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Ancient Indian Physics (भौतिकविज्ञानम्) (view source)
Revision as of 16:46, 2 December 2025
, Tuesday at 16:46→Physical Attributes of Substance and Objects
=== Physical Attributes of Substance and Objects ===
=== Physical Attributes of Substance and Objects ===
In Classical (or Newtonian) Physics the role of Observer was ignored even though observation was essential. In Modern Physics, however, the role of the Observer is significant and is a critical requirement for all observations, since all observations are purely relative to the Observer. Even though Vaiseshika system deals with Classical Physics and not Quantum or Relativistic Physics, the importance of Observer was well recognized and the Observer was defined in two components: The Mind and the Self. The Self could be the actual Observer, but Self should have an active Mind, for performing observations. This could be identified as a unique contribution of Vaiseshika principles.<ref name=":9" /><blockquote>रूपरसगन्धस्पर्शाः संख्याः परिमाणानि पृथक्त्वं संयोगविभागौ परत्वापरत्वे बुद्धयः सुखदुःखे इच्छाद्वेषौ प्रयत्नाश्च गुणाः । वैशेषिक-१,१.६ । (Vais. Dars. 1.1.6)<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>Gunas (17) are the qualities or properties or attributes. They include
# रूप or form/shape/colour
# रस or taste
# गन्ध or smell
# स्पर्श or touch
# संख्या or numbers/counting
# परिमाणानि or various measures such as length, area, volume, weight etc.
# पृथक्त्वं is being distinguished (to be separated)
# संयोग is conjunction or joining (or combination)
# विभाग is disjunction, disjoining or division
# परत्व is being next (spatially next or temporally later or subsequent)
# अपरत्व is being previous (spatially previous or temporally previous or earlier)
# बुद्धयः intellects (several)
# सुख is happiness
# दुःख is sorrow
# इच्छा is desire
# द्वेष is aversion
# प्रयत्नाः relates to efforts
The first 11 (from rupa to aparatva) are the qualities of physical substances or entities (dravya). The last 6 (from Buddhi to Prayatna) are the qualities of the Mind and Self (they are considered dravyas). Prayatna (effort) is a quality of Self while the rest of the 5 are the qualities of the mind.
The first 11 qualities mentioned above are well known as physical properties in Physics and Chemistry. Conventionally, every substance is examined for the same physical properties. Quality of counting is fundamental for any material entity. The qualities of being previous and being next are related to Space and time also. Conjunctive and disjunctive interactions are very common in Physics and chemistry wherein two or more entities or substances can be combined to form a new entity or an existing entity can be decomposed into several individual entities.
Prashastapada elaborated further on Gunas and brought in additional Gunas as follows:<ref name=":9" />
# गुरुत्व - Gurutva having weight, heaviness
# द्रवत्व - Dravatva having liquidity or fluidity
# स्नेह - Moisture, softness, viscidity or stickiness
# संस्कार - trait, habit, impression
# धर्म - Dharma or merit
# अधर्म - Adharma or demerit
# शब्द - Sound
=== Air vs Space ===
=== Air vs Space ===
Dharma is science and nothing but science an most certainly not religion in the Vedic context.<ref>Verma, K. D. (2012). ''Vedic Physics: Towards Unification of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity''. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.,. (27-31)
Dharma is science and nothing but science an most certainly not religion in the Vedic context.<ref>Verma, K. D. (2012). ''Vedic Physics: Towards Unification of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity''. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.,. (27-31)
<nowiki>https://archive.org/details/vedic-physics-keshav-dev-verma</nowiki></ref>
Dharma is neither any worship or a ritual; science is the knowledge of order and '''dharma is the order''' itself.<ref name=":2" />
Dharma is neither any worship or a ritual; science is the knowledge of order and '''dharma is the order''' itself.<ref name=":2" />
=== Atoms are in a state of Motion ===
=== Atoms are in a state of Motion ===
Rigveda and Yajurveda mention that Agni causes movement in Paramanu or Atoms (atomic motion). Energy within each and every atom makes them dynamic and active in motion (गतिशील). Energy imparts the qualities of speed, progress, expansiveness and novelty to every molecule. The Vedic term for molecules is रेतस्।.<ref name=":6" /><blockquote>अग्निर् मूर्धा दिवः ककुत् पतिः पृथिव्या ऽ अयम् । अपां रेतांसि जिन्वति ॥ (Yajurveda. 3.12)<ref>Shukla Yajurveda ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9 Adhyaya 3])</ref></blockquote>The Vaiseshika theory posits that atoms possess an inherent property called parispanda (vibration or motion). Thus, motion/movement is intrinsic to matter and is the basis of all activity in the universe. Viseshika conception of matter is embodied in the term dravya (substance) whose definition criteria includes<ref name=":4" />
Rigveda and Yajurveda mention that Agni causes movement in Paramanu or Atoms (atomic motion). Energy within each and every atom makes them dynamic and active in motion (गतिशील). Energy imparts the qualities of speed, progress, expansiveness and novelty to every molecule. The Vedic term for molecules is रेतस्।.<ref name=":6" /><blockquote>अग्निर् मूर्धा दिवः ककुत् पतिः पृथिव्या ऽ अयम् । अपां रेतांसि जिन्वति ॥ (Yajurveda. 3.12)<ref>Shukla Yajurveda ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9 Adhyaya 3])</ref></blockquote>The Vaiseshika theory posits that atoms possess an inherent property called '''parispanda''' (vibration or motion). Thus, motion/movement is intrinsic to matter and is the basis of all activity in the universe. Viseshika conception of matter is embodied in the term dravya (substance) whose definition criteria includes<ref name=":4" />
* ability to act as substratum of qualities/attributes
* ability to act as substratum of qualities/attributes
* being endowed with motion (kriyavattva)
* being endowed with motion (kriyatattva)
* to provide an inherent or material cause
* to provide an inherent or material cause
Parispanda sometimes stands for motion molar as well as molecular, but more often for the subtle motion of atoms or molecules. The radical meaning of the term is whirling or rotary motion, a circling motion, but it may also include simple harmonic motion (e.g. vibration). All action, operation, work (Kriya, Vyapara) is ultimately traced to this form of subtle motion lodged in the atoms or in the matter-stuff.<ref>Seal, B. (1915). ''The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus''. Longmans, Green and Co.</ref>
=== Karma or Activity in terms of Physical Motion ===
=== Karma or Activity in terms of Physical Motion ===