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Line 236: − ====कृष्णयजुर्वेदः ॥ Krishna Yajurveda====+ − The Yajurveda was taught by Vyasa to one of his pupils named Vaishampayana who divided it into 86 shakhas and taught it to his pupils. So, Vaishampayana is said to be the original propogator of the shakhas of the Krishna Yajurveda. The name Charaka seems to be attributed to Vaishampayana on the basis of his literary activities shifting from place to place. Hence, his students were also known as Charakas and a separate shakha is also attached to this name. However, it is not clear if all the references mention a particular shakha by the name Charaka or all the shakhas of the Krishna Yajurveda are called by the name Charaka. However, according to the Puranas, the whole Krishna Yajurveda was called Taittiriya. Yajnavalkya vomited the Yajus taught by Vaishampayana and all these Yajus were collected by his other pupils. Since at the time of collecting these Yajus, the pupils took the form of the bird Tittiri, they were called as Taittiriyas. − According to the Charanavyuha of Shaunaka, the major Shakhas of the Krishna Yajurveda along with their subdivisions are as follows:<ref name=":13" /> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + − + − |Taittiriya + + + + + + + − |Khandikeya + + + + − Out of these, Taittiriya Shakha is considered the prime shakha of the Krishna Yajurveda.<ref name=":0" />+ − ===Samhitas=== − Ahilya Singh (2010), [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/3/03_chapter%201.pdf Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan Prarambh se vaidik kaal tak Chapter 1.] − Shakha Vibhaga+ − Currently, there are 5 Shakhas of Yajurveda viz. + − # Taittiriya+ − # Katha-Kapishthala − # Maitrayani − # Vajasaneyi − # Kanva − Vajasaneyi Samhita + − + − Kanva Samhita+ − It belongs to the Shukla Yajurveda branch and comprises of 40 Adhyayas.+ − Taittiriya Samhita+ − It represents the Krishna Yajurveda branch. It was revealed through Rishi Tittiri, the disciple of Rishi Vaishampayana. Hence, the name. It comprises of 7 Kandas, 44 Prapathakas, 631 anuvakas, 2198 kandikas.+ − Maitrayani Samhita+ − It consists of 4 Kandas, 54 Prapathakas and 3144 mantras.+ − Katha Samhita+ − Katha Kapishthala Samhita+ − − This Samhita is not available in entirety. − GSRAI+ − Only the Samhita of the Katha Kapisthala Sakha is available and even that is not in its complete form. Even the available chapters are not complete. They have numerous gaps here and there. The Maitrayaniya Samhita is available. The Samhita of the Taittiriyas is available+ − GSRAI+ − The Katha literature includes the Kathaka Samhita consisting of five Khandas with a the total of 3093 mantras. The Kathaka-Brahmana is not available in its entirety. Only fragments of it have been edited and published. The existence of a Kathaka Aranyaka is also argued. It is probable that the Kathas may also have had their parallel Aranyaka which contained kindred matter. The well-known Katha-Upanisad belongs to this Sakha. The Kathaka Grhya-sutra is available. According to the Caranavyuha, the Katha Sakha had 4o or 44 Upagranthas. But at present we have no knowledge of these Upagranthas. The Caranavyuha while referring to the 44 Upagranthas of Kathas, remarks that there is nothing which is not contained in the Katha literature.8+ − Only the Samhita of the Katha Kapisthala Sakha is available and even that is not in its complete form. Even the available chapters are not complete. They have numerous gaps here and there. A manuscript of the Grhya-sutra of this Sakha is said to be preserved in Sarasvati Bhavana library of Sanskrit University, Varanasi.+ − The Maitrayaniya Samhita is available. A Maitrayaniya Brahmana is noticed in the Baudhayana Srauta Sutra (30.8). A Maitrayani-yopanisad is available. Many Kalpasutras are attached to this Sakha. These Grhya works bear the names of Manava, Varaha and Maitrayaniya. The Manavas and the Varahas are the subdivisions of the Maitrayaniyas.+ − The Samhita of the Taittiriyas is available and the oldest commentary on it is that of Bhattabhaskara Misra. The Taittiriya Brahmana is the only available Brahmana of the KYV. The last portion (III. 10-12} of this Brahmana is regarded as Kathakabhaga i. e. the Kathaka portion. The Taittiriya Aranyaka has 10 Prapathakas. The Taittiriyopanisad is a part of the Aranyaka. It begins from the seventh Prapathaka and ends with the 9th.<ref name=":13" />+ − Structure of the mantras+ − The various ritual mantras in the Yajurveda Samhitas are typically set in a meter, and call on Vedic deities such as the Savita (Sun), Indra, Agni, Prajapati, Rudra and others. The Taittiriya Samhita in Book 4, for example, includes the following verses for the Agnicayana ritual recitation (abridged) Line 335:
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→यजुर्वेदवाङ्मयम् ॥ Yajurvedic Literature: To be edited
śākhābhedāstu teṣāṁ vai daśa pañca ca vājinām । kāṇvādyāstu mahābhāga! yājñavalkyā-pravartitāḥ ।। 29 ।।
śākhābhedāstu teṣāṁ vai daśa pañca ca vājinām । kāṇvādyāstu mahābhāga! yājñavalkyā-pravartitāḥ ।। 29 ।।
vaiśampāyanagotro'sau yajurvedaṁ vyakalpayat । ṣaḍaśītistu yenoktāḥ saṁhitā yajuṣāṁ śubhāḥ ॥65.5॥</blockquote>However, several recensions of each branch of the Yajurveda, Shukla and Krishna, are believed to be lost.<ref name=":13" /> Only two recensions of the Shukla Yajurveda, Madhyandina and Kanva,<ref name="prabhakar" /> have survived into the modern times while, the Krishna Yajurveda has survived in four recensions.<ref name=":0" />
vaiśampāyanagotro'sau yajurvedaṁ vyakalpayat । ṣaḍaśītistu yenoktāḥ saṁhitā yajuṣāṁ śubhāḥ ॥65.5॥</blockquote>However, several recensions of each branch of the Yajurveda, Shukla and Krishna, are believed to be lost. Only two recensions of the Shukla Yajurveda, Madhyandina and Kanva,<ref name="prabhakar" /> have survived into the modern times while, the Krishna Yajurveda has survived in four recensions.<ref name=":0" />
=== शुक्लयजुर्वेदस्य शाखाः ॥ Shukla Yajurveda Shakhas ===
=== शुक्लयजुर्वेदस्य शाखाः ॥ Shukla Yajurveda Shakhas ===
Out of the 86 shakhas of the Krishna Yajurveda, only 4 are available at present viz. Taittiriya, Maitrayani, Katha and Kapisthala. And the Taittiriya Shakha is considered prime among them.<ref name=":0" />
Out of the 86 shakhas of the Krishna Yajurveda, only 4 are available at present viz. Taittiriya, Maitrayani, Katha and Kapisthala. And the Taittiriya Shakha is considered prime among them.<ref name=":0" />
== यजुर्वेदवाङ्मयम् ॥ Yajurvedic Literature ==
== यजुर्वेदवाङ्मयम् ॥ Yajurvedic Literature ==
Yajurveda is a collection of 'mantras' (prose and verse) generally meant for performing a Yajna. Being action-oriented, naturally, variations in it are more than in other Vedas.<ref name="gsrai11" /> Thus, Yajurveda is known for its multiplicity of recensions or schools.<ref name="prabhakar" /> The large number of Shakhas of the Yajurveda also indicates its popularity and wide currency.<ref name="gsrai11" /> And each edition or recension of the Yajurveda has Samhita, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads as part of the text, with Shrautasutras, Grhyasutras and Pratishakhya attached to the text.<ref name="prabhakar" /><ref name="gsrai11" /> In Shukla Yajurveda, the text organization is same for both Madhyandina and Kanva shakhas.<ref name="prabhakar" /><ref name="gsrai11" /> While in Krishna Yajurveda, each of the recensions has or had their Brahmana text mixed into the Samhita text giving rise to its name.<ref name=":13" />
Yajurveda is a collection of 'mantras' (prose and verse) generally meant for performing a Yajna. Being action-oriented, naturally, variations in it are more than in other Vedas.<ref name="gsrai11" /> Thus, Yajurveda is known for its multiplicity of recensions or schools.<ref name="prabhakar" /> The large number of Shakhas of the Yajurveda also indicates its popularity and wide currency.<ref name="gsrai11" /> And each edition or recension of the Yajurveda is supposed to have had its Samhita, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads as part of the text, with Shrautasutras, Grhyasutras and Pratishakhya attached to the text.<ref name="gsrai11" /><ref name=":13" />
=== यजुर्वेदसंहिताः ॥ Yajurveda Samhitas ===
=== यजुर्वेदसंहिताः ॥ Yajurveda Samhitas ===
Today, no less than six complete samhitas of the Yajurveda are available in actual form.<ref name="gsrai11" />
Today, no less than six samhitas of the Yajurveda are available in actual form<ref name="gsrai11" /> viz.
====शुक्लयजुर्वेदः ॥ Shukla Yajurveda====
* Madhyandina and Kanva belonging to the Shukla Yajurveda.
The samhita in the Shukla Yajurveda is called the Vajasaneyi Samhita. The name Vajasaneyi is derived from Vajasaneya, patronymic of Rshi Yajnavalkya, the founder of the Vajasaneyi branch.<ref name="gsrai11" /> There are two (nearly identical) surviving recensions of the Vajasaneyi Samhita ie. Vajasaneyi Madhyandina and Vajasaneyi Kanva.<ref name="prabhakar" />
* Taittiriya, Maitrayani, Katha and Katha-Kapisthala belonging to the Krishna Yajurveda.<ref name=":0" />
====शुक्लयजुर्वेदसंहिताः ॥ Shukla Yajurveda Samhitas====
The Shukla Yajurveda Samhita is also known as Vajasaneyi Samhita.<ref name="gsrai11" /> And there are two (nearly identical) surviving recensions of the Vajasaneyi Samhita viz. Vajasaneyi Madhyandina and Vajasaneyi Kanva.<ref name="prabhakar" />
{| class="wikitable" align="center" style=" background: transparent; " data-ve-attributes="{"style":" background: transparent; ","typeof":"mw:ExpandedAttrs","about":"#mwt968618916"}" |+ Recensions of the White Yajurveda<ref name=rgriffithwycontents/>
{| class="wikitable" align="center" style=" background: transparent; " data-ve-attributes="{"style":" background: transparent; ","typeof":"mw:ExpandedAttrs","about":"#mwt968618916"}" |+ Recensions of the White Yajurveda<ref name=rgriffithwycontents/>
|+Shukla Yajurveda Shakhas<ref name="gsrai11" />
|+Shukla Yajurveda Samhitas<ref name="gsrai11" />
|- style="background: #ffad66;" data-ve-attributes="{"style":"background: #ffad66;"}" | width="120px" Recension Name
|- style="background: #ffad66;" data-ve-attributes="{"style":"background: #ffad66;"}" | width="120px" Recension Name
|Shakha
|Shakha
| width="40px" |2086
| width="40px" |2086
|}
|}
Vajasaneyi Samhita
It belongs to the Shukla Yajurveda branch. This Samhita was obtained by Yajnavalkya from a Vajin. Hence, the name. It comprises of 40 Adhyayas, 303 anuvakas, 1975 Kandikas. The mantras are in both Gadya and Padya.
Kanva Samhita
It belongs to the Shukla Yajurveda branch and comprises of 40 Adhyayas.<ref name=":3" />
The Kanva Sakha : This Sakha has preserved both its Samhita and the Brahmana.
The Samhita and the Brahmana of the Kanvas are now available- The Kanva-Samhita contains 40 Adhyayas, 328 Anuvakas and 2086 verses. The Madhyandina-Samhita contains 1975 verses. Thus, the Kanva Samhita has 111 verses more than the Madhyandina-Samhita- The Brahmana of the Kanvas as well as of the Madhyandinas is called the 'Satapatha-Brahrnana. But there is some minor differences between the two Brahmanas. In the Kanva-Satapatha, there are 17 Kandas, 104 Adhyayas and 6806 Kandikas, The subject-matter of both the Brahmanas is same but the order is different. The Kalpasutra of Katyayana is prescribed for the followers of these Shakhas. According to Mahadeva, the commentator of the Hiranyakeshi sutra, Katyayana sutra was prescribed for both the schools.
The Madyandina Shakha : The Samhita and the Brahmana of this Veda are now in wide currency.
In the Samhita of the Madhyandinas, there are 40 Adhyayas, 303 Anuvakas and 1975 verses. The Brahmana of the Sakha is called the Madhyandina-Satapatha. It has 14 KSndas, 100 Adhyayas, 64 Prapathakas, 438 Brahmanas and 7624 Kandikas. The rules laid down by Katyayana Sutra are observed in the Sakha of the Madhyandinas.<ref name="gsrai11" />
Madhyandina and Kanva, both contain equal number of chapters. However, the arrangement of kandikas differ to some extent.
Of the 40 chapters of the Shukla Yajurveda, the 40th chapter is the Ishavasya Upanishad while the remaining 39 chapters deal with various Yajnas as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Shakha
|+Contents of the Shukla Yajurveda Samhita
!Subdivisions
!Yajna
!Chapters in Madhyandina Samhita
!Chapters in Kanva Samhita
|-
|Darshapurnamasa
|1-2
|1-2
|-
|Agnihotra
|3
|3
|-
|Soma
|4-8
|4-9
|-
|Vajapeya
|9
|10
|-
|Rajasuya
|9-10
|11
|-
|Agnichayana
|11-18
|12-20
|-
|Sautramani
|19-21
|21-23
|-
|Ashvamedha
|22-25
|24-28
|-
|Purushamedha
|30-31
|34-35.1-22
|-
|Sarvamedha
|32-33.1-54
|35.23-34-32.1-56
|-
|Pitrmedha
|35
|33.35-54
|-
|-
|Charaka
|Pravargya
|12
|36-39
|36-39
|}
The recensions of the Shukla Yajurveda are identical for all academic purposes. The form of the 2 samhita recensions is the same. The difference lies only in respect of the system of arrangement of the text, even though there is agreement in the extent of the text.<ref name="prabhakar" />
====कृष्णयजुर्वेदसंहिताः ॥ Krishna Yajurveda Samhitas====
Maharshi Veda Vyasa taught the Yajurveda to Vaishampayana who divided it into 86 shakhas and taught it to his pupils. So, Maharshi Vaishampayana is considered the original propogator of the Krishna Yajurveda Shakhas. He was also attributed with the name Charaka since his literary activities shifted from place to place. Thereby, his students were also known as Charakas and a separate shakha got attached to this name. But it is not clear if all the references mention a particular shakha by the name Charaka or all the shakhas of the Krishna Yajurveda are called by the name Charaka. However, according to the Puranas, the whole Krishna Yajurveda was called Taittiriya since the Yajus were collected by the pupils of Vaishampayana in the form of the bird Tittiri.<ref name=":13" />
Four Samhitas belonging to the Krishna Yajurveda are available at present viz. Taittiriya, Maitrayani, Katha and Kapisthala.<ref name=":0" />
Taittiriya Samhita
It represents the Krishna Yajurveda branch. It was revealed through Rishi Tittiri, the disciple of Rishi Vaishampayana. Hence, the name. It comprises of 7 Kandas, 44 Prapathakas, 631 anuvakas, 2198 kandikas.
Maitrayani Samhita
It consists of 4 Kandas, 54 Prapathakas and 3144 mantras.
Katha Samhita
Katha Kapishthala Samhita
This Samhita is not available in entirety.<ref name=":3" />
Only the Samhita of the Katha Kapisthala Sakha is available and even that is not in its complete form. Even the available chapters are not complete. They have numerous gaps here and there.
The text of the samhita is divided as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kapisthala Katha Samhita
!Ashtaka
!Adhyayas
|-
|-
|Maitrayaniya
|1
|6
|1 to 8
|-
|-
|2
|2
|9 to 16
|-
|3
|17 to 24
|-
|4
|25 to 32
|-
|-
|5
|5
|33 to 40
|-
|6
|41 to 48
|}
|}
Adhyayas 9 to 24, Adhyaya 32 and Adhyaya 43 are not available.
The Katha literature includes the Kathaka Samhita consisting of five Khandas with a the total of 3093 mantras. The Kathaka-Brahmana is not available in its entirety. Only fragments of it have been edited and published. The existence of a Kathaka Aranyaka is also argued. It is probable that the Kathas may also have had their parallel Aranyaka which contained kindred matter. The well-known Katha-Upanisad belongs to this Sakha. The Kathaka Grhya-sutra is available. According to the Caranavyuha, the Katha Sakha had 4o or 44 Upagranthas. But at present we have no knowledge of these Upagranthas. The Caranavyuha while referring to the 44 Upagranthas of Kathas, remarks that there is nothing which is not contained in the Katha literature. (to be verified)
The Maitrayaniya Samhita is available.
The Samhita of the Taittiriyas is available and the oldest commentary on it is that of Bhattabhaskara Misra.<ref name=":13" />
Patanjali says that the Kathaka literature was read in every villages. Patanjali says that the Katha literature is very vast. The Katha literature The Kathaka Sathhita is available,
It belongs to the Shukla Yajurveda branch. This Samhita was obtained by Yajnavalkya from a Vajin. Hence, the name. It comprises of 40 Adhyayas, 303 anuvakas, 1975 Kandikas. The mantras are in both Gadya and Padya.
It has five Khandas which are called Ithimika, Madhyamika^
QramiM, Yajyanuvakya and ASvamedhagrantha. The tSthSnakas
are its subdivisions. The total number of the Sthanakas is 4o, of
the anuvacanas 13, of the Anuvakas 843 and of the Manias 3093.
The Kathaka- Brahmana is not available in its entirety. Only
fragments of it have been edited and published. The existence
of a KS|haka Aranyaka is also argued. It is probable that the
Ka|has may also have had tlieir parallel Aranyaka which
contained kindred matter. The well-known Kafha-Upanisad
belongs to this Sakha. The Kathaka Grhya-sutra is available.
This Grhya-sutra bears different names i.e. Kathaka-Grhya-sutra t
Caraka-Grhya-sutra and Laugaks!*Grhya-sutra. It seems quite
possible that because these names belong to the Caiaka-group of
the Yajurvedic schools and they have no separate Grhya-sutras,
so they called this Grhyasutra by various names. Laugaksi may
be a follower of the Katha school and he composed a Grhya-
sutra for the Kathaka Sakha.
===Organization===
===Organization===
All about Hinduism - Swami Sivananda
All about Hinduism - Swami Sivananda
The Kathaka brahmana is only known by its mention, not available as a text.
The Kathaka brahmana is only known by its mention, not available as a text.
A Maitrayaniya Brahmana is noticed in the Baudhayana Srauta Sutra (30.8). A Maitrayani-yopanisad is available.<ref name=":13" />
The Taittiriya Brahmana is the only available Brahmana of the KYV. The last portion (III. 10-12} of this Brahmana is regarded as Kathakabhaga i. e. the Kathaka portion.<ref name=":13" />
=== Aranyakas ===
=== Aranyakas ===
Of these, the 7th, 8th and 9th Prapathakas together are termed as Taittiriya Upanishad and the 10th Prapathaka is known as the Mahanarayaniya Upanishad and is considered a Parishishta of the Taittiriya Aranyaka. The Prapathakas are further divided into Anuvakas numbering to 170 until the 9th Prapathaka. And the anuvakas are organised into dashakas. This Aranyaka has good number of rks quoted from the Rgveda.
Of these, the 7th, 8th and 9th Prapathakas together are termed as Taittiriya Upanishad and the 10th Prapathaka is known as the Mahanarayaniya Upanishad and is considered a Parishishta of the Taittiriya Aranyaka. The Prapathakas are further divided into Anuvakas numbering to 170 until the 9th Prapathaka. And the anuvakas are organised into dashakas. This Aranyaka has good number of rks quoted from the Rgveda.
The Taittiriya Aranyaka has 10 Prapathakas. The Taittiriyopanisad is a part of the Aranyaka. It begins from the seventh Prapathaka and ends with the 9th.<ref name=":13" />
===Upanishads===
===Upanishads===
Apart from these, in the commentary of the Apastamba Shulbasutra, Karavindasvami mentions Yashaka and Hiranyakeshi shulbasutras. However, their texts are not available.
Apart from these, in the commentary of the Apastamba Shulbasutra, Karavindasvami mentions Yashaka and Hiranyakeshi shulbasutras. However, their texts are not available.
The Kathaka Grhyasutra is available (Katha Literature). This Grhyasutra bears different names ie. Kathaka-Grhya sutra, Charaka Grhya sutra and Laugakshi Grhya sutra. It seems quite possible that because these names belong to the Charaka group of the Yajurvedic schools and they have no separate Grhyasutras, so they called this Grhyasutra by various names.<ref name=":13" />
The Kathaka Grhyasutra is available (Katha Literature). This Grhyasutra bears different names ie. Kathaka-Grhya sutra, Charaka Grhya sutra and Laugakshi Grhya sutra. It seems quite possible that because these names belong to the Charaka group of the Yajurvedic schools and they have no separate Grhyasutras, so they called this Grhyasutra by various names.<ref name=":13" />
A manuscript of the Grhya-sutra of the Katha Kapisthala Sakha is said to be preserved in Sarasvati Bhavana library of Sanskrit University, Varanasi.
Many Kalpasutras are attached to the Maitrayaniya Sakha. These Grhya works bear the names of Manava, Varaha and Maitrayaniya. The Manavas and the Varahas are the subdivisions of the Maitrayaniyas.
<ref name=":13" />
==== Vedanga Jyotish ====
==== Vedanga Jyotish ====