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==परिचयः ॥ Introduction==

==परिचयः ॥ Introduction==

[[File:Yamuna River Network.jpg|alt=Photo Courtesy: Graphi - Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Delhiities towards the River Yamuna, Delhi: CMS Research House.|thumb|Yamuna River Network (Photo Courtesy: Graphi - Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Delhiities towards the River Yamuna, Delhi: CMS Research House)]]The word Yamuna means ‘that which rests (in the Ganga river after merging)’.<ref name=":5" /> Yamuna is the fifth-longest river of Bharat and the longest tributary of the River Ganga. It originates from Champasar (Yamunotri) Glacier at an elevation of 10,849 feet in the Kalinda mountain (hence the name Kalindi) near Banderpoonch peaks in the Har-Ki-Dun mountain range of Uttarkashi district in Uttarakhand.  

[[File:Yamuna River Network.jpg|alt=|thumb|Yamuna River Network.<ref>Graphi - Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Delhiities towards the River Yamuna, Delhi: CMS Research House.</ref>]]The word Yamuna means ‘that which rests (in the Ganga river after merging)’.<ref name=":5" /> Yamuna is the fifth-longest river of Bharat and the longest tributary of the River Ganga. It originates from Champasar (Yamunotri) Glacier at an elevation of 10,849 feet in the Kalinda mountain (hence the name Kalindi) near Banderpoonch peaks in the Har-Ki-Dun mountain range of Uttarkashi district in Uttarakhand.  

The Yamuna rises from several hot-springs, and the spot for bathing is at the point where the cold and warm waters mingle and form a pool. The water of the springs is so hot that rice may be boiled in it. The quantity of water and the flow of the river are more or less constant throughout the year. Since the river often breaks into smaller streams which join it later, several small islands are formed in it.[[File:Journey of Yamuna.jpg|alt=Photo Courtesy: Vinod Tare, Abhishek Gaur (2021), Yamuna River Basin Atlas, National Mission for Clean Ganga.|thumb|The Journey of River Yamuna (Photo Courtesy: Vinod Tare, Abhishek Gaur (2021), Yamuna River Basin Atlas, National Mission for Clean Ganga)]]After coursing through 1376 kilometres (854 miles) through upper hilly terrain, Yamuna enters into the plains from Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh and flows down up to Prayagaraj (the modern Allahabad) where her crystal clear waters join the yellowish Ganga and the invisible Sarasvati at the Triveni-sangam.

The Yamuna rises from several hot-springs, and the spot for bathing is at the point where the cold and warm waters mingle and form a pool. The water of the springs is so hot that rice may be boiled in it. The quantity of water and the flow of the river are more or less constant throughout the year. Since the river often breaks into smaller streams which join it later, several small islands are formed in it.[[File:Journey of Yamuna.jpg|alt=Photo Courtesy: Vinod Tare, Abhishek Gaur (2021), Yamuna River Basin Atlas, National Mission for Clean Ganga.|thumb|The Journey of River Yamuna.<ref>Vinod Tare, Abhishek Gaur (2021), Yamuna River Basin Atlas, National Mission for Clean Ganga.</ref>]]After coursing through 1376 kilometres (854 miles) through upper hilly terrain, Yamuna enters into the plains from Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh and flows down up to Prayagaraj (the modern Allahabad) where her crystal clear waters join the yellowish Ganga and the invisible Sarasvati at the Triveni-sangam.

It is a large basin that covers parts of the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and the entire NCT Delhi. The catchment area of Yamuna contributes 40% to the Ganga basin area and supports 15.27% of the population of Ganga basin<ref name=":5">Vinod Tare, Abhishek Gaur (2021), Yamuna River Basin Atlas, National Mission for Clean Ganga.</ref>.

It is a large basin that covers parts of the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and the entire NCT Delhi. The catchment area of Yamuna contributes 40% to the Ganga basin area and supports 15.27% of the population of Ganga basin<ref name=":5">Vinod Tare, Abhishek Gaur (2021), Yamuna River Basin Atlas, National Mission for Clean Ganga.</ref>.

[[File:Yamunotri.jpg|alt=|thumb|Sri Yamuna ji at Sri Yamunotri (Photo Courtesy: Pravrajika Asaktaprana)|251x251px]]

[[File:Yamunotri.jpg|alt=|thumb|Sri Yamuna ji at Sri Yamunotri (Photo Courtesy: Pravrajika Asaktaprana)|251x251px]]

==ऐतिहासिक-भूगोलवर्णनस्य उद्धरणम् ॥ Excerpts of Historical Geography==

==ऐतिहासिक-भूगोलवर्णनात् उद्धरणम् ॥ Excerpts from the Historical Geography==

The Historical Geography of Ancient India by Bimala Churn Law<ref>Bimala Churn Law (1967), Historical Geography of Ancient India, France: Societe Asiatique De Paris.</ref> beautifully summarizes River Yamuna as: This river is mentioned in the [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]] (X.75; V.52.17; VII.18.19; X.75.5), [[Atharvaveda (अथर्ववेदः)|Atharvaveda]] (IV.9.10) and the Aitareya Brahmana (VIII.14.4). It is known as Kalinda-kanya because it rises from the Kalinda-giri (Raghuvamsha VI.48). According to the Rigveda (VII.18.19), the Tritsus and Sudas defeated their enemies on this river. The territory of the Tritsus lay between the Yamuna and the Sarasvati on the east and the west respectively.  

The Historical Geography of Ancient India by Bimala Churn Law<ref>Bimala Churn Law (1967), Historical Geography of Ancient India, France: Societe Asiatique De Paris.</ref> beautifully summarizes River Yamuna as: This river is mentioned in the [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]] (X.75; V.52.17; VII.18.19; X.75.5), [[Atharvaveda (अथर्ववेदः)|Atharvaveda]] (IV.9.10) and the Aitareya Brahmana (VIII.14.4). It is known as Kalinda-kanya because it rises from the Kalinda-giri (Raghuvamsha VI.48). According to the Rigveda (VII.18.19), the Tritsus and Sudas defeated their enemies on this river. The territory of the Tritsus lay between the Yamuna and the Sarasvati on the east and the west respectively.  

==References==

==References==

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