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Panchanga (पञ्चाङ्गम्) (view source)
Revision as of 23:53, 25 December 2024
, 23:53, 25 December 2024added content
This calendar is popularly called the Gregorian Calendar and is widely used to the present day. The difference between the civil year and a tropical year was reduced to about 0.1216th of a day (i.e., 2 hours, 55 minutes, 6 seconds) in the course of 400 years. This difference adds up to a full day in the course of about 3300 years. After that many years, a day will have to be dropped from the civil calendar.<ref name=":2" />
This calendar is popularly called the Gregorian Calendar and is widely used to the present day. The difference between the civil year and a tropical year was reduced to about 0.1216th of a day (i.e., 2 hours, 55 minutes, 6 seconds) in the course of 400 years. This difference adds up to a full day in the course of about 3300 years. After that many years, a day will have to be dropped from the civil calendar.<ref name=":2" />
The Gregorian calendar reform itself was initiated because the Julian calendar fixed the length of the year very crudely, in my opinion just because the Romans were not adept with fractions. Because of the error in the second decimal place (the Julian calendar took the year to be exactly 365.25 days) the Julian calendar slipped by about a day in a century, and had, by 1500s, slipped 10 days out of phase in the 1200 years since the Council of Nicaea fixed the date of Easter/vernal equinox. The Gregorian calendar reform corrected that (by advancing the calendar by 10 days, and, e.g., by making every 100th year not a leap year etc. to get a more accurate
figure for the fractional part of the length of the tropical year.) This correction of the calendar was needed for the very practical purpose of fixing latitude from observation of solar altitude at noon. (Navigation was, then, extremely important for Europe, which was then way behind the Indians and Arabs.) However, it became a religious issue and Protestants opposed the papal bull. The reformed calendar was eventually accepted in Britain and in USA (then a British colony) only in 1752, by advancing the calendar by 11 days and implementing the rest of Clavius' recommendations.
== Panchangas are based on movements of the Sun and the Moon ==
== Panchangas are based on movements of the Sun and the Moon ==
== पञ्चाङ्ग-विषयाः ॥ Contents of a Panchanga ==
== पञ्चाङ्ग-विषयाः ॥ Contents of a Panchanga ==
A Panchanga typically gives the microcosmic details of five aspects of the day to day time. They are
A Panchanga typically gives the microcosmic details of five aspects of the day to day time. They are
# तिथिः॥ Tithi (Lunar Day)
# [[Tithi (तिथि)|तिथिः॥ Tithi (Lunar Day)]]
# वारः॥ Vara (Day of the week)
# [[Day of the Week-Vara (वार)|वारः॥ Vara (Day of the week)]]
# नक्षत्रम्॥ Nakshatra (Asterism)
# नक्षत्रम्॥ Nakshatra (Asterism)
# योगः॥ Yoga
# [[Yoga in Panchanga (पंचांग में योग)|योगः॥ Yoga]]
# करणः॥ Karana
# [[Karana in Panchanga (पंचांग में करण)|करणः॥ Karana]]
The coordinates for a day include the tithi present at the time of sunrise, the day of the week, the nakshatra in which the moon is present at the time of sunrise, the yoga and karana at sunrise. Thus the calculations for the day starts with the sunrise. It should be noted that sunrise time changes with the places so the factors become different with change in place.
The coordinates for a day include the tithi present at the time of sunrise, the day of the week, the nakshatra in which the moon is present at the time of sunrise, the yoga and karana at sunrise. Thus the calculations for the day starts with the sunrise. It should be noted that sunrise time changes with the places so the factors become different with change in place.
# Vaastu Prakarana
# Vaastu Prakarana
# Vivaha Prakarana
# Vivaha Prakarana
# Other kinds of panchangas such as Bhaskara panchanga, Gauri Panchanga
# Details of other kinds of panchangas such as Bhaskara panchanga, Gauri Panchanga
== तिथिः॥Tithi ==
== तिथिः॥Tithi ==
If in the course of a lunar month, there are two sankrantis, then that lunar month is considered as a Kshayamasa or deletory month which occurs rather very rarely. A kshayamasa occurs on one of the three lunar months - Kartika, Margasira, or Pushya. This is so, because of the faster motion of the sun during that period and hence the solar months could be slightly less than the corresponding lunar month. A kshayamasa is not counted by its name. A lunar year in which there is a kshayamasa will have two adhikamasas, one preceding it and another succeeding it.<ref name=":2" />
If in the course of a lunar month, there are two sankrantis, then that lunar month is considered as a Kshayamasa or deletory month which occurs rather very rarely. A kshayamasa occurs on one of the three lunar months - Kartika, Margasira, or Pushya. This is so, because of the faster motion of the sun during that period and hence the solar months could be slightly less than the corresponding lunar month. A kshayamasa is not counted by its name. A lunar year in which there is a kshayamasa will have two adhikamasas, one preceding it and another succeeding it.<ref name=":2" />
The traditional Indian calendar uses the sidereal year, while the Julian and Gregorian calendar use the tropical year. The sidereal year is defined as the time period in which the sun returns to the same position with respect to the stars, while the tropical year is defined as the time between two successive vernal equinoxes. The sidereal year involves the motion of the earth relative to the stars, and is MORE than 365.25 days (365.256363 days, approximately), while the tropical year involves the motion of the sun relative to the earth, and is LESS than 365.25 days (365.24219 days approximately, at the present epoch). The difference between the two types of years is approximately 20 minutes per year (1223 s), which can become substantial over long periods. The difference is attributed to the precession of the equinoxes.<ref>[http://www.indianscience.org/essays/t_es_raju_monsoon.shtml Could India's "Failed" Monsoon Have Been Predicted by the Right Calendar?] by C. K. Raju</ref>
== वारः ॥ Vara - Day of the Week ==
== वारः ॥ Vara - Day of the Week ==