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Line 26: − + − + − भिद्यते देहजस्तापो मानसं श्रोतुमर्हसि ४ + − कामक्रोधभयद्वेषलोभमोहविषादजः । शोकासूयावमानेर्ष्यामात्सर्यादिमयस्तथा ५+ − − Mental sufferings are love, anger, fear, hate, covetousness, stupefaction, despair, sorrow, malice, disdain, jealousy, envy, and many other passions which are engendered in the mind. These and various other afflictions, mental or corporeal, are comprised, under the class of worldly sufferings, which is called Ādhyātmika (natural and inseparable).<ref>Dutta, M. N. (1896) ''Vishnupuranam, A Prose English Translation'' Calcutta: Elysium Press (p.441)</ref> Adhyaatmika pain refers to the spiritual or psychological pain that arises from within oneself. Krodha, in this context, is seen as a negative emotion that causes mental anguish and distress.<ref>Sharma, A., & Asthana, A. K. (2023, September). ''Understanding and Managing Krodha (Anger) in Ayurveda: A Comprehensive review''. <nowiki>https://www.aryavaidyanjournal.org/</nowiki>. <nowiki>https://www.aryavaidyanjournal.org/article/view/117</nowiki></ref> − − According to Sahitya Darpana<ref name=":0" />, anger is the feeling (sthayibhava) which gives rise to raudra sentiment (क्रोधश्च रौद्ररसस्य स्थायिभावः “रौद्रः क्रोधस्थायिभावो रक्तो रुद्राधिदैवतः”) and is characterized by certain visible bodily signs. Line 45:
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Veda-nighantu (2nd adhyaya)<ref name=":0" /> describes eleven names of Krodha namely, हेलः (helaḥ), हरः (haraḥ), हृणिः (hṛṇiḥ) त्यजः (tyajaḥ), भामः (bhāmaḥ) एहः (ehaḥ), ह्वरः (hvaraḥ) तपुषी (tapuṣī) जूर्णिः (jūrṇiḥ) मन्युः (manyuḥ) व्यथिः (vyathiḥ) - इत्येकादश क्रोधनामानि । इति वेदनिघण्टौ २ अध्यायः ॥ ityekādaśa krodhanāmāni | iti vedanighaṇṭau 2 adhyāyaḥ ||
Veda-nighantu (2nd adhyaya)<ref name=":0" /> describes eleven names of Krodha namely, हेलः (helaḥ), हरः (haraḥ), हृणिः (hṛṇiḥ) त्यजः (tyajaḥ), भामः (bhāmaḥ) एहः (ehaḥ), ह्वरः (hvaraḥ) तपुषी (tapuṣī) जूर्णिः (jūrṇiḥ) मन्युः (manyuḥ) व्यथिः (vyathiḥ) - इत्येकादश क्रोधनामानि । इति वेदनिघण्टौ २ अध्यायः ॥ ityekādaśa krodhanāmāni | iti vedanighaṇṭau 2 adhyāyaḥ ||
In Vachaspatyam we find that anger is defined as परापकाराय चित्तवृत्तिभेदे, परानिष्टाभिलाषेण अनिष्टविषयद्वेषहेतुके चित्तवृत्तिभेदे। It is a state of mind (intent of) to causing harm to others (maybe in response to some previous wrong doing), or a mental state arising due to dvesha (hatred) a disposition to aversion.
In Vachaspatyam we find that anger is defined as परापकाराय चित्तवृत्तिभेदे, परानिष्टाभिलाषेण अनिष्टविषयद्वेषहेतुके चित्तवृत्तिभेदे। parāpakārāya cittavṛttibhede, parāniṣṭābhilāṣeṇa aniṣṭaviṣayadveṣahetuke cittavṛttibhede| It is a state of mind (intent of) to causing harm to others (maybe in response to some previous wrong doing), or a mental state arising due to dvesha (hatred) a disposition to aversion.
Vishnupurana (6.5.2-6)<ref>Vishnu Purana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AB Amsha 6 Adhyaya 5])</ref> defines krodha as a type of adhyaatmika pain that falls under the category of mental suffering.
Vishnupurana (6.5.2-6) defines krodha as a type of adhyaatmika pain that falls under the category of mental suffering. <blockquote>भिद्यते देहजस्तापो मानसं श्रोतुमर्हसि ४ कामक्रोधभयद्वेषलोभमोहविषादजः । शोकासूयावमानेर्ष्यामात्सर्यादिमयस्तथा ५ bhidyate dehajastāpo mānasaṃ śrotumarhasi 4 kāmakrodhabhayadveṣalobhamohaviṣādajaḥ | śokāsūyāvamānerṣyāmātsaryādimayastathā 5<ref>Vishnu Purana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AB Amsha 6 Adhyaya 5])</ref> </blockquote>Mental sufferings are love, anger, fear, hate, covetousness, stupefaction, despair, sorrow, malice, disdain, jealousy, envy, and many other passions which are engendered in the mind. These and various other afflictions, mental or corporeal, are comprised, under the class of worldly sufferings, which is called Ādhyātmika (natural and inseparable).<ref>Dutta, M. N. (1896) ''Vishnupuranam, A Prose English Translation'' Calcutta: Elysium Press (p.441)</ref> Adhyaatmika pain refers to the spiritual or psychological pain that arises from within oneself. Krodha, in this context, is seen as a negative emotion that causes mental anguish and distress.<ref>Sharma, A., & Asthana, A. K. (2023, September). ''Understanding and Managing Krodha (Anger) in Ayurveda: A Comprehensive review''. <nowiki>https://www.aryavaidyanjournal.org/</nowiki>. <nowiki>https://www.aryavaidyanjournal.org/article/view/117</nowiki></ref>
According to Sahitya Darpana<ref name=":0" />, anger is the feeling (sthayibhava or 'permanent states') which gives rise to raudra or 'furious sentiment' (क्रोधश्च रौद्ररसस्य स्थायिभावः “रौद्रः क्रोधस्थायिभावो रक्तो रुद्राधिदैवतः”) and is characterized by certain visible bodily signs.
In Indian traditions, the deity Rudra symbolizes anger and annihilation.
== Nature and Expression of Anger ==
== Nature and Expression of Anger ==
Anger is a compounded phenomenon. It has tivational components, situational and individual variations, cognitive and excitatory interdependent manifestations and psycho physiological (especially neuroendocrine) aspects.<ref name=":2">Nitin Sharma et.al., ''Study Of Krodha (Anger) And It’s Co-Relation With Prakruti'' IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 2; February- 2015</ref>
Anger is a compounded phenomenon. It has tivational components, situational and individual variations, cognitive and excitatory interdependent manifestations and psycho physiological (especially neuroendocrine) aspects.<ref name=":2">Nitin Sharma et.al., ''Study Of Krodha (Anger) And It’s Co-Relation With Prakruti'' IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 2; February- 2015</ref>
According to chapter 7.31 of the naatyasaastra, krodha is characterized by certain physical and vocal expressions, including
According to chapter 7.31 of the naatyasaastra,
Krodha is characterized by certain physical and vocal expressions, including
* shaking the fists
* shaking the fists
* When this craving is not fulfilled, anger (क्रोधः) arises.
* When this craving is not fulfilled, anger (क्रोधः) arises.
According to Natyashastra, anger (''krodha'') is caused by vibhavas (determinants) such as insolence, abusive language, quarrel, altercation, opposing [persons or objects] and the like.
According to Natyashastra, anger (''krodha'') is caused by vibhavas (determinants) such as insolence, abusive language, quarrel, altercation, opposing [persons or objects] and the like.<ref>''The Natyasastra ascribed to Bharata-Muni: A treatise on Hindu dramaturgy and histrionics'' (M. Ghosh, Trans.; Vol. 1). (1951). Asiatic Society of Bengal. (p.122-123)</ref>
क्रोधो नाम
आधर्षणाक्रुष्टकलहविवादप्रतिकूलादिभिर्विभावैः समुत्पद्यते । अस्य
विकृष्टनासापुटोद्वृत्तनयनसन्दष्ठोष्ठपुट-गण्डस्फुरणादिभिरनुभावैरभिनयः प्रयोक्तव्यः ।
रिपुजो गुरुजश्चैव प्रणयिप्रभवस्तथा ।
भृत्यजः कृतकश्चेति क्रोधः पञ्चविधः स्मृतः॥ १५॥
== Krodha in Various Bharatiya Texts ==
== Krodha in Various Bharatiya Texts ==