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Physics deals with matter and energy and their interactions. Measurements are central to the growth of physics, and length (space), time, and mass are the three most important physical quantities, called the fundamental quantities. Most other physical quantities are generally expressed in terms of mass, length, and time. For example, speed is measured in miles per hour (or kilometers per hour) and involves a measurement of space (distance) and time.  

Physics deals with matter and energy and their interactions. Measurements are central to the growth of physics, and length (space), time, and mass are the three most important physical quantities, called the fundamental quantities. Most other physical quantities are generally expressed in terms of mass, length, and time. For example, speed is measured in miles per hour (or kilometers per hour) and involves a measurement of space (distance) and time.  

Electricity (विद्युत), light (प्रकाशः), Heat (तापः), Mechanics (motion (गतिः) and inertia of things), Magnetism (चुम्बकत्वम्), Gravitation (गुरुत्वम्), Sound  (ध्वनिः) and its transmission, and quantum physics, which comprise the subjects of modern physics have been explored in several Indian traditions along with their applications. In the Vedas, [[Agni (अग्निः)|Agni]] represents many aspects of physics.  

Electricity (विद्युत), light (प्रकाशः), Heat (तापः), Mechanics (motion (गतिः) and inertia of things), Magnetism (चुम्बकत्वम्), Gravitation (गुरुत्वम्), Sound  (ध्वनिः) and its transmission, and quantum physics, which comprise the subjects of modern physics have been explored in several Indian traditions along with their applications. In the Vedas, [[Agni (अग्निः)|Agni]] represents many aspects of physics. It should be kept in mind that Vedic terminology is full of symbolism and hence the interpretations of Veda mantras have to be taken in that perspective.  

== Source Texts for Physics in India ==

== Source Texts for Physics in India ==

   

   

  Dharma is science and nothing but science an most certainly not religion in the Vedic context.<ref>Verma, K. D. (2012). ''Vedic Physics: Towards Unification of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity''. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.,. (27-31)

  Dharma is science and nothing but science an most certainly not religion in the Vedic context.<ref>Verma, K. D. (2012). ''Vedic Physics: Towards Unification of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity''. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.,. (27-31)

<nowiki>https://archive.org/details/vedic-physics-keshav-dev-verma</nowiki></ref>

  <nowiki>https://archive.org/details/vedic-physics-keshav-dev-verma</nowiki></ref>

Dharma is neither any worship or a ritual; science is the knowledge of order and '''dharma is the order''' itself.<ref name=":2" />  

Dharma is neither any worship or a ritual; science is the knowledge of order and '''dharma is the order''' itself.<ref name=":2" />  

rtam ca satyam ca (Rig. Veda. 10.190.1)

rtam ca satyam ca (Rig. Veda. 10.190.1)

Rta and satya were the successive manifestations of Prakriti after the commencement of the process of creation. While rta is the cosmic order, Satya, the Sanskrit term, is synonymous with 'Truth' in English, but in physics ''''satya' denotes 'reality'''<nowiki/>'. Verma<ref name=":2" /> mentions that in Yaskacharya's Nirukta, rta has been stated to denote '''electricity'''.

Rta and satya were the successive manifestations of Prakriti after the commencement of the process of creation. While rta is the cosmic order, Satya, the Sanskrit term, is synonymous with 'Truth' in English, but in physics ''''satya' denotes 'reality'''<nowiki/>'. Verma<ref name=":2" /> mentions that in Yaskacharya's Nirukta, rta has been stated to denote '''electricity'''.

=== Yajna ===

=== Yajna ===

* '''Tejas''' refers to radiance or brilliance. Tejas is associated with the concept of [[Agni (अग्निः)|agni]], or fire, and is considered to be a form of energy that fills the universe. It is often associated with the concept of tapas, or spiritual discipline, and is believed to be the source of inner strength, energy, and illumination.<ref name=":5" />

* '''Tejas''' refers to radiance or brilliance. Tejas is associated with the concept of [[Agni (अग्निः)|agni]], or fire, and is considered to be a form of energy that fills the universe. It is often associated with the concept of tapas, or spiritual discipline, and is believed to be the source of inner strength, energy, and illumination.<ref name=":5" />

== ऊर्जा ॥ Energy ==

== ऊर्जा तापश्च ॥ Energy and Heat ==

Vedic Physics describes Prakriti as the material cause of the the creation while in modern physics it is called Energy. Affected by the divine touch of [[Purusha (पुरुषः)|Purusha]], [[Prakrti (प्रकृतिः)|Prakriti]] the inert unconscious entity is set into motion, i.e., rta, and invariably follows the creative process. Characteristics of Prakriti include having eternal existence and capability of conserving itself in any of the three states of its being namely<ref name=":2" />

Vedic Physics describes Prakriti as the material cause of the the creation while in modern physics it is called Energy. Affected by the divine touch of [[Purusha (पुरुषः)|Purusha]], [[Prakrti (प्रकृतिः)|Prakriti]] the inert unconscious entity is set into motion, i.e., rta, and invariably follows the creative process. Characteristics of Prakriti include having eternal existence and capability of conserving itself in any of the three states of its being namely<ref name=":2" />

* motion

* motion

* and transformation to any form of matter

* and transformation to any form of matter

स्तीर्णा अस्य संहतो विश्वरूपा । (Rig. Veda. 3.1.7)<ref>Rig Veda ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A9.%E0%A5%A7 Mandala 3 Sukta 1])</ref> </blockquote>Urja or energy takes many forms hence it is called Vishvarupa.

In many Veda mantras, Agni represents the forms of Energy. In Yajurveda

अग्निरमृतो नि धायि । (Yaju. Veda. 12.24)<ref>Shukla Yajurveda ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8 Adhyaya 12])</ref>

'''Omnipresence of Energy''':<ref name=":6" /> All [[The Four Vedas (चतुर्वेदाः)|the four Vedas]] proclaim that Agni imparts the quality of movement or chetana and is all-pervading in every atom of the Dyulok (heavenly), Antariksha (Celestial region) and Earth. Due to this energy, there is movement, existence and transformation in every particle. Hence Agni is said to pervade the heavens and earth with the core activity of causing movement. <blockquote>रोदसी भानुना भात्यन्तः ॥४॥ (Rig. Veda. 10.45.4)<ref>Rig Veda ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AB Mandala 10 Sukta 45])</ref>  

अग्निरमृतोऽभवद् वयोभिर् । (Yaju. Veda. 12.25)

विश्वस्य केतुर् भुवनस्य गर्भऽ आ रोदसी ऽ अपृणाज् जायमानः । (Yajurveda. 12.23)<ref name=":7" /> </blockquote>'''Power of Expansion''':<ref name=":6" /> Yajurveda recounts the expansive quality of extreme heat (denoted by the term त्वेषः) energy in Agni, which causes the expansion of the universe/world. 

Agni (Energy form) is eternal and indestructible. It remains indestructible in the mortal world or jagat, due to its potential energy denoted by the term वयस् ।

अग्ने ... येनान्तरिक्षम् उर्व् आततन्थ त्वेषः स भानुर् अर्णवो नृचक्षाः ॥ (Yajurveda. 12.48)<ref name=":7" /> 

== Electricity ==

== Electricity ==