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| # Sarvatantra Siddhanta (सर्वतन्त्रम्) : A doctrine common to all philosophies | | # Sarvatantra Siddhanta (सर्वतन्त्रम्) : A doctrine common to all philosophies |
| # Pratitantra Siddhanta (प्रतितन्त्रम्) : A doctrine peculiar to only one philosophy | | # Pratitantra Siddhanta (प्रतितन्त्रम्) : A doctrine peculiar to only one philosophy |
− | # Adhikarana Siddhanta (अधिकरणः) | + | # Adhikarana Siddhanta (अधिकरणः) : A doctrine resting on implication |
| # Abhiyupagama Siddhanta (अभ्युपगमः) | | # Abhiyupagama Siddhanta (अभ्युपगमः) |
| <blockquote>सः चतुर्विधः सर्वतन्त्रप्रतितन्त्राधिकरणाभ्युपगमसंस्थित्यर्थान्तरभावात्॥२७॥ {तन्त्रभेदौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.27)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote> | | <blockquote>सः चतुर्विधः सर्वतन्त्रप्रतितन्त्राधिकरणाभ्युपगमसंस्थित्यर्थान्तरभावात्॥२७॥ {तन्त्रभेदौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.27)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote> |
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| === प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तः॥ Pratitantra === | | === प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तः॥ Pratitantra === |
− | A Siddhanta accepted by only one philosophy and is not accepted by any other Philosophy is called the Pratitantra Siddhanta. <blockquote>समानतन्त्रासिद्धः परतन्त्रासिद्धः प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तः॥२९॥{प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.28)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>The Vatsyayana Bhasya explains through the following example <blockquote>यथा नासत आत्मलाभः न सत आत्महानं निरतिशयाश्चेतनाः देहेन्द्रियमनःसु विषयेषु तत्तत्कारणे च विशेष इति सांख्यानां पुरुषकर्मादिनिमित्तो भूतसर्गः कर्महेतवो दोषाः प्रकृतिश्च स्वगुणविशिष्टाश्चेतनाः असदुत्पद्यते उत्पन्नं निरुध्यतइति योगानाम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.28)<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>For example, the following siddhantas are peculiar to the Sankhyas - "An absolute non-entity can never come into existence", "an entity can never absolutely lose its existence". The following are peculiar to the Yoga philosophy - "The entire elemental creation is die to the influence of the past deeds of men", "the defects of men and also their activity are the cause of Karma", "intelligent beings are endowed with their own respective qualities", that thing alone is produced which had no existence before", "that which is produced is destroyed".<ref name=":1" /> | + | A Siddhanta accepted by only one philosophy and is not accepted by any other Philosophy is called the Pratitantra Siddhanta. <blockquote>समानतन्त्रासिद्धः परतन्त्रासिद्धः प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तः॥२९॥{प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.29)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>The Vatsyayana Bhasya explains through the following example <blockquote>यथा नासत आत्मलाभः न सत आत्महानं निरतिशयाश्चेतनाः देहेन्द्रियमनःसु विषयेषु तत्तत्कारणे च विशेष इति सांख्यानां पुरुषकर्मादिनिमित्तो भूतसर्गः कर्महेतवो दोषाः प्रकृतिश्च स्वगुणविशिष्टाश्चेतनाः असदुत्पद्यते उत्पन्नं निरुध्यतइति योगानाम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.29)<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>For example, the following siddhantas are peculiar to the Sankhyas - "An absolute non-entity can never come into existence", "an entity can never absolutely lose its existence". The following are peculiar to the Yoga philosophy - "The entire elemental creation is die to the influence of the past deeds of men", "the defects of men and also their activity are the cause of Karma", "intelligent beings are endowed with their own respective qualities", that thing alone is produced which had no existence before", "that which is produced is destroyed".<ref name=":1" /> |
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| === अधिकरणसिद्धान्तः॥ Adhikarana === | | === अधिकरणसिद्धान्तः॥ Adhikarana === |
− | <blockquote>यत्सिद्धौ अन्यप्रकरणसिद्धिः सः अधिकरणसिद्धान्तः॥३०॥ {अधिकरणसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्}(Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.28)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>यस्यार्थस्य सिध्दावन्येऽर्था यदधिष्ठानाः सोऽधिकरणसिद्धान्तः । यथा देहेन्द्रियव्यतिरिक्ते ज्ञाता दर्शनस्पर्शनाभ्यामेकार्थग्रहणादिभिः। अत्रानुषङ्गिणोऽर्था इन्द्रियनानात्वं नियतविषयाणीन्द्रियाणि स्वविषयग्रहणलिङ्गानि ज्ञातुर्ज्ञानसाधनानि गन्धादिगुणव्यतिरिक्तां द्रव्यं गुणाधिकरणमनियतविषयाश्चेतना इति पूर्वार्थसिध्दावेतेऽर्थाः सिध्यन्ति न तैर्विना सो ऽर्थः संभवतीति। | + | A Siddhanta which rests on the Implication wherein the knowledge or acceptance of one fact rests or depends on the knowledge or acceptance of another fact is called Adhikarana Siddhanta or Implied Doctrine.<blockquote>यत्सिद्धौ अन्यप्रकरणसिद्धिः सः अधिकरणसिद्धान्तः॥३०॥ {अधिकरणसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.30)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>The Vatsyayana Bhashya clarifies as follows<blockquote>यस्यार्थस्य सिध्दावन्येऽर्था यदधिष्ठानाः सोऽधिकरणसिद्धान्तः । यथा देहेन्द्रियव्यतिरिक्ते ज्ञाता दर्शनस्पर्शनाभ्यामेकार्थग्रहणादिभिः। अत्रानुषङ्गिणोऽर्था इन्द्रियनानात्वं नियतविषयाणीन्द्रियाणि स्वविषयग्रहणलिङ्गानि ज्ञातुर्ज्ञानसाधनानि गन्धादिगुणव्यतिरिक्तां द्रव्यं गुणाधिकरणमनियतविषयाश्चेतना इति पूर्वार्थसिध्दावेतेऽर्थाः सिध्यन्ति न तैर्विना सो ऽर्थः संभवतीति। (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.30)<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>When it so happens that a certain fact having become established or known, other facts become implied - and without these latter facts the former fact itself cannot be established; the former constituting the basis of these later is called Adhikarana Siddhanta or Siddhanta resting on an implication (Implied Doctrine). Example, when the fact that the cogniser is distinct from the body and the sense-organs is proved or indicated by the fact of one and the same object being apprehended by the organs of vision and touch - the facts implied are : |
| + | # that there are more sense organs than one |
| + | # that the sense organs operate upon particular kinds of objects |
| + | # that they have their existence indicated by the apprehension of their objects |
| + | # that they are the instruments bringing about the cognitions of the cogniser |
| + | # that the substratum of qualities is a substance other than the qualities of odour and the rest |
| + | # that intelligent beings cognise only particular objects |
| + | All these facts are included in the aforesaid fact (of the cogniser being distinct from the body) as this fact would not be possible without all those other facts.(Page no 80 of Reference <ref name=":0" />) |
| + | |
| === अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तः॥ Abhyupagama === | | === अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तः॥ Abhyupagama === |
| अपरीक्षिताभ्युपगमात्तद्विशेषपरीक्षणं अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तः॥३१॥ {अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्} | | अपरीक्षिताभ्युपगमात्तद्विशेषपरीक्षणं अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तः॥३१॥ {अभ्युपगमसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्} |