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Krodha (Sanskrit: क्रोधः) meaning anger, is one of the arishadvargas or the six enemies of a human being, according to [[Sanatana Dharma (सनातनधर्मः)|Sanatana Dharma]] texts. Anger reflects the person's state of mind and portrays emotions, behavioural pattern, and reflects the aggressive nature of a person. Modern psychology addresses anger management as an important therapeutic aid to correct anger issues incorporating these ancient practices into daily life, individuals can achieve greater emotional well-being, maintain healthier relationships, and enhance their spiritual growth.
Krodha (Sanskrit: क्रोधः) meaning anger, is one of the arishadvargas or the six enemies of a human being, according to [[Sanatana Dharma (सनातनधर्मः)|Sanatana Dharma]] texts. Anger reflects the person's state of mind and portrays emotions, behavioural pattern, and reflects the aggressive nature of a person. Modern psychology addresses anger management as an important therapeutic aid to correct anger issues by incorporating ancient practices into daily life. Individuals can achieve greater emotional well-being, maintain healthier relationships, and enhance their spiritual growth when anger is overcome.
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
Krodha is a significant emotional concept discussed in various fields such as dance, drama, philosophy, psychology, Ayurveda, history, and jurisprudence.
In the pursuit of emotional regulation and mental health, individuals often turn to modern psychological practices to manage stress, anger, and frustration. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is one such practice, widely used by current day psychologists to help individuals identify and reframe their negative thought patterns that lead to emotional disturbances like uncontrollable anger. However, ancient Indian philosophies, particularly Vedanta, the Upanishads, and the Bhagavad Gita, offer insights into emotional regulation that remarkably align with these modern psychological techniques.
In the pursuit of emotional regulation and mental health, individuals often turn to modern psychological practices to manage stress, anger, and frustration. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is one such practice, widely used by current day psychologists to help individuals identify and reframe their negative thought patterns that lead to emotional disturbances like uncontrollable anger. However, ancient Indian philosophies, particularly Vedanta, the Upanishads, and the Bhagavad Gita, offer insights into emotional regulation that remarkably align with these modern psychological techniques.
The ancient Indian wisdom, which emphasizes self-awareness (observing one’s own thought) detachment (practicing to perceive actions of self and others as they are in a logical way rather than attaching emotions to it), and mindfulness (being in the state of present, not worrying about past or future), provides valuable teachings for emotional control, particularly in managing anger. This article explores how anger, a common emotional disturbance in modern times, is treated both in contemporary psychological practices and in the teachings of Vedanta. By reflecting on these teachings, the article suggests that integrating this ancient wisdom into daily life can lead to mental peace, emotional balance, and a fulfilling life.
The ancient Indian wisdom, which emphasizes self-awareness (observing one’s own thought) detachment (practicing to perceive actions of self and others as they are in a logical way rather than attaching emotions to it), and mindfulness (being in the state of present, not worrying about past or future), provides valuable teachings for emotional control, particularly in managing anger. This article explores how anger, a common emotional disturbance in modern times, is treated both in contemporary psychological practices and in the teachings of Vedanta. By reflecting on these teachings, the article suggests that integrating this ancient wisdom into daily life can lead to mental peace, emotional balance, and a fulfilling life.
The convergence of modern psychological techniques, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and ancient Indian philosophies, including Vedanta, the [[Upanishads (उपनिषदः)|Upanishads]], and the Bhagavad Gita, in managing emotions, specifically anger. By examining the shared principles between these domains, the paper demonstrates how the teachings from Vedantic philosophy offer a powerful framework for emotional regulation, similar to the tools used in contemporary therapeutic practices.
The convergence of modern psychological techniques, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and ancient Indian philosophies, including Vedanta, the [[Upanishads (उपनिषदः)|Upanishads]], and the Bhagavad Gita, in managing emotions, specifically anger is significant. By examining the shared principles between these domains, the paper demonstrates how the teachings from Vedantic philosophy offer a powerful framework for emotional regulation, similar to the tools used in contemporary therapeutic practices.
== Etymology ==
Krodha is derived from क्रुधँ क्रोधे, krudh dhatu, used in the sense of "to be angry", wrath.<ref name=":0">https://ashtadhyayi.com/kosha?search=krodh</ref> Amarakosha<ref name=":0" /> gives the synonyms of Krodha as कोपक्रोधामर्षरोषप्रतिघा रुट्क्रुधौ स्त्रियौ ॥ kopakrodhāmarṣaroṣapratighā ruṭkrudhau striyau ||
They are कोपः (kopaḥ), अमर्षः (amarṣaḥ), रोषः (roṣaḥ), प्रतिघः (pratighaḥ), रुट् (ruṭ), क्रुत् (krut), and क्रुद् (krud).
Veda-nighantu (2nd adhyaya)<ref name=":0" /> describes eleven names of Krodha namely, हेलः (helaḥ), हरः (haraḥ), हृणिः (hṛṇiḥ) त्यजः (tyajaḥ), भामः (bhāmaḥ) एहः (ehaḥ), ह्वरः (hvaraḥ) तपुषी (tapuṣī) जूर्णिः (jūrṇiḥ) मन्युः (manyuḥ) व्यथिः (vyathiḥ) - इत्येकादश क्रोधनामानि । इति वेदनिघण्टौ २ अध्यायः ॥ ityekādaśa krodhanāmāni | iti vedanighaṇṭau 2 adhyāyaḥ ||
In Vachaspatyam we find that anger is defined as परापकाराय चित्तवृत्तिभेदे, परानिष्टाभिलाषेण अनिष्टविषयद्वेषहेतुके चित्तवृत्तिभेदे। It is a mental state (intent of) of causing harm to others (maybe in response to some previous wrong doing), or a mental state arising due to dvesha (hatred) a disposition to
According to Sahitya Darpana<ref name=":0" />, anger is the feeling (sthayibhava) which gives rise to roudra sentiment (क्रोधश्च रौद्ररसस्य स्थायिभावः “रौद्रः क्रोधस्थायिभावो रक्तो रुद्राधिदैवतः”)
== Nature of Anger ==
== Nature of Anger ==
Anger is a compounded phenomenon. It has tivational components, situational and individual variations, cognitive and excitatory interdependent manifestations and psycho physiological (especially neuroendocrine) aspects.<ref>Nitin Sharma et.al., ''Study Of Krodha (Anger) And It’s Co-Relation With Prakruti'' IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 2; February- 2015</ref>
Anger is a compounded phenomenon. It has tivational components, situational and individual variations, cognitive and excitatory interdependent manifestations and psycho physiological (especially neuroendocrine) aspects.<ref>Nitin Sharma et.al., ''Study Of Krodha (Anger) And It’s Co-Relation With Prakruti'' IAMJ: Volume 3; Issue 2; February- 2015</ref>
== Anger in Indian Texts ==
== Krodha in Various Bharatiya Texts ==
Since Vedic times anger has been discussed in various texts.
Since Vedic times anger has been discussed in various texts.
=== Vedantic Philosophy ===
=== Vedantic Philosophy ===
In a more in-depth approach, Vedanta and other Indian philosophies view anger as a consequence of attachment to the ego (Ahankara) and the desires of the self. The ego, in Vedantic terms, is the “false sense of self” built around identification of a person”s self with external factors like the body, mind, and possessions. This identification creates desires, and when these desires are not fulfilled, anger arises. The Bhagavad Gita (2.63) explains that anger leads to delusion (a false perception of an event or situation), which in turn clouds judgment and hinders the ability to act wisely.
In a more in-depth approach, Vedanta and other Indian philosophies view anger as a consequence of attachment to the ego (Ahankara) and the desires of the self. The ego, in Vedantic terms, is the “false sense of self” built around identification of a person”s self with external factors like the body, mind, and possessions. This identification creates desires, and when these desires are not fulfilled, anger arises. The Bhagavad Gita (2.63) explains that anger leads to delusion (a false perception of an event or situation), which in turn clouds judgment and hinders the ability to act wisely.
=== Puranas ===
=== Bhagavad Gita ===
=== Bhagavad Gita ===
Lord Krishna’s teachings to Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita emphasize transcending attachment to the ego and acting selflessly, without attachment to the results of one's actions (Bhagavad Gita 2.47). By detaching from personal desires and focusing on one’s duties (dharma), individuals can maintain emotional stability and avoid the destructive impact of anger.
Lord Krishna’s teachings to Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita emphasize transcending attachment to the ego and acting selflessly, without attachment to the results of one's actions (Bhagavad Gita 2.47). By detaching from personal desires and focusing on one’s duties (dharma), individuals can maintain emotional stability and avoid the destructive impact of anger.
=== Dharmashastras ===
According to Manusmriti, Manu declares that anger is one of the causes of perjury in the court of law, and that a person resorting to perjury is punishable. <blockquote>लोभान्मोहाद् भयात्मैत्रात् कामात् क्रोधात् तथैव च । अज्ञानाद् बालभावात्च साक्ष्यं वितथमुच्यते ॥ ११८ ॥ ''lobhānmohād bhayātmaitrāt kāmāt krodhāt tathaiva ca'' | ''ajñānād bālabhāvātca sākṣyaṃ vitathamucyate'' || 118 || (Manu. Smrt. 8.118)</blockquote>Evidence is called 'false' when it is due to greed, or embarrassment, fear, friendship, lust, anger, ignorance, childishness.<ref>Jha, Ganganath (1920) ''[https://dn790003.ca.archive.org/0/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.46012/2015.46012.Manusmrti--Vol-6_text.pdf Manusmriti with the commentary of Medatithi, Vol 6]'' Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. (p148-149)</ref>
=== Ayurveda ===
=== Natyashastra ===
== Anger in Modern Psychology ==
== Anger in Modern Psychology ==