Mercury or Parada (पारद)

Courtesy: Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "mercury." Encyclopedia Britannica, August 20, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/science/mercury-chemical-element.

Pārada (Samskrit: पारदः), as mentioned in various Rasashastra texts of ancient India, means Mercury in English. It is a chemical element with atomic number 80 and chemical formula 'Hg (Hydrargyrum)'. Mercury (Hg), a metallic chemical element belonging to the zinc group (Group 12 [IIb] of the periodic table), is the only elemental metal that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury is silvery white, slowly tarnishes in moist air, and freezes into a soft solid like tin or lead at −38.83 °C (−37.89 °F). The chemical symbol Hg derives from the Latin hydrargyrum, “liquid silver.” It is also called Quick Silver, as it appears like silver having the property of flowing.

According to Ayurveda Rasashastra, Rasa (रस) is the term used to denote Parada. Mercury is one of the metals which attracted wide attention of ayurvedic chemists and physicians.

परिचयः ॥ Introduction

Parada (mercury-Hg) is one of the important core ingredients in Rasa (metals and minerals) Aushadhi (medicine). Most of Rasa formulations have mercury as an important ingredient. It is evident that raw mercury has many toxic effects such as severe gastrointestinal irritations, peripheral circulatory collapse, metallic taste in mouth, excessive salivation, inflammation of gums, etc. But Mercury has therapeutic qualities similar to that of ambrosia. Mercurial medications prepared from purified Mercury can readily treat even Asadhya rogas (incurable diseases). Thus, Parada (Mercury) is the heart of Rasasastra. Recent world wide discussions on hazardous nature of Mercury have led to the global ban on Mercury. through the Minamata Convention, a global treaty on Mercury.

The rasa (taste), Virya (potency) and Vipaka (taste at the end of digestion) of Mercury has been quoted as similar to ambrosia in Rasarnavam. Mercury possesses all the qualities of Animadi astaguna (eight qualities) which are required for the accomplishments of human life. There is no other thing in the earth than Mercury to attain salvation. It imparts glory to human body by eradicating old age according to the text Rasendra mangalam by Kaviraja H. S. Sharma. Mercury is regarded as a heavy metal that contains a variety of impurities and has poisonous and harmful effects on the body if it is not well purified.

In India, vermilion or cinnabar i.e. mercuric sulphide has had great ritual significance, typically having been used to make the red bindi or dot on the forehead usually associated with Hinduism.

पर्यायाः ॥ Synonyms of Parada used in Ayurveda

According to Rasatarangini, the alternative names used for Pārada are

रसो रसेन्द्रः सूतश्च रसेशश्च रसेश्वरः । चपलो रसराजश्च पारदश्च शिवाह्वयः ॥ १ ॥ (Rasa. Tara. 5.1) rasō rasēndraḥ sūtaśca rasēśaśca rasēśvaraḥ | capalō rasarājaśca pāradaśca śivāhvayaḥ || 1 ||

The synonyms for mercury include rasa (रसः) rasēndraḥ (रसेन्द्रः) sūta (सूतः) rasēśa (रसेशः) rasēśvaraḥ (रसेश्वरः) capalā (चपलः) rasarāja (रसराजः) pārada (पारदः) śivāhvayaḥ (शिवाह्वयः - used in the sense of all the words meaning Shiva). The names given also explain the characteristics of the metal mercury. In Rasatarangini, we find the explanation of what each term means in its usage.

रसनादभ्रकादीनां धातूनां कीर्तितो रसः । अभ्रकाद्यधिराजत्वाद्रसेन्द्र इति कथ्यते ॥२॥ (Rasa. Tara. 5.2) rasanādabhrakādīnāṁ dhātūnāṁ kīrtitō rasaḥ | abhrakādyadhirājatvādrasēndra iti kathyatē ||2||

Because mercury dissolves ('eats' or'engulfs') the maharasas such as Abhrakadi (mica) rasas etc, gold etc dhatus, it is called Rasa. As it is superior among Abhraka etc, it is called Rasendra.

देहलोहभयीं सिद्धिं सूतेऽतः सूत उच्यते । स्वभावाच्चपलो यस्मात् ततोऽसौ चपलः स्मृतः ॥३॥ (Rasa. Tara. 5.3) dēhalōhabhayīṁ siddhiṁ sūtē’taḥ sūta ucyatē | svabhāvāccapalō yasmāt tatō’sau capalaḥ smr̥taḥ ||3||

As it brings about wellbeing in the body and is used in the preparation of gold etc dhatus, it is called Suta. By nature, it is mobile/moving hence called Chapala.

आतङ्कपङ्कमग्नानां पारदानाच्च पारदः। अभ्रादिरसराजत्वाद्रसराजः स्मृतो बुधैः ॥४॥ (Rasa. Tara. 5.4) ātaṅkapaṅkamagnānāṁ pāradānācca pāradaḥ| abhrādirasarājatvādrasarājaḥ smr̥tō budhaiḥ ||4||

That which uplifts beings enmeshed in the dirt called roga/illness it is called Pārada. As a king (superior by qualities) among Ambhraka etc great aushadhis it is called Rasaraja.

ऊत्पत्ति इतिहासश्च ॥ Origin and History

Parada has been referred to as having divine origin, associated with the deity Shiva or Hara in ancient literature (Rasa Ratna Samucchaya 1.61-68). On the mountains of Himalayas, Shiva and his consort Parvati, engaged in intense sensual activities with a desire to win over the other. Devatas desired that Shiva and Parvati produce a son who could kill Tarakasura, but those activities caused a great disturbance upsetting the three worlds. However, seeing the brilliance of the raja and virya (of Parvati and Shiva) that was very powerful, sent Agni to cause a disturbance in the divine sensual activity. Agni went into the caves in the form of a pigeon and seeing him Shiva with great shyness realized that it was not a bird but was Agni and stopped the activity. By then the semen ejaculated which Shiva flung upon Agni. Unable to bear the tejas of the virya, Agni entered the waters of the Ganga. Soon Ganga was unable to bear the divine tejas which heated up the waters, so she washed ashore both Agni and the virya of Shiva. Due to the blemishes of the virya, metals of various kinds materialized on the banks of Ganga. At five places, where the virya dropped from Agni's mouth, there sprung five deep wells each having one of the five kinds of Parada.

रासो रसेन्द्रः सूतश्च पारदो मिश्रकस्तथा । rāsō rasēndraḥ sūtaśca pāradō miśrakastathā | (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.68)

They are Rasa, Rasendra, Suta, Parada and Mishraka.

The metal mercury was known to the Indians since ancient times. The Chinese and Egyptians considered it as a magic substance. Prof. J.A. Brown was the scientist who grouped this fluid metal among metals. The English name of this metal is based on the planet Mercury which is named after a swift messenger in Greek mythology.

स्वरूपम् ॥ Characteristics

Mercury is available in native and ore forms. Mercury is the only elemental metal that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury is silvery white, slowly tarnishes in moist air, and freezes into a soft solid like tin or lead at −38.83 °C (−37.89 °F). It boils at 356.62 °C (673.91 °F). It is a rather poor conductor of heat but a fair conductor of electricity. It alloys with copper, tin, and zinc to form amalgams, or liquid alloys. An amalgam with silver is used as a filling in dentistry. Mercury does not wet glass or cling to it, and this property, coupled with its rapid and uniform volume expansion throughout its liquid range, made it useful in thermometers.

According to Ayurveda texts

अन्तसुनीलो बहिरुज्ज्वलो यो मध्यान्हसूर्यप्रतिमप्रकाशः । शस्तोऽध धूम्रः परिपाण्डुराश्च चित्रो न योज्यो रसकर्मासिद्धौ ॥ (Rasendramangala and Rasendrasara sangraha 1.9)

antasunīlō bahirujjvalō yō madhyānhasūryapratimaprakāśaḥ | śastō’dha dhūmraḥ paripāṇḍurāśca citrō na yōjyō rasakarmāsiddhau || (Rasendramangala and Rasendrasara sangraha 1.9)

शुद्धः सूतो यतस्त्वन्तः सूनीलो बहिरुञ्ञ्बलः । सूयप्रभश्चाविशुद्धो धुम्रो वा परिपाण्डुरः ।।५॥ (Rasa. Tara. 5.5)

śuddhaḥ sūtō yatastvantaḥ sūnīlō bahiruññbalaḥ | sūyaprabhaścāviśuddhō dhumrō vā paripāṇḍuraḥ ||5|| (Rasa. Tara. 5.5)

Parada which is outwardly shinning like the mid-day sun and having the hues of blue color internally is to be used and that Parada having dhumra varna (smoky hue), panduvarna (slight yellow hue) or chitra varna (mixed colors) should not be used for preparation of aushadhis.

Panchavidha gati (five movements) of Mercury

Rasaratna Samucchaya mentions five movements of Mercury.

जलगो जलरूपेण त्वरितो हंसगो भवेत् । मलगो मलरूपेण सधूमो धूमगो भवेत् ॥ ८३॥

अन्या जीवगतीर्दैवी जीवोऽण्डादिव निष्क्रमेत् । स तांश्च जीवयोज्जीवांस्तेन जीवो रसः स्मृतः ॥ ८४ ॥

चतस्रो गतयो दृश्या अदृश्या पंचमी गतिः । मंत्रध्यानादिना तस्य रुध्यते पंचमी गतिः ॥ ८५ ॥ (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.83-85)

jalagō jalarūpēṇa tvaritō haṁsagō bhavēt | malagō malarūpēṇa sadhūmō dhūmagō bhavēt || 83||

anyā jīvagatīrdaivī jīvō’ṇḍādiva niṣkramēt | sa tāṁśca jīvayōjjīvāṁstēna jīvō rasaḥ smr̥taḥ || 84 ||

catasrō gatayō dr̥śyā adr̥śyā paṁcamī gatiḥ | maṁtradhyānādinā tasya rudhyatē paṁcamī gatiḥ || 85 ||

Panchavidha gati (five movements) of Mercury

S. No	Gati of Mercury	Characteristics
1	Jala gati	Loss of Mercury during washing with water as some quantity floats on water
2	Mala gati	Wastage of Mercury along with doshas (impurities)
3	Hamsa gati	Wastage of Mercury due to its chanchalava (quickening)
4	Dhuma gati	Loss of mercury while heating in the form of vapour
5	Jiva gati	Loss due to volatile nature of Mercury

Dhuma gati can be controlled by attaining heat stability in Mercury by processing with Niyamana (stabilizing) process. Jiva gati (volatile nature) is said to be invisible. It can be controlled by Mantra (sacred chanting) and Dhyana (meditation).

पारदस्य नैसर्गिकस्त्रोताः ॥ Natural Sources of Mercury

Mercury occurs in Earth’s crust on the average of about 0.08 gram (0.003 ounce) per ton of rock. As mercury is in the liquid state at room temperature, it is termed as Galadrupyanibham (liquid silver) or Quick Silver.

Extremely rare natural alloys of mercury have also been found: moschellandsbergite (with silver), potarite (with palladium), and gold amalgam. Over 90 percent of the world’s supply of mercury comes from China; it is often a by-product of gold mining. China, Kyrgyzstan, and Chile are the leading producers of Mercury in the world.

प्राप्तिस्थानम् ॥ Place of Availability

Native mercury occurs in isolated drops and occasionally in larger fluid masses, usually with cinnabar, near volcanoes or hot springs. It is available generally in small globule form, situated in the deep holes in earth crust. Native mercury is available in USA in California, Almaden (Spain), Peru, Italy, New Zealand, Ukraine, Turkey, Brazil, Columbia, Equador apart from a few other places.

Ores of Mercury

Cinnabar, mercury sulfide (HgS), is the chief ore mineral of mercury. It is commonly encountered with pyrite, marcasite, and stibnite in veins near recent volcanic rocks and in hot-springs deposits. The most important deposit is at Almadén, Spain, where it has been mined for 2,000 years.

• Sulphide Ores
  • Cinnabar (HgS) or Hingula
  • Metacinnabar (β-HgS)
  • Living Stonite (HgS 2Sb₂S₃)
• Chloride Ore
  • Calomel (Hg₂Cl₂)
• Oxide Ore
  • Monotroydite (HgO)

रासभेदाः ॥ Types of Parada

In Rasaratna samucchaya, we find the following synonymous terms Rasa, Rasendra, Suta, Parada and Mishraka described as the five kinds of Parada.

रासो रसेन्द्रः सूतश्च पारदो मिश्रकस्तथा । इति पञ्चविधो जातः क्षेत्रभेदेन शम्भुजः॥ (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.68) rāsō rasēndraḥ sūtaśca pāradō miśrakastathā | iti pañcavidhō jātaḥ kṣētrabhēdēna śambhujaḥ||

Their qualities are also well described in the above text (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.69-75)

Five types of Mercury are mentioned along with their qualities

S. No	Types of Mercury	Color	Properties
1	Rasa (रसः)	Rakta varna (Red)	Devoid of all impurities, rejuvenative. Devatas overcome aging and remain eternal. Rare in existence.
2	Rasēndraḥ (रसेन्द्रः)	Syava varna (Grey)	Devoid of all impurities, rejuvenative, rooksha and capable of quick movement. Nagadevatas use this to remain young and deathless. Rare in existence.
3	Sūta (सूतः)	Peeta varna (Yellowish orange)	It contains some impurities and needs 18 samskaras to purify it. Consuming the purified Suta makes the body strong like a metal.
4	Pārada (पारदः)	Sveta varna (White)	It cures all diseases and is very fluid-like. It contains some impurities and needs 18 samskaras to purify it. Consuming the purified Suta makes the body strong like a metal.
5	Mishraka (मिश्रकः)	Mayura chandika chaya (mixed color)	Contains impurities, needs 18 samskaras

Acharya Saranagadhara mentions synonyms classified based on their name, form, action, metallic state, etc. Synonyms related to

1. Dehavada include Amritam, Dehada, Rasayanasreshta, Parada, Mrityunashana, Jaitra etc.
2. Dhatuvada include Divyarasa, Rasa, Rasendra, Rasaraja, Suta, Sutaraja, Siddhadhatu, Rasadhatu etc.
3. Darshanikata include Jiva, Divya, Achinta etc.
4. Gunas include Ananta, Amara, Kalikanta, Sukshma, and Soubhagya
5. Svarupa include Chanchala, Mahateja, Chamara etc.
6. Daivatva include Trinetra, Harabeejam, Shiva, Shivaveerya, Skanda, Harateja, Rudraja, Deva etc.

Properties and Uses of Parada

Physical Properties

Mercury (Hg) has a unique combination of physical properties. Its low melting point and boiling point, high specific gravity (13.5 grams per cubic centimetre), uniform volume expansion over the entire range of temperatures in its liquid state, and high surface tension (so that it does not wet glass) make it useful for the measurement of temperature in thermometers and of pressure in barometers and manometers. In addition, the high electrical conductivity of liquid mercury has led to its use in sealed electric switches and relays, industrial power rectifiers, fluorescent and mercury-vapour lamps, mercury cell batteries, and as moving cathodes in the large-scale production of chlorine and caustic soda.

Properties of the element Mercury

atomic number	80
atomic weight	200.592
State at 20 °C	Liquid
Solidifying point	39 °C
melting point	−38.829°C, (−37.892°F)
boiling point	356.619°C, (673.914°F)
Specific Gravity	13.6 grams/cm3
oxidation states	+1, +2
electron configuration	[Xe] 4f145d106s2

Pharmacological Properties

Most of Rasa formulations have mercury as an important ingredient. Unpurified mercury has many toxic effects such as severe gastrointestinal irritations, peripheral circulatory collapse, metallic taste in mouth, excessive salivation, inflammation of gums, etc. Almost all classical texts related to Rasa Shastra (Ayurveda pharmaceutics for metalo-mineral preparations) have emphasized Parada Shodhana (purifying process of mercury) but with a variety of methods. These methods need to be revalidated with comprehensive methodology to develop its standard operative procedure (SOP), because standardization of the drugs is very crucial to ensure quality, efficacy, and reproducibility. Hence, Shodhana (purifying process), Mardana (trituration), Marana (incineration), Jarana (polling), Murchchna (process to put in disease curing capacity), etc., with herbomineral drugs are to be carried out as appropriate to receive the therapeutic benefits of Parada.

Although mercury compounds are regarded as poisonous, cinnabar (mercuric sulphide) is subjected to eighteen complex processes called samskāras, including rubbing with various medicinally efficacious plant juices and extracts, incorporation of sulphur, mica, certain alkaline substances, etc. The resulting mercury compound was then declared fit for consumption and believed to lead to the body’s rejuvenation.

Uses of Mercury

Based on the utility of drugs in processing of Parada, they are classified in to Maharasa, Uparasa and Sadharana rasa. Maharasas have wide therapeutic utility and they are used / prescribed along with parada. They are also utilized in various samskaras of parada. Mercurial preparations are used in Pandu (anemia), Shwasa (dysapoea), Kasa (cough), Kamala (jaundice), Jwara (fever), Shula (spasmodic pain), Mutrakriccha (nephritis), Vamana (vomiting), Udara Pida (acute abdominal pain), Krimi Dosha (worm infestation), Atisara (diarrhea), etc.

The rasa (taste), Virya (potency) and Vipaka (taste at the end of digestion) of Mercury has been quoted as similar to ambrosia. Mercury is Shadrasa (six tastes) having properties like Tridosha hara (alleviates all morbidities), Snigdha (unctuous), Rasayana (rejuvenative), Yogavahi (fast acting), Maha vrishya (highly aphrodisiac), Drusti prada (good for eyes) and Bala prada (strength promoting). Purified Mercury cures all diseases specifically skin disorders. Mercurial preparations show quick results in small doses. They cause instant Pachana (digestive) and Dipana (appetiser). Mercury possesses all the qualities of Animadi astaguna (eight qualities) which are required for the accomplishments of human life. There is no other thing in the earth than Mercury to attain mukti.

पारदस्य दोषाः ॥ Doshas or Impurities of Parada

Rasaratna Samucchaya mentions that due to the exceptional medicinal qualities of Jeeva (Parada) people did not age (jaraa), die (marana) or become ill due to diseases. They gradually came to have the longevity enjoyed by Indra and other devatas. Jealous of this Indra prayed to Mahadeva Shiva to introduce Kanchuki and other doshas in mercury. According to Rasatarangini, Parada has impurities as follows

नागवङ्गौ वह्निमलौ चापल्यं गरलं गिरिः । असह्याग्निश्च विज्ञेयो दोषा नैसर्गिका रसे ॥७॥ nāgavaṅgau vahnimalau cāpalyaṁ garalaṁ giriḥ | asahyāgniśca vijñēyō dōṣā naisargikā rasē ||7||

Intrinsically, Parada contains eight doshas namely, नाग (nāga), वङ्ग (vanga), वह्नि (vahni), मल (mala), चापल्य (cāpalya), विष (viṣa ), गिरि (giri), असह्याग्नि (asahyāgni). Though many Doshas are attributed to Mercury, Naga (Lead), Vanga (Tin) Doshas are considered the major ones. There is considerable variation in the types of doshas classified under Naisargika, Yougika and Oupadika doshas and hence a variation in the number of doshas is observed.

General classification of Doshas (impurities) in Mercury

No	Name of Dosha	Twelve Types	Reference
1	Naisargika	Visha, Vahni and Mala (3)	नागवङ्गौ वह्निमलौ चापल्यं गरलं गिरिः । असह्याग्निश्च विज्ञेयो दोषा नैसर्गिका रसे ॥७॥
2	Yougika	Naga (Lead) and Vanga (Tin) (2) as per Rasa Ratna samucchaya. According to Anandakanda there are three Yougika doshas Naga, Vanga and Visha.	यौगिकौ नागवङ्गौ द्वैतौ जाड्याध्मान कुष्ठादौ । (Rasa Ratna Samu 11.18)
3	Oupadika	Kanchuka and other doshas (7)	औपाधिकाः पुनश्चान्ये कीर्तिताः सप्तकञ्चुकाः । भूमिज गिरिजा वर्जा द्वे च द्वे नागवङ्गजौ ॥ (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.11)

Apart from the above mentioned natural adulterations of Parada, treatises on Rasashastra mention about extra impurities of Parada (Para) in form of encapsulation or external coverings. These layers of extra impurities are known as Kanchukas and as they are seven in number called to as Sapta (7)- Kanchuka (covers) dosha (adulterations) of Parada. In short, these coverings are a mixture of other metals in powdered form with Parad, which cause disorders in the body if Parad is consumed without getting rid of these layers; Seven Kanchuka Doshas are as follows

1. Bhedi (tearing)
2. Malakad (causing impurities)
3. Dravi (liquefying)
4. Dhvanksi (causing darkness of skin)
5. Parpatika (producing scales on the skin)
6. Patanakari (rupturing)
7. Andhakari (causing blindness)

Harmful effects of consuming impure Mercury

Ayurveda Prakasa and Rasatarangini enumerates the harmful effects of unpurified mercury which has the above mentioned doshas.

नागाद् व्रणं भवेत्कुष्ठं वङ्गात्तापोऽग्निदोषतः । मलाज्जड्यं तु चापल्याद् बोजनाशो विषान्मृतिः ।॥८॥ nāgād vraṇaṁ bhavētkuṣṭhaṁ vaṅgāttāpō’gnidōṣataḥ | malājjaḍyaṁ tu cāpalyād bōjanāśō viṣānmr̥tiḥ |||8|| गिरेः स्फोटोऽथ मोहश्च ह्यसह्याग्नेः प्रजायते । एतैर्दोषैर्विहीनञ्च रसेन्द्रमिह योजयेत् ॥ ९॥ girēḥ sphōṭō’tha mōhaśca hyasahyāgnēḥ prajāyatē | ētairdōṣairvihīnañca rasēndramiha yōjayēt || 9|| (Rasa. Tara. 5.7-9)

They are as follows as per both Acharyas.

1. नागदोषः (Naga) - व्रण (wounds)
2. वङ्गदोषः (Vanga) - कुष्ठ (Kushta or Leprosy)
3. अग्निदोषः (Agni/Vahni) - तापवृद्धि (Increase in Tapa)
4. मलदोषः (Mala)- जड़ता (Jadatwa or laziness)
5. चापल्यदोषः (Chapalya) - शुक्रक्षय (Veerya kshaya or loss of semen)
6. विषदोषः (Visha) - मृत्यु (Mrutyu or death)
7. गिरिदोषः (Giri) - स्फोट (Sphota)
8. असह्याग्निः - मोह विकार (Moha)

Shodhana Process or Samskaras of Mercury

Ayurveda texts inform about Ashtadasha Sanskaras (18 processes) required to clean Mercury. Of these, only the first 8 are suggested for Deh-vadha (medicinal purposes) while the remaining 10 steps, which are obscure and have occult implications, are used only for purifying Parada in such a way to convert metals into gold (Loh-vadha). The eight samskaras are as follows

Svedana - Pippali, Maricha, Chitraka, Aradraka, Triphala and Saindhav Lavan are mixed together and made into paste. Parad sixteen times the weight of the mixed herbal paste is added with this paste carefully blended and the mixture rolled into a ball. The ball is tied in a poultice and steamed in dolayantra filled with Sauveer for 3-4 days. Everyday fresh herbal paste and Kaanji is used. This process of steaming Parada with natural herbs is called as Svedana Sanskara which helps to clear the impurities present in Parada.

Mardana- Parada procured after Svedan Sanskar is further vigorously rubbed individually with the following ingredients; Sarshap, Rasona, Soot (Jute or any cloth with a rough surface), Triphala, Aradrak and Lavan (Saindhav Lavan). This process is called as Mardana Sanskar which helps to clear Parad impurities that might not have been cleared by Svedana process.

Murchana- The next process after Mardana includes a further combination or processing of Parad with decoctions formed from Triphala, Chitraka and Kumari for one week each. This process is called as Murchana Sanskar which completely eliminates abnormalities and gives it a pulverised form.

Utthapana- Parad needs to recover its natural traits and form which is achieved from the Utthapana process. The Murchit Parad is steamed properly with Kaanji and carefully washed (The time-span is not fixed). The process gives Parad its normal form, eliminating all impurities.

Patana- Parad procured after Utthapana is treated to three different types of Patana-karma (sublimation process; downward, upward & oblique). This process is carried out in a special set of apparatus called as Patan-Yantra which are distinct for each process - Urdhvapatana and Adhapatana.

Bodhana /Rodhana- Bodhana /Rodhana Sanskara or process awakens Parad after its earlier treatments which give Parad its powers to move in different directions. To accomplish this, Parad obtained from the preceding Patana sanskara is tied in a poultice with bark obtained from the Bhurjapatra tree. The poultice is then steamed in salt-water (mixed with saline water). It removes impotency of Parad which occurs due to its previous sanskaras of Mardana (rubbing).

Niyamana- This type of Sanskar is done to remove any defects or instability with Parada after the Bodhana sanskar. The Parad is steamed with Rason, Bhringaraja, Amlika, Navsagar and Musta. The process needs to be carried out for three days, which is said to purify Parad of its Bhushali, Kanchuka and Mala impurities.

Deepana- Parad procured after the Niyamana sanskar is considered free of its impurities and its unpredictable properties. However, it still needs to be prepared for combining with other components to form complex and compound preparations. To complete this, Parad is steamed with the help of Dolayantra filled with Kaanji /Arnaal for one Prahara (3 hrs). This procedure is known as Deepana-sanskara which makes Parad capable of swallowing, digesting or amalgamating other entities. Deepana sanskar is the last Parad sanskara for Deh-Vada. Parad obtained after this sanskar can be used as medicine.

The remaining 10 Sanskaras (treatments) specifically used for Loh-vadha (alchemical, spiritual and occult purposes) are as follows.

1. Grasa (swallowing)
2. Garbhadruti (inner liquelication)
3. Bahirdruti (outer liquelication)
4. Charana (movement)
5. Jarana (combination)
6. Ranjana (colouring)
7. Sarana (pushing)
8. Kramana (leaping)
9. Vedha (transmentation)
10. Sevana (application)

Mercury Poisoning

In the early 1950’s fishermen and their families around Minamata Bay in Japan were stricken with a mysterious neurological illness. The disease produced progressive weakness of the muscles, loss of vision due to visual cortex lesions, impairment of cerebral functions especially cerebellar ataxia, eventual paralysis and in some cases coma and death. It was soon observed that Minamata seabirds and household cats, which like the fisherfolk subsist mainly on fish, showed signs of the same disease. This led to the discovery of high concentrations of mercury compounds in fish and shell-fish taken from the bay, and the source of mercury was traced to the effluent from a factory.

Since then there have been several other alarming incidents in other parts of the world: Iraq, Pakistan, Guatemala, Sweden, North America and Canada. Mankind has become acutely fearful of mercury in the environment. The alarm is understandable; mercury or quicksilver has always been regarded as being magical, in part because of its unique property as the only metal that is a liquid at ordinary temperature. The uncompounded element in liquid form is not a poison; a person could swallow upto a pound or more of quicksilver with no significant adverse effects. Certain compounds of mercury have been used safely for thousands of years. There is evidence that cinnabar or mercuric sulphide (HgS) was mined in China, Asia Minor, the Cyclades and Peru at least two or three millennia ago. Hippocrates is believed to have prescribed mercury sulphide as a medication.

By the Middle Ages, when alchemists had synthesized chlorides, oxides, and various other inorganic compounds and mixtures of mercury, its use in medications began to spread. Calomel (mercurous chloride, HgCl) came into wide use as a cathartic, and in the 16th Century mercury compounds were introduced as a treatment for syphilis.

In agriculture, corrosive sublimate (HgCl2) is used to disinfect seeds and to control many diseases of the tubers, corns and bulbs (including potatoes), and also to protect a number of vegetable crops. Corrosive sublimate is toxic, causing corrosion of the gastrointestinal tract leading to bloody diarrhoea, injury to the kidneys, ultimately leading to death from renal failure.

What causes concern to environmentalists at present is the alkyl compounds—methyl and ethyl mercurials. The alkyl mercury compounds can cause congenital mental retardation, cerebral palsy and chromosomal abnormalities. The chemical basis for these effects is mercury’s strong affinity for sulphur, particularly for the sulphydryl (S-H) groups in proteins (for which arsenic and lead have a similar affinity). Bound to proteins in a cell membrane, the mercury may interfere with a number of enzymes systems essential to cellular metabolism and alter the distribution of ions, change electrical potentials and thus interfere with the movements of fluid across the membrane. There are also indications that binding of mercury to protein disturbs the normal operation of structures, such as mitochondria and lysosomes within the cell.