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Avayavas (Samskrit : अवयवाः) are one of the sixteen Padarthas enumerated by Gautama Maharshi in the Nyaya sutras. Knowledge of these sixteen Padarthas constitute the way to [[Nihshreyasa (निःश्रेयसम्)|Nihshreyas]] according to the Nyaya Darshana.  Avayavas are Statements or Premises required to prove a concept. Since five such statements are collectively required they are termed as "Factors" on which an inference can be proved.  

Avayavas (Samskrit : अवयवाः) are one of the sixteen Padarthas enumerated by Gautama Maharshi in the Nyaya sutras. Knowledge and understanding of these sixteen Padarthas bring about a way to [[Nihshreyasa (निःश्रेयसम्)|Nihshreyas]] according to the Nyaya Darshana.  Avayavas are Statements or Premises required to prove a concept. Since five such statements are collectively required they are termed as "Factors" on which an an assumption or inference can be proved.  

It is noteworthy to mention that [[Pramana (प्रमाणम्)|Pramanas]] or the means of valid cognition are found to be significant concepts among these factors.<ref name=":6">Mm. Ganganatha Jha. (1939) Gautama's Nyayasutras With Vatsyayana Bhashya. Poona : Oriental Book Agency. ([https://archive.org/details/GautamasNyayasutras/page/n20 Page no 20])</ref>

It is noteworthy to mention that [[Pramana (प्रमाणम्)|Pramanas]] or the means of valid cognition are found to be significant concepts among these factors.<ref name=":6">Mm. Ganganatha Jha. (1939) Gautama's Nyayasutras With Vatsyayana Bhashya. Poona : Oriental Book Agency. ([https://archive.org/details/GautamasNyayasutras/page/n20 Page no 20])</ref>

=== Udaharana (उदाहरणम्) : Statement of Instance ===

=== Udaharana (उदाहरणम्) : Statement of Instance ===

Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) is based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्तः उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययात्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustrative statement (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance that is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः).

Statement of Instance (similar or opposite examples or illustrations) is based on Pratyaksha pramana. <blockquote>साध्यसाधर्म्यात्तद्धर्मभावी दृष्टान्तः उदाहरणम् ॥३६॥ {उदाहरणलक्षणम्} तद्विपर्ययात्वा विपरीतम्॥३७॥{उदाहरणलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.36 and 37)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>Udaharana is that illustration (दृष्टान्तः) about a property of a familiar instance which is common or concomitant (साधर्म्याम्) with what has to be proved in Sadhya (साध्यः).

Similarity brings out the reason of similarity of a property both in  (Page No 65 to 68 <ref name=":6" />).

 

Similarity to what is proved consists in the presence of the same property in both   (Page No 65 to 68 <ref name=":6" />).

Anitya shabda till end of sentence and next sentence till page no 43 first line.

Anitya shabda till end of sentence and next sentence till page no 43 first line.