8,174
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 187:
Line 187: − − '''Classification''' − − '''Muktika canon: major and minor − Upanishads''' − − There are more than 200 known ''Upanishads'', one of which, ''Muktikā'' Upanishad, predates 1656 CE<sup>[34]</sup> and contains a list of 108 canonical − Upanishads,<sup>[35]</sup> including itself as the last. The earliest ones − such as the Brihadaranyaka and Chandogya Upanishads date to the early centuries − of the 1st millennium BCE,<sup>[36]</sup> and the latest to around the mid 2nd-millennium − CE during a period of Islamic invasions and political instability.<sup>[4][6][19]</sup> Various scholars include the earliest 10, 11, − 12 or 13 ''Upanishads'' as Mukhya (major) or Principal Upanishads, all composed in the − 1st-milliennium BCE.<sup>[4]</sup> The − remainder 95 to 98 are called "minor Upanishads", and were likely composed − between the last centuries of the 1st-millennium BCE and about mid − 2nd-millennium CE.<sup>[38][39]</sup> These are further divided into Upanishads − associated with Shaktism (goddess Shakti), Sannyasa (renunciation, monastic life), Shaivism (god Shiva), Vaishnavism (god Vishnu), Yoga, and ''Sāmānya'' (general, sometimes referred to as Samanya-Vedanta).<sup>[20][38]</sup> − − Some of the Upanishads are categorized as "sectarian" since − they present their ideas through a particular god or goddess of a specific − Hindu tradition such as Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti, or a combination of these such − as the Skanda Upanishad. These traditions sought to − link their texts as Vedic, by asserting their texts to be an Upanishad, thereby − a ''Śruti''.<sup>[41]</sup> Most of these sectarian Upanishads, for example − the Rudrahridaya Upanishad and the Mahanarayana Upanishad, assert that all the Hindu − gods and goddesses are the same, all an aspect and manifestation of Brahman, the Vedic concept for metaphysical ultimate reality before and after − the creation of the Universe.<sup>[21][22]</sup> − − '''Mukhya Upanishads''' − − ''Main article: Mukhya Upanishads'' − − The ''Mukhya Upanishads'' can be grouped into periods. Of the early − periods are the ''Brihadaranyaka'' and the ''Chandogya'', the oldest.<sup>[23][note 4]</sup> − − The Aitareya, Kauṣītaki and Taittirīya Upanishads may date to as early − as the mid 1st millennium BCE, while the remnant date from between roughly the − 4th to 1st centuries BCE, roughly contemporary with the earliest portions of − the Sanskrit epics. It is alleged that the ''Aitareya, − Taittiriya, Kausitaki, Mundaka, Prasna'', and ''Katha Upanishads'' show − Buddha's influence, and must have been composed after the 5th century BCE, but − it could just as easily have been the other way around. It is also alleged that − in the first two centuries A.D., they were followed by the ''Kena, Mandukya'' − and ''Isa Upanishads'', but other scholars date these earlier.<sup>[46]</sup> Not much is known about the authors except for − those, like Yajnavalkayva and Uddalaka, mentioned in the texts.<sup>[47]</sup> A few women discussants, such as Gargi and − Maitreyi, the wife of Yajnavalkayva,<sup>[48]</sup> also feature occasionally. Line 241:
Line 195: − {| class="MsoNormalTable" − | colspan="4" | − Veda-Shakha-Upanishad association − |- − | − '''Veda''' − | − '''Recension''' − | − '''Shakha''' − | − '''Principal Upanishad''' − |- − | − Rig − Veda − | − Only − one recension − | − Shakala − | − Aitareya − |- − | rowspan="3" | − Sama − Veda − | rowspan="3" | − Only − one recension − | − Kauthuma − | − Chāndogya − |- − | − Jaiminiya − | − Kena − |- − | − Ranayaniya − | − |- − | rowspan="7" | − Yajur − Veda − | rowspan="5" | − Krishna − Yajur Veda − | − Katha − | − Kaṭha − |- − | − Taittiriya − | − Taittirīya and Śvetāśvatara<sup>[51]</sup> − |- − | − Maitrayani − | − Maitrāyaṇi − |- − | − Hiranyakeshi − (Kapishthala) − | − |- − | − Kathaka − | − |- − | rowspan="2" | − Shukla − Yajur Veda − | − Vajasaneyi − Madhyandina − | − Isha and Bṛhadāraṇyaka − |- − | − Kanva Shakha − | − |- − | rowspan="2" | − Atharva − | rowspan="2" | − Two − recension − | − Shaunaka − | − Māṇḍūkya and Muṇḍaka − |- − | − Paippalada − | − Prashna Upanishad − |} − The Kauśītāki and Maitrāyaṇi Upanishads are sometimes added to the list of − the mukhya Upanishads. Line 718:
Line 568: − − 1. − 1 2 A Bhattacharya (2006), Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and − Theology, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0595384556</nowiki>, pages 8-14 − − 2. − 1 2 3 4 <nowiki>http://indianscriptures.50webs.com/partveda.htm</nowiki>, 6th Paragraph − − 3. − ↑ <nowiki>http://www.esamskriti.com/essay-chapters/Vedas-and-Upanishads~-A-Structural-Profile-3.aspx</nowiki> − − 4. − 1 2 3 4 Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and − Philosophy, Columbia University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0231144858</nowiki>, pages 25-29 and Chapter 1 − − 5. − ↑ E Easwaran (2007), The Upanishads, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1586380212</nowiki>, pages 298-299 − − 6. − 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Patrick Olivelle (2014), The Early Upanishads, Oxford University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0195124354</nowiki>, page 12-14 − − 7. − 1 2 King & Ācārya 1995, p. 52. − − 8. − ↑ Ranade 1926, p. 12. − − 9. − ↑ Ranade 1926, p. 205. − − 17. ↑ Mahadevan 1956, pp. 59-60. − − 34. ↑ Tripathy 2010, p. 84. − − 40. ↑ ''Ayyangar, T. R. Srinivasa (1941). The Samanya-Vedanta Upanisads. Jain'' − Publishing (Reprint 2007). <nowiki>ISBN 978-0895819833</nowiki>. OCLC 27193914.'' '' Line 767:
Line 581: − − 54. 1 2 Schrader & Adyar Library 1908, p. v. − − 55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Olivelle 1998, pp. xxxii-xxxiii. − − 56. ↑ Paul Deussen (1966), The Philosophy of the Upanishads, Dover, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0486216164</nowiki>, pages 283-296; for an − example, see Garbha Upanishad − − 57. 1 2 Patrick Olivelle (1992), The Samnyasa Upanisads, Oxford University − Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0195070453</nowiki>, pages 1-12, 98-100; for an − example, see Bhikshuka Upanishad − − 58. ↑ Varghese 2008, p. 101. − − 59. ↑ Brooks 1990, pp. 13–14. − − 60. 1 2 3 4 Parmeshwaranand 2000, pp. 404–406. − − 61. ↑ Paul Deussen (2010 Reprint), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, − Motilal Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120814691</nowiki>, pages 566-568 − − 62. 1 2 Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions, New York University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0814736500</nowiki>, pages 60-88 − − 63. ↑ Robert C Neville (2000), Ultimate Realities, SUNY Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0791447765</nowiki>, page 319 − − 64. 1 2 Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and − Philosophy, Columbia University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0231144858</nowiki>, pages 28-29 − − 65. ↑ Olivelle 1998, p. xxiii. − − 66. 1 2 Patrick Olivelle (1992), The Samnyasa − Upanisads, Oxford University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0195070453</nowiki>, pages x-xi, 5 Line 811:
Line 593: − − 71. ↑ Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal − Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120814684</nowiki>, pages 217-219 − − 72. ↑ Prāṇāgnihotra is missing in some anthologies, included by Paul Deussen − (2010 Reprint), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120814691</nowiki>, page 567 − − 73. ↑ Atharvasiras is missing in some anthologies, included by Paul Deussen − (2010 Reprint), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120814691</nowiki>, page 568 − − 74. ↑ Glucklich 2008, p. 70. − − 75. ↑ Fields 2001, p. 26. − − 76. 1 2 Olivelle 1998, p. 4. − − 77. ↑ S Radhakrishnan, The Principal Upanishads George Allen & Co., 1951, − pages 17-19, Reprinted as <nowiki>ISBN 978-8172231248</nowiki> − − 78. ↑ ''Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, The Principal Upanishads, Indus / − Harper Collins India; 5th edition (1994), <nowiki>ISBN 978-8172231248</nowiki>'' − − 79. ↑ S Radhakrishnan, The Principal Upanishads George Allen & Co., 1951, − pages 19-20, Reprinted as <nowiki>ISBN 978-8172231248</nowiki> − − 80. ↑ S Radhakrishnan, The Principal Upanishads George Allen & Co., 1951, − page 24, Reprinted as <nowiki>ISBN 978-8172231248</nowiki> − − 81. ↑ Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal − Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120814684</nowiki>, pages 114-115 with preface − and footnotes; − Robert Hume, Chandogya Upanishad 3.17, The Thirteen Principal − Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 212-213 − − 82. ↑ Henk Bodewitz (1999), Hindu Ahimsa, in Violence Denied − (Editors: Jan E. M. Houben, et al), Brill, <nowiki>ISBN 978-9004113442</nowiki>, page 40 − − 84. ↑ ''Chatterjea, Tara. Knowledge and Freedom in Indian Philosophy. Oxford: − Lexington Books. p. 148.'' − − 85. ↑ Tull, Herman W. The Vedic Origins of Karma: Cosmos as Man in Ancient − Indian Myth and Ritual. SUNY Series in Hindu Studies. P. 28 − − 87. ↑ Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, − Motilal Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120814684</nowiki>, pages 30-42; − − 88. 1 2 Max Muller (1962), Manduka Upanishad, in The Upanishads - Part II, − Oxford University Press, Reprinted as <nowiki>ISBN 978-0486209937</nowiki>, pages 30-33 − − 89. ↑ Eduard Roer, Mundaka Upanishad Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, − No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pages 153-154 − − 90. ↑ Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal − Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120814684</nowiki>, pages 331-333 − − 91. ↑ "laid those fires" is a phrase in Vedic literature that − implies yajna and related ancient religious rituals; see Maitri Upanishad - Sanskrit Text with English Translation EB Cowell (Translator), Cambridge University, Bibliotheca Indica, First − Prapathaka − − 92. ↑ Max Muller, The Upanishads, Part 2, Maitrayana-Brahmana Upanishad, Oxford University Press, − pages 287-288 − − 93. ↑ ''Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford − University Press, pp. 412–414'' − − 94. ↑ ''Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford − University Press, pp. 428–429'' − − 95. ↑ Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal − Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120814684</nowiki>, pages 350-351 − − 96. 1 2 Paul Deussen, ''The − Philosophy of Upanishads'' at Google Books, University of Kiel, T&T Clark, pages − 342-355, 396-412 − − 98. ↑ Mark B. Woodhouse (1978), Consciousness and − Brahman-Atman, The Monist, Vol. 61, No. 1, Conceptions of the Self: East & West − (JANUARY, 1978), pages 109-124 Line 903:
Line 607: − − 102. 1 2 James Lochtefeld, ''Brahman'', The Illustrated Encyclopedia of − Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0823931798</nowiki>, page 122 − − 103. 1 2 '''[a]''' Richard King (1995), Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism, State − University of New York Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0791425138</nowiki>, page 64, '''Quote:''' − "Atman as the innermost essence or soul of man, and Brahman as the − innermost essence and support of the universe. (...) Thus we can see in the − Upanishads, a tendency towards a convergence of microcosm and macrocosm, − culminating in the equating of Atman with Brahman". − '''[b]''' Chad Meister (2010), The Oxford Handbook of Religious Diversity, − Oxford University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0195340136</nowiki>, page 63; '''Quote''': − "Even though Buddhism explicitly rejected the Hindu ideas of Atman − (soul) and Brahman, Hinduism treats Sakyamuni Buddha as one of the ten − avatars of Vishnu."'''[c]''' David Lorenzen (2004), The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and − Gene Thursby), Routledge, <nowiki>ISBN 0-415215277</nowiki>, pages 208-209, '''Quote''': − "Advaita and nirguni movements, on the other hand, stress an interior − mysticism in which the devotee seeks to discover the identity of individual − soul (atman) with the universal ground of being (brahman) or to find god within − himself". − − 105. ↑ Mariasusai Dhavamony (2002), Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological − Soundings and Perspectives, Rodopi Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-9042015104</nowiki>, pages 43-44 − − 106. ↑ For dualism school of Hinduism, see: Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu − God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries between − Religions, Oxford University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0199738724</nowiki>, pages 51-58, 111-115; − For monist school of Hinduism, see: B Martinez-Bedard (2006), Types of Causes − in Aristotle and Sankara, Thesis - Department of Religious Studies (Advisors: − Kathryn McClymond and Sandra Dwyer), Georgia State University, pages 18-35 − − 107. ↑ Jeffrey Brodd (2009), World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery, Saint − Mary's Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0884899976</nowiki>, pages 43-47 − − 108. ↑ Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal − Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120814684</nowiki>, page 91 − − 109. ↑ '''[a]''' Atman, Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press (2012), '''Quote''': − "1. real self of the individual; 2. a person's soul"; − '''[b]''' John Bowker (2000), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World − Religions, Oxford University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0192800947</nowiki>, See entry for Atman; − '''[c]''' WJ Johnson (2009), A Dictionary of Hinduism, Oxford University − Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0198610250</nowiki>, See entry for Atman (self). − − 111. ↑ Soul is synonymous with Self in translations of ancient texts of Hindu − philosophy − − 112. ↑ Alice Bailey (1973), The Soul and Its Mechanism, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0853301158</nowiki>, pages 82-83 − − 113. ↑ Eknath Easwaran (2007), The Upanishads, Nilgiri Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1586380212</nowiki>, pages 38-39, 318-320 − − 114. 1 2 John Koller (2012), Shankara, in Routledge Companion to Philosophy of − Religion, (Editors: Chad Meister, Paul Copan), Routledge, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0415782944</nowiki>, pages 99-102 − − 115. ↑ Paul Deussen, ''The − Philosophy of the Upanishads'' at Google Books, Dover Publications, pages 86-111, 182-212 − − 116. ↑ Lanman 1897, p. 790. − − 117. ↑ Brown 1922, p. 266. − − 118. ↑ Slater 1897, p. 32. − − 119. ↑ Varghese 2008, p. 132. Line 1,010:
Line 650: − − 135. ↑ Radhakrishnan 1956, p. 273. − − 136. 1 2 King 1999, p. 221. − − 137. 1 2 Nakamura 2004, p. 31. − − 138. ↑ King 1999, p. 219. − − 139. 1 2 Collins 2000, p. 195. − − 140. ↑ Radhakrishnan 1956, p. 284. − − 141. ↑ John Koller (2012), Shankara in Routledge Companion to Philosophy of − Religion (Editors: Chad Meister, Paul Copan), Routledge, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0415782944</nowiki>, pages 99-108 − − 142. ↑ Edward Roer (Translator), ''Shankara's Introduction'', p. 3, at Google Books to ''Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad'' at pages − 3-4; Quote - "(...) Lokayatikas and Bauddhas who assert that the soul does − not exist. There are four sects among the followers of Buddha: 1. Madhyamicas − who maintain all is void; 2. Yogacharas, who assert except sensation and − intelligence all else is void; 3. Sautranticas, who affirm actual existence of − external objects no less than of internal sensations; 4. Vaibhashikas, who agree − with later (Sautranticas) except that they contend for immediate apprehension − of exterior objects through images or forms represented to the intellect." − 143. ↑ Edward Roer (Translator), ''Shankara's Introduction'', p. 3, at Google Books to ''Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad'' at page 3, OCLC 19373677 − − 144. ↑ KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120806191</nowiki>, pages 246-249, from note 385 − onwards; − Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, − David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0791422175</nowiki>, page 64; Quote: − "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: − anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the − [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging − essence."; − Edward Roer (Translator), ''Shankara's Introduction'', p. 2, at Google Books, pages 2-4 − Katie Javanaud (2013), Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?, Philosophy Now; − John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume − 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120801585</nowiki>, page 63, Quote: "The − Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is − the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism". Line 1,086:
Line 686: − + − − 161. 1 2 Sharma 1985, p. 20. − − 162. 1 2 Müller 1900, p. lvii. − − 163. ↑ Muller 1899, p. 204. − − 164. 1 2 Deussen, Bedekar & Palsule (tr.) 1997, − pp. 558-59. − − 165. ↑ Müller 1900, p. lviii. − − 166. ↑ Deussen, Bedekar & Palsule (tr.) 1997, − pp. 558-559. − − 167. ↑ Deussen, Bedekar & Palsule (tr.) 1997, − pp. 915-916. − − 168. ↑ See Henry Thomas Colebrooke (1858), ''Essays on the religion and philosophy of the Hindus''. London: Williams and Norgate. In this volume, see chapter 1 (pp. − 1–69), ''On the Vedas, or Sacred Writings of the Hindus'', reprinted from − Colebrooke's ''Asiatic Researches'', Calcutta: 1805, Vol 8, pp. 369–476. A − translation of the Aitareya Upanishad appears in − pages 26–30 of this chapter. − − 169. ↑ ''Rammohun Roy and the Making of Victorian Britain,By Lynn Zastoupil. Retrieved 1 June 2014.'' − − 170. ↑ ''"The Upanishads, Part 1, by Max Müller".'' − − 171. ↑ ''Paramananda, Swami (1919). The Upanishads (PDF). The Pennsylvania State University. p. 7. Retrieved 1 June 2014.''
→Geography: editing
probably southern India, and are considerably relatively recent.<sup>[33]</sup> In fourth chapter of the Kaushitaki Upanishad,
probably southern India, and are considerably relatively recent.<sup>[33]</sup> In fourth chapter of the Kaushitaki Upanishad,
a location named Kashi (modern Varanasi) is mentioned.<sup>[6]</sup>
a location named Kashi (modern Varanasi) is mentioned.<sup>[6]</sup>
Each of the principal ''Upanishads'' can be associated with one of
Each of the principal ''Upanishads'' can be associated with one of
being less subtle and more formalized. As a result, they are not difficult to
being less subtle and more formalized. As a result, they are not difficult to
comprehend for the modern reader.<sup>[50]</sup>
comprehend for the modern reader.<sup>[50]</sup>
'''New Upanishads'''
'''New Upanishads'''
'''References'''
'''References'''
43. ↑ ''Ayyangar, TRS (1953). Saiva Upanisads. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint''
43. ↑ ''Ayyangar, TRS (1953). Saiva Upanisads. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint''
53. ↑ Singh 2002, pp. 3–4.
53. ↑ Singh 2002, pp. 3–4.
67. 1 2 The Yoga Upanishads TR Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator),
67. 1 2 The Yoga Upanishads TR Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator),
70. ↑ AM Sastri, The Śaiva-Upanishads with the commentary of Sri
70. ↑ AM Sastri, The Śaiva-Upanishads with the commentary of Sri
Upanishad-Brahma-Yogin, Adyar Library, OCLC 863321204
Upanishad-Brahma-Yogin, Adyar Library, OCLC 863321204
83. ↑ PV Kane, Samanya Dharma, History of Dharmasastra,
83. ↑ PV Kane, Samanya Dharma, History of Dharmasastra,
Vol. 2, Part 1, page 5
Vol. 2, Part 1, page 5
86. 1 2 3 4 Mahadevan 1956, p. 57.
86. 1 2 3 4 Mahadevan 1956, p. 57.
97. ↑ RC Mishra (2013), Moksha and the Hindu Worldview, Psychology &
97. ↑ RC Mishra (2013), Moksha and the Hindu Worldview, Psychology &
Developing Societies, Vol. 25, No. 1, pages 21-42
Developing Societies, Vol. 25, No. 1, pages 21-42
99. 1 2 3 Jayatilleke 1963, p. 32.
99. 1 2 3 Jayatilleke 1963, p. 32.
101. ↑ Mahadevan 1956, p. 59.
101. ↑ Mahadevan 1956, p. 59.
104. ↑ PT Raju (2006), Idealistic Thought of India, Routledge, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1406732627</nowiki>, page 426 and Conclusion
104. ↑ PT Raju (2006), Idealistic Thought of India, Routledge, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1406732627</nowiki>, page 426 and Conclusion
chapter part XII
chapter part XII
110. ↑ PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University of
110. ↑ PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University of
New York Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0887061394</nowiki>, pages 35-36
New York Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0887061394</nowiki>, pages 35-36
120. ↑ Mahadevan 1956, p. 62.
120. ↑ Mahadevan 1956, p. 62.
134. 1 2 Encyclopædia Britannica.
134. 1 2 Encyclopædia Britannica.
145. ↑ Panikkar 2001, p. 669.
145. ↑ Panikkar 2001, p. 669.
Developing Societies, Vol. 25, No. 1, pages 21-42; Chousalkar, Ashok (1986),
Developing Societies, Vol. 25, No. 1, pages 21-42; Chousalkar, Ashok (1986),
Social and Political Implications of Concepts Of Justice And Dharma, pages
Social and Political Implications of Concepts Of Justice And Dharma, pages
130-134
130-134
172. ↑ Sadhale 1987.
172. ↑ Sadhale 1987.