Difference between revisions of "Mercury or Parada (पारद)"

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Pārada (Samskrit: पारदः), as mentioned in various Rasashastra texts of ancient India, means Mercury in English. It is a chemical element with atomic number 80 and chemical formula 'Hg (Hydrargyrum)'. Mercury (Hg), a metallic chemical element belonging to the zinc group (Group 12 [IIb] of the periodic table), is the only elemental metal that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury is silvery white, slowly tarnishes in moist air, and freezes into a soft solid like tin or lead at −38.83 °C (−37.89 °F). The chemical symbol Hg derives from the Latin ''hydrargyrum'', “liquid silver.”<ref>Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "mercury." Encyclopedia Britannica, August 20, 2024. <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/mercury-chemical-element</nowiki>.</ref> It is also called Quick Silver, as it appears like silver having the property of flowing.
 
Pārada (Samskrit: पारदः), as mentioned in various Rasashastra texts of ancient India, means Mercury in English. It is a chemical element with atomic number 80 and chemical formula 'Hg (Hydrargyrum)'. Mercury (Hg), a metallic chemical element belonging to the zinc group (Group 12 [IIb] of the periodic table), is the only elemental metal that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury is silvery white, slowly tarnishes in moist air, and freezes into a soft solid like tin or lead at −38.83 °C (−37.89 °F). The chemical symbol Hg derives from the Latin ''hydrargyrum'', “liquid silver.”<ref>Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "mercury." Encyclopedia Britannica, August 20, 2024. <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/mercury-chemical-element</nowiki>.</ref> It is also called Quick Silver, as it appears like silver having the property of flowing.
  
−
According to Ayurveda [[Rasashastra (रसशास्त्रम्)|Rasashastra]], ''Rasa (रस)'' is the term used to denote Parada. Mercury is one of the metals which attracted wide attention of ayurvedic chemists and physicians.<ref>Sekhar Reddy, P. ''A textbook of Rasashastra''. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia (pp.72-)</ref>  
+
According to Ayurveda [[Rasashastra (रसशास्त्रम्)|Rasashastra]], ''Rasa (रस)'' is the term used to denote Parada. Mercury is one of the metals which attracted wide attention of ayurvedic chemists and physicians.<ref name=":2">Sekhar Reddy, P. ''A textbook of Rasashastra''. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia (pp.72-)</ref>  
  
 
== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
 
== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
 
''Parada'' (mercury-Hg) is one of the important core ingredients in ''Rasa'' (metals and minerals) ''Aushadhi'' (medicine). Most of ''Rasa'' formulations have mercury as an important ingredient. It is evident that raw mercury has many toxic effects such as severe gastrointestinal irritations, peripheral circulatory collapse, metallic taste in mouth, excessive salivation, inflammation of gums, etc.<ref>Bhinde SS, Patgiri BJ. ''[https://journals.lww.com/jdra/fulltext/2021/06020/quantification_of_mercury_after_samanya_shodhana.2.aspx Quantification of mercury after Samanya Shodhana (purifying process): A preliminary analysis.]'' J Drug Res Ayurvedic Sci 2022;6:65-71.</ref> But Mercury has therapeutic qualities similar to that of ambrosia. Mercurial medications prepared from purified Mercury can readily treat even Asadhya rogas (incurable diseases). Thus, Parada (Mercury) is the heart of Rasasastra. Recent world wide discussions on hazardous nature of Mercury have led to the global ban on Mercury. through the Minamata Convention, a global treaty on Mercury.<ref name=":0">Ram, Guttikonda S., Mahadev, B., & Chalapathi, R. (2016). [https://ayushdhara.in/index.php/ayushdhara/article/view/172 A LITERARY REVIEW ON MERCURY W.S.R. TO ITS MEDICINAL ASPECT.] ''AYUSHDHARA'', ''1''(1). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://ayushdhara.in/index.php/ayushdhara/article/view/172</nowiki></ref>
 
''Parada'' (mercury-Hg) is one of the important core ingredients in ''Rasa'' (metals and minerals) ''Aushadhi'' (medicine). Most of ''Rasa'' formulations have mercury as an important ingredient. It is evident that raw mercury has many toxic effects such as severe gastrointestinal irritations, peripheral circulatory collapse, metallic taste in mouth, excessive salivation, inflammation of gums, etc.<ref>Bhinde SS, Patgiri BJ. ''[https://journals.lww.com/jdra/fulltext/2021/06020/quantification_of_mercury_after_samanya_shodhana.2.aspx Quantification of mercury after Samanya Shodhana (purifying process): A preliminary analysis.]'' J Drug Res Ayurvedic Sci 2022;6:65-71.</ref> But Mercury has therapeutic qualities similar to that of ambrosia. Mercurial medications prepared from purified Mercury can readily treat even Asadhya rogas (incurable diseases). Thus, Parada (Mercury) is the heart of Rasasastra. Recent world wide discussions on hazardous nature of Mercury have led to the global ban on Mercury. through the Minamata Convention, a global treaty on Mercury.<ref name=":0">Ram, Guttikonda S., Mahadev, B., & Chalapathi, R. (2016). [https://ayushdhara.in/index.php/ayushdhara/article/view/172 A LITERARY REVIEW ON MERCURY W.S.R. TO ITS MEDICINAL ASPECT.] ''AYUSHDHARA'', ''1''(1). Retrieved from <nowiki>https://ayushdhara.in/index.php/ayushdhara/article/view/172</nowiki></ref>
  
−
The rasa (taste), Virya (potency) and Vipaka (taste at the end of digestion) of Mercury has been quoted as similar to ambrosia in Rasarnavam. Mercury possesses all the qualities of Animadi astaguna (eight qualities) which are required for the accomplishments of human life. There is no other thing in the earth than Mercury to attain salvation. It imparts glory to human body by eradicating old age according to the text Rasendra mangalam by Kaviraja H. S. Sharma.<ref name=":0" />
+
The rasa (taste), Virya (potency) and Vipaka (taste at the end of digestion) of Mercury has been quoted as similar to ambrosia in Rasarnavam. Mercury possesses all the qualities of Animadi astaguna (eight qualities) which are required for the accomplishments of human life. There is no other thing in the earth than Mercury to attain salvation. It imparts glory to human body by eradicating old age according to the text Rasendra mangalam by Kaviraja H. S. Sharma.<ref name=":0" /> Mercury is regarded as a heavy metal that contains a variety of impurities and has poisonous and harmful effects on the body if it is not well purified.<ref>Dadu, Vaibhav. (2016) Philosophical Tenets of Vaiseshika and the fundamentals of Ayurveda World Journal of Pharmaceutical </ref>
  
 
== पर्यायाः ॥ Synonyms of Parada used in Ayurveda ==
 
== पर्यायाः ॥ Synonyms of Parada used in Ayurveda ==
−
According to Rasatarangini<ref name=":1">Kashinath Shastri (1986 reprint) ed., ''Ras Tarangini Of Sadananda Sharma With Prasadani Explanation Of Haridatt Shastri And Ras Vigyan Hindi Tika Of Dharmanand Shastri''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas (pp. 72- )</ref>, the alternative names used for Parada are <blockquote>रसो रसेन्द्रः सूतश्च रसेशश्च रसेश्वरः । चपलो रसराजश्च पारदश्च शिवाह्वयः ॥ १ ॥  
+
According to Rasatarangini<ref name=":1">Kashinath Shastri (1986 reprint) ed., ''Ras Tarangini Of Sadananda Sharma With Prasadani Explanation Of Haridatt Shastri And Ras Vigyan Hindi Tika Of Dharmanand Shastri''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas (pp. 72- )</ref>, the alternative names used for Pārada are <blockquote>रसो रसेन्द्रः सूतश्च रसेशश्च रसेश्वरः । चपलो रसराजश्च पारदश्च शिवाह्वयः ॥ १ ॥
  
−
rasō rasēndraḥ sūtaśca rasēśaśca rasēśvaraḥ | capalō rasarājaśca pāradaśca śivāhvayaḥ || 1 ||</blockquote>The synonyms for mercury include rasa (रसः) rasēndraḥ (रसेन्द्रः) sūta (सूतः) rasēśa (रसेशः) rasēśvaraḥ (रसेश्वरः) capalā (चपलः) rasarāja (रसराजः) pārada (पारद) śivāhvayaḥ (शिवाह्वयः used in the sense of all the words meaning Shiva). The names given also explain the characteristics of the metal mercury.<ref name=":1" />
+
rasō rasēndraḥ sūtaśca rasēśaśca rasēśvaraḥ | capalō rasarājaśca pāradaśca śivāhvayaḥ || 1 ||</blockquote>The synonyms for mercury include rasa (रसः) rasēndraḥ (रसेन्द्रः) sūta (सूतः) rasēśa (रसेशः) rasēśvaraḥ (रसेश्वरः) capalā (चपलः) rasarāja (रसराजः) pārada (पारदः) śivāhvayaḥ (शिवाह्वयः - used in the sense of all the words meaning Shiva). The names given also explain the characteristics of the metal mercury.<ref name=":1" />
  
−
रसनादभ्रकादीनां धातूनां कीर्तितो रसः । अभ्रकाद्यधिराजत्वाद्रसेन्द्र इति कथ्यते ॥२॥ (Rasa. Tara. 5.2)
+
In Rasatarangini, we find the explanation of what each term means in its usage. <blockquote>रसनादभ्रकादीनां धातूनां कीर्तितो रसः । अभ्रकाद्यधिराजत्वाद्रसेन्द्र इति कथ्यते ॥२॥ (Rasa. Tara. 5.2)
  
−
Because mercury dissolves ('eats') the maharasas such as  
+
rasanādabhrakādīnāṁ dhātūnāṁ kīrtitō rasaḥ | abhrakādyadhirājatvādrasēndra iti kathyatē ||2||</blockquote>Because mercury dissolves ('eats' or'engulfs') the maharasas such as Abhrakadi (mica) rasas etc, gold etc dhatus, it is called Rasa.<ref name=":2" /> As it is superior among Abhraka etc, it is called Rasendra.<ref name=":1" /> <blockquote>देहलोहभयीं सिद्धिं सूतेऽतः सूत उच्यते । स्वभावाच्चपलो यस्मात् ततोऽसौ चपलः स्मृतः ॥३॥ (Rasa. Tara. 5.3)
  
−
देहलोहभयीं सिद्धिं सूतेऽतः सूत उच्यते । स्वभावाच्चपलो यस्मात् ततोऽसौ चपलः स्मृतः ॥३॥
+
dēhalōhabhayīṁ siddhiṁ sūtē’taḥ sūta ucyatē | svabhāvāccapalō yasmāt tatō’sau capalaḥ smr̥taḥ ||3|| </blockquote>As it brings about wellbeing in the body and is used in the preparation of gold etc dhatus, it is called Suta. By nature, it is mobile/moving hence called Chapala.<ref name=":1" /> <blockquote>आतङ्कपङ्कमग्नानां पारदानाच्च पारदः। अभ्रादिरसराजत्वाद्रसराजः स्मृतो बुधैः ॥४॥ (Rasa. Tara. 5.4)
  
−
आतङ्कपङ्कमग्नानां पारदानाच्च पारदः। अभ्रादिरसराजत्वाद्रसराजः स्मृतो बुधैः ॥४॥ 
+
ātaṅkapaṅkamagnānāṁ pāradānācca pāradaḥ| abhrādirasarājatvādrasarājaḥ smr̥tō budhaiḥ ||4|| </blockquote>That which uplifts beings enmeshed in the dirt called roga/illness it is called Pārada. As a king (superior by qualities) among Ambhraka etc great aushadhis it is called Rasaraja.<ref name=":1" />
  
 
== इतिहासः ॥ History ==
 
== इतिहासः ॥ History ==
 +
Parada has been referred to as having divine origin, associated with the deity Shiva or Hara in ancient literature (Rasa Ratna Samucchaya 1.61-68).<ref name=":6">Shankarlal Harishankar, (2019) ed. ''[https://archive.org/details/rasa-ratna-samucchaya-of-vagbhatacharya-shankar-lal-hari-shankar/page/n79/mode/2up Rasaratna Sammuchhaya by Acharya Vagbhata]'' Bombay: Khemraj Srikrishnadas Prakashan</ref> On the mountains of Himalayas, Shiva and his consort Parvati, engaged in intense sensual activities with a desire to win over the other. Devatas desired that Shiva and Parvati produce a son who could kill Tarakasura, but those activities caused a great disturbance upsetting the three worlds. However, seeing the brilliance of the raja and virya (of Parvati and Shiva) that was very powerful, sent Agni to cause a disturbance in the divine sensual activity. Agni went into the caves in the form of a pigeon and seeing him Shiva with great shyness realized that it was not a bird but was Agni and stopped the activity. By then the semen ejaculated which Shiva flung upon Agni. Unable to bear the tejas of the virya, Agni entered the waters of the Ganga. Soon Ganga was unable to bear the divine tejas which heated up the waters, so she washed ashore both Agni and the virya of Shiva. Due to the blemishes of the virya, metals of various kinds materialized on the banks of Ganga. At five places, where the virya dropped from Agni's mouth, there sprung five deep wells each having one of the five kinds of Parada. <blockquote>रासो रसेन्द्रः सूतश्च पारदो मिश्रकस्तथा ।  rāsō rasēndraḥ sūtaśca pāradō miśrakastathā | (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.68)<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>They are Rasa, Rasendra, Suta, Parada and Mishraka.
  
−
=== Legends about Parada ===
+
== Types of Parada ==
 +
In Rasaratna samucchaya,<ref name=":6" /> we find the following synonymous terms described as the five kinds of Parada.<blockquote>रासो रसेन्द्रः सूतश्च पारदो मिश्रकस्तथा । इति पञ्चविधो जातः क्षेत्रभेदेन शम्भुजः॥  (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.68)<ref name=":6" />
 +
 
 +
rāsō rasēndraḥ sūtaśca pāradō miśrakastathā | iti pañcavidhō jātaḥ kṣētrabhēdēna śambhujaḥ|| </blockquote>Their qualities are also well described in the above text  (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.69-75)<ref name=":6" />
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+Five types of Mercury are mentioned along with their qualities <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />
 +
!S. No
 +
!Types of Mercury
 +
!Color
 +
!Properties
 +
|-
 +
|1
 +
|Rasa (रसः)
 +
|Rakta varna (Red)
 +
|Devoid of all impurities, rejuvenative. Devatas overcome aging and remain eternal. Rare in existence.
 +
|-
 +
|2
 +
|Rasēndraḥ (रसेन्द्रः)
 +
|Syava varna (Grey)
 +
|Devoid of all impurities, rejuvenative, rooksha and capable of quick movement. Nagadevatas use this to remain young and deathless. Rare in existence.
 +
|-
 +
|3
 +
|Sūta (सूतः)
 +
|Peeta varna (Yellowish orange)
 +
|It contains some impurities and needs 18 samskaras to purify it. Consuming the purified Suta makes the body strong like a metal.
 +
|-
 +
|4
 +
|Pārada (पारदः)
 +
|Sveta varna (White)
 +
|It cures all diseases and is very fluid-like. It contains some impurities and needs 18 samskaras to purify it. Consuming the purified Suta makes the body strong like a metal.
 +
|-
 +
|5
 +
|Mishraka (मिश्रकः)
 +
|Mayura chandika chaya (mixed color)
 +
|Contains impurities, needs 18 samskaras
 +
|}
  
 
== स्वरूपम् ॥ Characteristics ==
 
== स्वरूपम् ॥ Characteristics ==

Revision as of 19:52, 20 October 2024

Courtesy: Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "mercury." Encyclopedia Britannica, August 20, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/science/mercury-chemical-element.

Pārada (Samskrit: पारदः), as mentioned in various Rasashastra texts of ancient India, means Mercury in English. It is a chemical element with atomic number 80 and chemical formula 'Hg (Hydrargyrum)'. Mercury (Hg), a metallic chemical element belonging to the zinc group (Group 12 [IIb] of the periodic table), is the only elemental metal that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury is silvery white, slowly tarnishes in moist air, and freezes into a soft solid like tin or lead at −38.83 °C (−37.89 °F). The chemical symbol Hg derives from the Latin hydrargyrum, “liquid silver.”[1] It is also called Quick Silver, as it appears like silver having the property of flowing.

According to Ayurveda Rasashastra, Rasa (रस) is the term used to denote Parada. Mercury is one of the metals which attracted wide attention of ayurvedic chemists and physicians.[2]

परिचयः ॥ Introduction

Parada (mercury-Hg) is one of the important core ingredients in Rasa (metals and minerals) Aushadhi (medicine). Most of Rasa formulations have mercury as an important ingredient. It is evident that raw mercury has many toxic effects such as severe gastrointestinal irritations, peripheral circulatory collapse, metallic taste in mouth, excessive salivation, inflammation of gums, etc.[3] But Mercury has therapeutic qualities similar to that of ambrosia. Mercurial medications prepared from purified Mercury can readily treat even Asadhya rogas (incurable diseases). Thus, Parada (Mercury) is the heart of Rasasastra. Recent world wide discussions on hazardous nature of Mercury have led to the global ban on Mercury. through the Minamata Convention, a global treaty on Mercury.[4]

The rasa (taste), Virya (potency) and Vipaka (taste at the end of digestion) of Mercury has been quoted as similar to ambrosia in Rasarnavam. Mercury possesses all the qualities of Animadi astaguna (eight qualities) which are required for the accomplishments of human life. There is no other thing in the earth than Mercury to attain salvation. It imparts glory to human body by eradicating old age according to the text Rasendra mangalam by Kaviraja H. S. Sharma.[4] Mercury is regarded as a heavy metal that contains a variety of impurities and has poisonous and harmful effects on the body if it is not well purified.[5]

पर्यायाः ॥ Synonyms of Parada used in Ayurveda

According to Rasatarangini[6], the alternative names used for Pārada are

रसो रसेन्द्रः सूतश्च रसेशश्च रसेश्वरः । चपलो रसराजश्च पारदश्च शिवाह्वयः ॥ १ ॥ rasō rasēndraḥ sūtaśca rasēśaśca rasēśvaraḥ | capalō rasarājaśca pāradaśca śivāhvayaḥ || 1 ||

The synonyms for mercury include rasa (रसः) rasēndraḥ (रसेन्द्रः) sūta (सूतः) rasēśa (रसेशः) rasēśvaraḥ (रसेश्वरः) capalā (चपलः) rasarāja (रसराजः) pārada (पारदः) śivāhvayaḥ (शिवाह्वयः - used in the sense of all the words meaning Shiva). The names given also explain the characteristics of the metal mercury.[6] In Rasatarangini, we find the explanation of what each term means in its usage.

रसनादभ्रकादीनां धातूनां कीर्तितो रसः । अभ्रकाद्यधिराजत्वाद्रसेन्द्र इति कथ्यते ॥२॥ (Rasa. Tara. 5.2) rasanādabhrakādīnāṁ dhātūnāṁ kīrtitō rasaḥ | abhrakādyadhirājatvādrasēndra iti kathyatē ||2||

Because mercury dissolves ('eats' or'engulfs') the maharasas such as Abhrakadi (mica) rasas etc, gold etc dhatus, it is called Rasa.[2] As it is superior among Abhraka etc, it is called Rasendra.[6]

देहलोहभयीं सिद्धिं सूतेऽतः सूत उच्यते । स्वभावाच्चपलो यस्मात् ततोऽसौ चपलः स्मृतः ॥३॥ (Rasa. Tara. 5.3) dēhalōhabhayīṁ siddhiṁ sūtē’taḥ sūta ucyatē | svabhāvāccapalō yasmāt tatō’sau capalaḥ smr̥taḥ ||3||

As it brings about wellbeing in the body and is used in the preparation of gold etc dhatus, it is called Suta. By nature, it is mobile/moving hence called Chapala.[6]

आतङ्कपङ्कमग्नानां पारदानाच्च पारदः। अभ्रादिरसराजत्वाद्रसराजः स्मृतो बुधैः ॥४॥ (Rasa. Tara. 5.4) ātaṅkapaṅkamagnānāṁ pāradānācca pāradaḥ| abhrādirasarājatvādrasarājaḥ smr̥tō budhaiḥ ||4||

That which uplifts beings enmeshed in the dirt called roga/illness it is called Pārada. As a king (superior by qualities) among Ambhraka etc great aushadhis it is called Rasaraja.[6]

इतिहासः ॥ History

Parada has been referred to as having divine origin, associated with the deity Shiva or Hara in ancient literature (Rasa Ratna Samucchaya 1.61-68).[7] On the mountains of Himalayas, Shiva and his consort Parvati, engaged in intense sensual activities with a desire to win over the other. Devatas desired that Shiva and Parvati produce a son who could kill Tarakasura, but those activities caused a great disturbance upsetting the three worlds. However, seeing the brilliance of the raja and virya (of Parvati and Shiva) that was very powerful, sent Agni to cause a disturbance in the divine sensual activity. Agni went into the caves in the form of a pigeon and seeing him Shiva with great shyness realized that it was not a bird but was Agni and stopped the activity. By then the semen ejaculated which Shiva flung upon Agni. Unable to bear the tejas of the virya, Agni entered the waters of the Ganga. Soon Ganga was unable to bear the divine tejas which heated up the waters, so she washed ashore both Agni and the virya of Shiva. Due to the blemishes of the virya, metals of various kinds materialized on the banks of Ganga. At five places, where the virya dropped from Agni's mouth, there sprung five deep wells each having one of the five kinds of Parada.

रासो रसेन्द्रः सूतश्च पारदो मिश्रकस्तथा । rāsō rasēndraḥ sūtaśca pāradō miśrakastathā | (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.68)[7]

They are Rasa, Rasendra, Suta, Parada and Mishraka.

Types of Parada

In Rasaratna samucchaya,[7] we find the following synonymous terms described as the five kinds of Parada.

रासो रसेन्द्रः सूतश्च पारदो मिश्रकस्तथा । इति पञ्चविधो जातः क्षेत्रभेदेन शम्भुजः॥ (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.68)[7] rāsō rasēndraḥ sūtaśca pāradō miśrakastathā | iti pañcavidhō jātaḥ kṣētrabhēdēna śambhujaḥ||

Their qualities are also well described in the above text (Rasa. Ratn. Samu. 1.69-75)[7]

Five types of Mercury are mentioned along with their qualities [4][7]
S. No Types of Mercury Color Properties
1 Rasa (रसः) Rakta varna (Red) Devoid of all impurities, rejuvenative. Devatas overcome aging and remain eternal. Rare in existence.
2 Rasēndraḥ (रसेन्द्रः) Syava varna (Grey) Devoid of all impurities, rejuvenative, rooksha and capable of quick movement. Nagadevatas use this to remain young and deathless. Rare in existence.
3 Sūta (सूतः) Peeta varna (Yellowish orange) It contains some impurities and needs 18 samskaras to purify it. Consuming the purified Suta makes the body strong like a metal.
4 Pārada (पारदः) Sveta varna (White) It cures all diseases and is very fluid-like. It contains some impurities and needs 18 samskaras to purify it. Consuming the purified Suta makes the body strong like a metal.
5 Mishraka (मिश्रकः) Mayura chandika chaya (mixed color) Contains impurities, needs 18 samskaras

स्वरूपम् ॥ Characteristics

Pharmacological Actions

References

  1. ↑ Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "mercury." Encyclopedia Britannica, August 20, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/science/mercury-chemical-element.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sekhar Reddy, P. A textbook of Rasashastra. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia (pp.72-)
  3. ↑ Bhinde SS, Patgiri BJ. Quantification of mercury after Samanya Shodhana (purifying process): A preliminary analysis. J Drug Res Ayurvedic Sci 2022;6:65-71.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ram, Guttikonda S., Mahadev, B., & Chalapathi, R. (2016). A LITERARY REVIEW ON MERCURY W.S.R. TO ITS MEDICINAL ASPECT. AYUSHDHARA, 1(1). Retrieved from https://ayushdhara.in/index.php/ayushdhara/article/view/172
  5. ↑ Dadu, Vaibhav. (2016) Philosophical Tenets of Vaiseshika and the fundamentals of Ayurveda World Journal of Pharmaceutical
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Kashinath Shastri (1986 reprint) ed., Ras Tarangini Of Sadananda Sharma With Prasadani Explanation Of Haridatt Shastri And Ras Vigyan Hindi Tika Of Dharmanand Shastri. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas (pp. 72- )
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Shankarlal Harishankar, (2019) ed. Rasaratna Sammuchhaya by Acharya Vagbhata Bombay: Khemraj Srikrishnadas Prakashan
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