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Good Governance (Samskrit: शासनधर्मः)

Good Governance (Samskrit: शासनधर्मः)

== Ramayana ==

== कच्चित् सर्गः ॥ Kacchit Sarga ==

In the course of the dialogue with Bharata at Chitrakuta, being under the impression that Bharata had already become the emperor and has been ruling the kingdom of Ayodhya, Rama puts certain questions to Bharata, which at ones indicates the criteria for good administration. Some of them are.

In the course of the dialogue with Bharata at Chitrakuta, being under the impression that Bharata had already become the emperor and has been ruling the kingdom of Ayodhya, Rama puts certain questions to Bharata, which at ones indicates the criteria for good administration. Some of them are.

# Are you following the rule of Trivarga - namely, the rule that Artha and Kama shall be subject to Dharma.

# Are you following the rule of Trivarga - namely, the rule that Artha and Kama shall be subject to Dharma.

The above advice by Rama is of eternal value for all those who exercise political power under any system of government. The meaning is, just as those who handle electric power wear a rubber hand gloves for safety, those who exercise political power must wear the hand gloves of Dharma. The consequence of the exercise of political power disregarding Dharma would be disastrous.<ref name=":0">M.Rama Jois (2004), Trivarga, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</ref>

The above advice by Rama is of eternal value for all those who exercise political power under any system of government. The meaning is, just as those who handle electric power wear a rubber hand gloves for safety, those who exercise political power must wear the hand gloves of Dharma. The consequence of the exercise of political power disregarding Dharma would be disastrous.<ref name=":0">M.Rama Jois (2004), Trivarga, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</ref>

In the Ayodhya Kanda, Sarga 100, Rama gives instruction to Bharata as regards the duties of a Raja and the polity under an ideal monarchy. He says,<blockquote>मन्त्रो विजय मूलम् हि राज्नाम् भवति राघव | सुसम्वृतो मन्त्र धरैर् अमात्यैः शास्त्र कोविदैः || २-१००-१६</blockquote>The source of victory for Rajas indeed comes from a concealed counsel by ministers, who are well-versed in political sciences and who can hide their thoughts within themselves. Hence he asks,<blockquote>कच्चिद् आत्म समाः शूराः श्रुतवन्तो जित इन्द्रियाः | कुलीनाः च इन्गितज्नाः च कृताः ते तात मन्त्रिणः || २-१००-१५</blockquote>I hope that ministers who are valiant like you, learned, masters of their senses, of noble birth and skilled in interpreting internal sentiments by external gesture, are assigned to you. At the same time, he also advices that, <blockquote>कच्चिन् मन्त्रयसे न एकः कच्चिन् न बहुभिः सह | कच्चित् ते मन्त्रितो मन्त्रो राष्ट्रम् न परिधावति || २-१००-१८</blockquote>I hope that you do not deliberate alone nor indeed with numerous men. I hope your decision arrived at by you through such deliberation does not flow to the public (even before it is carried out)<blockquote>कच्चित् तु सुकृतान्य् एव कृत रूपाणि वा पुनः | विदुः ते सर्व कार्याणि न कर्तव्यानि पार्थिवाः || २-१००-२०</blockquote>I hope the other kings know your entire undertakings only after they have been successfully completed as well as those which have taken a shape, but not your proposed undertakings.<blockquote>कच्चिन् न तर्कैर् युक्त्वा वा ये च अप्य् अपरिकीर्तिताः | त्वया वा तव वा अमात्यैर् बुध्यते तात मन्त्रितम् || २-१००-२१</blockquote>My darling! I hope that others are not knowing, by their enquiries or strategies or by any other approaches not mentioned, the details of discussions you make with your ministers.<blockquote>सहस्राण्य् अपि मूर्खाणाम् यद्य् उपास्ते मही पतिः | अथ वा अप्य् अयुतान्य् एव न अस्ति तेषु सहायता || २-१००-२३

In the Ayodhya Kanda, Sarga 100, also known as the Kacchit Sarga as Rama’s inquiry starts with the word ‘Kacchit’, which means ‘have you’ at the beginning of every verse inquiring Bharata about his administration,<ref>Valmiki Ramayana, IIT Kanpur, [https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/ecommentaries?field_commnetary_tid=8&field_kanda_tid=2&field_sarga_value=100#:~:text=This%20sarga%20is%20called%20'Kacchit%20Sarga'%2C%20as,you'%20at%20the%20beginning%20of%20every%20verse. Rama's Inquiry]</ref> Rama gives instruction to Bharata as regards the duties of a Raja and the polity under an ideal monarchy.  

एको अप्य् अमात्यो मेधावी शूरो दक्षो विचक्षणः | राजानम् राज मात्रम् वा प्रापयेन् महतीम् श्रियम् || २-१००-२४</blockquote>Even if a king employs thousands or tens of thousands of fools, they will not be helpful to him. Even one wise, valiant, sagacious and efficient minister alone can cause to secure great prosperity to the king or to one who enjoys royal authority.<blockquote>कच्चिन् मुख्या महत्सु एव मध्यमेषु च मध्यमाः | जघन्याः च जघन्येषु भृत्याः कर्मसु योजिताः || २-१००-२५</blockquote>I hope that superior servants are assigned superior works only, mediocre servants in mediocre works and inferior servants in inferior works.<blockquote>कच्चिद्द् हृष्टः च शूरः च धृतिमान् मतिमान् शुचिः | कुलीनः च अनुरक्तः च दक्षः सेना पतिः कृतः || २-१००-३०</blockquote>I hope an army-chief, who is cheerful, wise, courageous, valiant, well-behaved, born in a good family, who is beloved by his subordinates and efficient, is selected by you.<blockquote>कचिद् बलस्य भक्तम् च वेतनम् च यथा उचितम् | सम्प्राप्त कालम् दातव्यम् ददासि न विलम्बसे || २-१००-३२

* Importance of Counsel

काल अतिक्रमणे ह्य् एव भक्त वेतनयोर् भृताः | भर्तुः कुप्यन्ति दुष्यन्ति सो अनर्थः सुमहान् स्मृतः || २-१००-३३</blockquote>I hope you are regularly giving your army, the daily provisions and the suitable salary to them, without any delay. When there is delay in giving bread and wages, the servants become incensed against their master and become corrupt; and that is said to be a great unfortunate occurrence.<blockquote>कच्चिज् जानपदो विद्वान् दक्षिणः प्रतिभानवान् | यथा उक्त वादी दूतः ते कृतो भरत पण्डितः || २-१००-३५</blockquote>I hope that a knowledgeable man, living in your own country, a wise man, a skilled person endowed with presence of mind and the one who knows how to speak to the point, is selected as an ambassador by you.<blockquote>कच्चित् ते दयिताः सर्वे कृषि गो रक्ष जीविनः | वार्तायाम् संश्रितः तात लोको हि सुखम् एधते || २-१००-४७

Rama says,

तेषाम् गुप्ति परीहारैः कच्चित् ते भरणम् कृतम् | रक्ष्या हि राज्ना धर्मेण सर्वे विषय वासिनः || २-१००-४८</blockquote>Are you cherishing all those who live by agriculture and cattle-rearing, O, dear borhter! The people living on agriculture and cattle-rearing indeed prosper well. I hope their maintenance is being looked after by you, in providing what they need and eschewing what they fear. All the citizens are indeed to be protected by a king through his righteousness.<blockquote>आयः ते विपुलः कच्चित् कच्चिद् अल्पतरो व्ययः | अपात्रेषु न ते कच्चित् कोशो गग्च्छति राघव || २-१००-५४

I hope that ministers who are valiant like you, learned, masters of their senses, of noble birth and skilled in interpreting internal sentiments by external gesture, are assigned to you. Because the source of victory for Rajas indeed comes from a concealed counsel by ministers, who are well-versed in political sciences and who can hide their thoughts within themselves.

देवता अर्थे च पित्र् अर्थे ब्राह्मण अभ्यागतेषु च | योधेषु मित्र वर्गेषु कच्चिद् गग्च्छति ते व्ययः || २-१००-५५</blockquote>I hope your income is abundant and expenditure, minimum. I hope your treasure does not reach undeserving people, O, Bharata! I hope that your expenditure goes for the cause of divinity, manes, brahmins, unexpected visitors, soldiers and hosts of friends.<blockquote>कच्चिद् आर्यो विशुद्ध आत्मा क्षारितः चोर कर्मणा | अपृष्टः शास्त्र कुशलैर् न लोभाद् बध्यते शुचिः || २-१००-५६

At the same time, he also advices that,

गृहीतः चैव पृष्टः च काले दृष्टः सकारणः | कच्चिन् न मुच्यते चोरो धन लोभान् नर ऋषभ || २-१००-५७

I hope that you do not deliberate alone nor indeed with numerous men. I hope your decision arrived at by you through such deliberation does not flow to the public (even before it is carried out)<blockquote>कच्चिद् आत्म समाः शूराः श्रुतवन्तो जित इन्द्रियाः | कुलीनाः च इन्गितज्नाः च कृताः ते तात मन्त्रिणः || २-१००-१५

 

 

कच्चिन् मन्त्रयसे न एकः कच्चिन् न बहुभिः सह | कच्चित् ते मन्त्रितो मन्त्रो राष्ट्रम् न परिधावति || २-१००-१८</blockquote>

 

 

 

My darling! I hope that others are not knowing, by their enquiries or strategies or by any other approaches not mentioned, the details of discussions you make with your ministers.<blockquote>कच्चित् तु सुकृतान्य् एव कृत रूपाणि वा पुनः | विदुः ते सर्व कार्याणि न कर्तव्यानि पार्थिवाः || २-१००-२०

व्यसने कच्चिद् आढ्यस्य दुगतस्य च राघव | अर्थम् विरागाः पश्यन्ति तव अमात्या बहु श्रुताः || २-१००-५८</blockquote>If one of noble work, despite his honesty and integrity, is falsely accused of some offence, I hope he is not killed impatiently, without enquiry by those well-versed in law-books.

कच्चिन् न तर्कैर् युक्त्वा वा ये च अप्य् अपरिकीर्तिताः | त्वया वा तव वा अमात्यैर् बुध्यते तात मन्त्रितम् || २-१००-२१</blockquote>I hope you solicit for one wise man rather than for a thousand stupids for, a wise man can be of a great help to you in difficult matters. Even if a king employs thousands or tens of thousands of fools, they will not be helpful to him. Even one wise, valiant, sagacious and efficient minister alone can cause to secure great prosperity to the king or to one who enjoys royal authority.<blockquote>कच्चित् सहस्रान् मूर्खाणाम् एकम् इग्च्छसि पण्डितम् | पण्डितो ह्य् अर्थ कृग्च्छ्रेषु कुर्यान् निह्श्रेयसम् महत् || २-१००-२२

O, foremost of men! If a thief is seen and even caught at the time of his act on sufficient ground and interrogated-I hope, he is not released from greed of wealth.

सहस्राण्य् अपि मूर्खाणाम् यद्य् उपास्ते मही पतिः | अथ वा अप्य् अयुतान्य् एव न अस्ति तेषु सहायता || २-१००-२३

O, Bharata! I hope that your well-educated ministers examine a case dispassionately when a contention occurs between a rich man and a poor man, after studying the situation carefully.<blockquote>यानि मिथ्या अभिशस्तानाम् पतन्त्य् अस्राणि राघव | तानि पुत्र पशून् घ्नन्ति प्रीत्य् अर्थम् अनुशासतः || २-१००-५९</blockquote>The tears fallen from those who are the victims of false accusations, O Bharata, destroy their sons and herds of those who are indifferent to justice, merely for the sake of pleasure.<blockquote>कच्चिद् अर्थेन वा धर्मम् धर्मम् धर्मेण वा पुनः | उभौ वा प्रीति लोभेन कामेन न विबाधसे || २-१००-६२

एको अप्य् अमात्यो मेधावी शूरो दक्षो विचक्षणः | राजानम् राज मात्रम् वा प्रापयेन् महतीम् श्रियम् || २-१००-२४</blockquote>I hope you are appointing those ministers, who are eminent incorruptible, born of the fathers and for bears of good family and who are full of integrity in matters of great importance.<blockquote>अमात्यान् उपधा अतीतान् पितृ पैतामहान् शुचीन् | श्रेष्ठान् श्रेष्ठेषु कच्चित् त्वम् नियोजयसि कर्मसु || २-१००-२६</blockquote>I hope that you consult with three or four ministers as mentioned in scriptures any proposal collectively and singly with each of them in secret.<blockquote>मन्त्रिभिस्त्वं यथोद्दिष्टैश्चतुर्भिस्त्रिभिरेव वा | कच्चित्समस्तैर्व्यस्तैश्च मन्त्रं मन्त्रयसे मिथः || २-१००-७१</blockquote>

एक चिन्तनम् अर्थानाम् अनर्थज्नैः च मन्त्रणम् | निश्चितानाम् अनारम्भम् मन्त्रस्य अपरिलक्षणम् || २-१००-६६

I hope that superior servants are assigned superior works only, mediocre servants in mediocre works and inferior servants in inferior works.<blockquote>कच्चिन् मुख्या महत्सु एव मध्यमेषु च मध्यमाः | जघन्याः च जघन्येषु भृत्याः कर्मसु योजिताः || २-१००-२५</blockquote>

मन्गलस्य अप्रयोगम् च प्रत्युत्थानम् च सर्वशः | कच्चित् त्वम् वर्जयस्य् एतान् राज दोषामः चतुर् दश || २-१००-६७</blockquote>Do you abstain from the following fourteen doshas of kings viz. atheism, falsehood, anger carelessness, procrastination, disregard of the wise, sloth, bondage to the five senses, himself alone devoting thought to the affairs of the state (without consulting the ministers); taking counsel with those of perverted insight; failure to undertake the projects already decided, failure to keep secrets, failure to utter auspicious words (at the beginning of an undertaking); and rising from one's seat (indiscriminately) to receive all.<blockquote>दशपंचचतुर्वर्गान् सप्तवर्गं च तत्त्वतः | अष्टवर्गम् त्रिवर्गं च विद्यास्तिस्रश्च राघव २-१००-६८

* Raja's routine

इन्द्न्द्रियाणां जयं बुद्ध्यं षाड्गुण्यं दैवमानुषम् | कृत्यं विंशतिवर्गं च तथा प्रकृतिमण्डलं || २-१००-६९

I hope you do not fall a prey to excess of sleep and do wake up at appropriate time. I hope you contemplate during the later half of the night, about the adroitness of an action. <blockquote>कच्चिन् निद्रा वशम् न एषि कच्चित् काले विबुध्यसे | कच्चिन् च अपर रात्रिषु चिन्तयस्य् अर्थ नैपुणम् || २-१००-१७</blockquote>O, Prince! Do you, regally adorned, appear before the people on rising each morning, on the great high way?<blockquote>कच्चिद् दर्शयसे नित्यम् मनुष्याणाम् विभूषितम् | उत्थाय उत्थाय पूर्व अह्णे राज पुत्रो महा पथे || २-१००-५१</blockquote>I hope you greet your teachers, the elderly, the ascetics, the deities; the unexpected visitors, the trees standing at cross roads and all the brahmins of auspicious life and conduct.<blockquote>कच्चिद् गुरूमः च वृद्धामः च तापसान् देवता अतिथीन् | चैत्यामः च सर्वान् सिद्ध अर्थान् ब्राह्मणामः च नमस्यसि || २-१००-६१</blockquote>I hope you do not abrogate virtue by your excessive devotion to wealth or your excessive devotion to wealth or your earthly interests by your over-emphasis on religion or both your religious and secular interests by your self-indulgence in pleasure, greed and gratification of the senses<blockquote>कच्चिद् अर्थेन वा धर्मम् धर्मम् धर्मेण वा पुनः | उभौ वा प्रीति लोभेन कामेन न विबाधसे || २-१००-६२</blockquote>I hope your pursue wealth, religion and the delights of the sense dividing them all according to time, O Jewel among the victorious, the one who is conversant with the proper time and O, the bestower of boons<blockquote>कच्चिद् अर्थम् च धर्मम् च कामम् च जयताम् वर | विभज्य काले कालज्न सर्वान् भरत सेवसे || २-१००-६३</blockquote>Do you abstain from the following fourteen doshas of kings viz. atheism, falsehood, anger carelessness, procrastination, disregard of the wise, sloth, bondage to the five senses, himself alone devoting thought to the affairs of the state (without consulting the ministers); taking counsel with those of perverted insight; failure to undertake the projects already decided, failure to keep secrets, failure to utter auspicious words (at the beginning of an undertaking); and rising from one's seat (indiscriminately) to receive all.<blockquote>नास्तिक्यम् अनृतम् क्रोधम् प्रमादम् दीर्घ सूत्रताम् | अदर्शनम् ज्नानवताम् आलस्यम् पन्च वृत्तिताम् || २-१००-६५

यात्रादण्डविधानं च द्वियोनी संधिविग्रहौ | कच्छिदेतान् महाप्राज्ञ यथावदनुमन्यसे २-१००-७०</blockquote>O, the very wise Bharata! I hope you understand the following and deal them properly the ten evils

एक चिन्तनम् अर्थानाम् अनर्थज्नैः च मन्त्रणम् | निश्चितानाम् अनारम्भम् मन्त्रस्य अपरिलक्षणम् || २-१००-६६

# the five kinds of fortifications

# the five kinds of fortifications

# the four expedients

# the four expedients

# and by human agencies

# and by human agencies

# the twenty types of monarches

# the twenty types of monarches

# and the entire population of the kingdom, setting about an an expedition, drawing up an army in a battle-array and the two bases viz, peace and war.<blockquote>मन्त्रिभिस्त्वं यथोद्दिष्टैश्चतुर्भिस्त्रिभिरेव वा | कच्चित्समस्तैर्व्यस्तैश्च मन्त्रं मन्त्रयसे मिथः || २-१००-७१</blockquote>I hope that you consult with three or four ministers as mentioned in scriptures any proposal collectively and singly with each of them in secret.<blockquote>अवाप्य कृत्स्नां वसुधां यथाव | दितश्छ्युतः स्वर्गमुपैति विद्वान् || २-१००-७६</blockquote>A wise and learned king, having obtained and ruled the entire earth, properly by righteousness and by administering justice to the people, indeed ascends to heaven when detached from the mortal body.<ref>Valmiki Ramayana, Ayodhya Kanda, [http://valmikiramayan.pcriot.com/utf8/ayodhya/sarga100/ayodhya_100_frame.htm Sarga 100].</ref>

# and the entire population of the kingdom, setting about an an expedition, drawing up an army in a battle-array and the two bases viz, peace and war.<blockquote><blockquote>दशपंचचतुर्वर्गान् सप्तवर्गं च तत्त्वतः | अष्टवर्गम् त्रिवर्गं च विद्यास्तिस्रश्च राघव २-१००-६८  इन्द्न्द्रियाणां जयं बुद्ध्यं षाड्गुण्यं दैवमानुषम् | कृत्यं विंशतिवर्गं च तथा प्रकृतिमण्डलं || २-१००-६९  यात्रादण्डविधानं च द्वियोनी संधिविग्रहौ | कच्छिदेतान् महाप्राज्ञ यथावदनुमन्यसे २-१००-७०</blockquote></blockquote>

 

 

I hope an army-chief, who is cheerful, wise, courageous, valiant, well-behaved, born in a good family, who is beloved by his subordinates and efficient, is selected by you.

 

I hope those warriors, who are excellent strong, skilled in war-face, whose excellent actions were seen before and the most courageous ones are duly honoured and respected by you.

 

I hope you are regularly giving your army, the daily provisions and the suitable salary to them, without any delay.

 

When there is delay in giving bread and wages, the servants become incensed against their master and become corrupt; and that is said to be a great unfortunate occurrence.<blockquote>कच्चिद्द् हृष्टः च शूरः च धृतिमान् मतिमान् शुचिः | कुलीनः च अनुरक्तः च दक्षः सेना पतिः कृतः || २-१००-३०

 

 

 

 

 

I hope that a knowledgeable man, living in your own country, a wise man, a skilled person endowed with presence of mind and the one who knows how to speak to the point, is selected as an ambassador by you.<blockquote>कच्चिज् जानपदो विद्वान् दक्षिणः प्रतिभानवान् | यथा उक्त वादी दूतः ते कृतो भरत पण्डितः || २-१००-३५</blockquote>

 

 

Do you get to know throught three spies, each unacquainted with each other, about the eighteen* functionaries of the enemies and the fifteen functionaries of your own side?<blockquote>कच्चिद् अष्टादशान्य् एषु स्व पक्षे दश पन्च च | त्रिभिः त्रिभिर् अविज्नातैर् वेत्सि तीर्थानि चारकैः || २-१००-३६</blockquote>They are: 1)the chief minister; 2) the king's family priest; 3)the crown prince; 4)the leader of the army; 5) the chief warder; 6) the chamberlain (antaHpuraaH adhyaksha); 7)the superintendent of gails (kaaraagaara adhyaksha); 8) the chancellor of the exchequer; 9)the herald; 10)the government advocate; 11) the judge; 12)the assessor; 13) the officer disbursing salaries to army men; 14) the officer drawing money from the state exchequer to disburse the workmen's wages; 15) the superintended of public works; 16) the protector of the borders of a kingdom, who also performed the duties of a forester; 17) the magistrate; 18) the officer entrusted with conservation of waters; hills, forests and tracts difficult of access.: The fifteen functionaries of one's own side are the last fifteen of this very list, omitting the first three; viz; the chief ministers, the family priest and the crown prince.

 

 

Are you cherishing all those who live by agriculture and cattle-rearing, O, dear borhter! The people living on agriculture and cattle-rearing indeed prosper well.

 

I hope their maintenance is being looked after by you, in providing what they need and eschewing what they fear. All the citizens are indeed to be protected by a king through his righteousness.

 

 

 

 

I hope all your citadels are quite full of money, grain, weapons, water and mechanical contrivances as well as artisans and archers.<blockquote>कच्चित् सर्वाणि दुर्गाणि धन धान्य आयुध उदकैः | यन्त्रैः च परिपूर्णानि तथा शिल्पि धनुर् धरैः || २-१००-५३</blockquote>I hope your income is abundant and expenditure, minimum. I hope your treasure does not reach undeserving people,  

 

O, Bharata! I hope that your expenditure goes for the cause of divinity, manes, brahmins, unexpected visitors, soldiers and hosts of friends.<blockquote>आयः ते विपुलः कच्चित् कच्चिद् अल्पतरो व्ययः | अपात्रेषु न ते कच्चित् कोशो गग्च्छति राघव || २-१००-५४

 

 

 

If one of noble work, despite his honesty and integrity, is falsely accused of some offence, I hope he is not killed impatiently, without enquiry by those well-versed in law-books.

 

O, foremost of men! If a thief is seen and even caught at the time of his act on sufficient ground and interrogated-I hope, he is not released from greed of wealth.

 

O, Bharata! I hope that your well-educated ministers examine a case dispassionately when a contention occurs between a rich man and a poor man, after studying the situation carefully.<blockquote>कच्चिद् आर्यो विशुद्ध आत्मा क्षारितः चोर कर्मणा | अपृष्टः शास्त्र कुशलैर् न लोभाद् बध्यते शुचिः || २-१००-५६

 

 

व्यसने कच्चिद् आढ्यस्य दुगतस्य च राघव | अर्थम् विरागाः पश्यन्ति तव अमात्या बहु श्रुताः || २-१००-५८</blockquote><blockquote>यानि मिथ्या अभिशस्तानाम् पतन्त्य् अस्राणि राघव | तानि पुत्र पशून् घ्नन्ति प्रीत्य् अर्थम् अनुशासतः || २-१००-५९</blockquote>The tears fallen from those who are the victims of false accusations, O Bharata, destroy their sons and herds of those who are indifferent to justice, merely for the sake of pleasure.<blockquote>कच्चिद् अर्थेन वा धर्मम् धर्मम् धर्मेण वा पुनः | उभौ वा प्रीति लोभेन कामेन न विबाधसे || २-१००-६२

 

कच्चिद् अर्थम् च धर्मम् च कामम् च जयताम् वर | विभज्य काले कालज्न सर्वान् भरत सेवसे || २-१००-६३</blockquote>I hope you do not evade virtue by your excessive devotion to wealth or your earthly interests, by your over-emphasis on religion or both your religious and secular interests, by your self-indulgence in pleasure, greed and gratification of the senses. I hope you pursue wealth, religion and the delights of the sense dividing them all according to time, O Jewel among the victorious, the one who is conversant with the proper time and O, the bestower of boons!

 

== Mahabharata ==

== Mahabharata ==

In Mahabharata Shantiparva also, detailed guidelines are given as to the steps, which are necessary for providing good administration. Addressing Yudhishthira, Bhishmacharya says a Raja should take the following steps for better administration of the state. He says, Yudhishthira, please note that duties of the rulers are :-

In Mahabharata Shantiparva also, detailed guidelines are given as to the steps, which are necessary for providing good administration. Addressing Yudhishthira, Bhishmacharya says a Raja should take the following steps for better administration of the state. He says, Yudhishthira, please note that duties of the rulers are :-