vak Parushya	8	266-277
16	Danda Parushya	8	278-300
17	Theft	8	301-331 333-347
18	Dacoity	8	332
19	Vyabhichara	8	352-385
20	Dyuta (Gamble)	8	220-228
21	Importance and legislation of punishment	7	14-25
		8	124-139 388-393 396-403 410-420
		9	229-293
		10	96
22	Share of the brother	9	103-117 119-126 204-216 218-219
23	Share of the son	9	134-136 141-142 145-147 184
24	Ekayoniputra Bhaga	9	148-157
25	Share of the sister	9	118
26	Niramsha	9	143-144 201-203
27	Aputradhana Bhaga	9	130-133 185-191 217
28	Stridhana Bhaga	9	192-200

3. Prayashchitta Kanda

Sr. no.	Topic	Adhyaya	Shlokas
1	Preta Shuddhi	5	57-60 64-73
2	Vaideshika Pretashuddhi	5	74-78
3	Janma shuddhi	5	61-63
4	Janma Marana Shuddhi	5	79
5	Acharyadi Marana Shuddhi	5	80-82
6	Shuddhi Dina	5	83
7	Shuddhi Vishesha	5	84-88 91
8	Preta Kriya Nishedha	5	89-90
9	Shava Nirharana Dvara	5	92
10	Madya Shaucha	5	93-99
11	Asapinda Pretashuddhi	5	100-104
12	Shuddhi Hetu	5	105 107-109
13	Artha shaucha	5	106
14	Nanavidha Shaucha	5	141-145
15	Prayashchitta	11	44-47
16	Mahapatakadi	11	55-72
17	Mahapatakadi Prayashchitta	11	73-131
18	Nanavidha Himsa Prayashchitta	11	132-146
19	Abhakshya bhakshana prayashchitta	11	147-162
20	Nanavidha Steya Prayashchitta	11	163-170
21	Agamyagamana Prayashchitta	11	171-176 179-180
22	Samsargi Prayashchitta	11	181-189
23	Grahyagrahya Vyavastha	11	190-191
24	Nanavidha Prayashchitta	11	192-209
25	Concept of Prayashchitta	11	210
26	Deva Brahmana Svaharana Prayashchitta	11	26-27
27	Gupta Prayashchitta	11	248-266
28	Prajapatyadi Vrata	11	211-227
29	Pashchatapa and Tapa	11	228-247
30	Papacihna	11	48-53 1-9 52-81
31	Vanaprastha	6	1-32
32	Sannyasa	6	33-86 94-97
		2	88-100
		12	10-51 82-94 97-104 118-126

Subject matter of Manusmrti