4,652
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 1:
Line 1: − + Line 26:
Line 26: − + − + Line 50:
Line 50: − + − + − yajūṣi yairadhītāni tāni viprairdrijottama । vājinaste samākhyātāḥ sūryāśvaḥ so'bhavada yataḥ ।। 28 ।। </blockquote>According to Shatapatha Brahmana, Shukla Yajurveda thus narrated further by Maharshi Yajnavalkya represents the Aditya Sampradaya, one of the two Sampradayas of the Vedas. The other one being the Brahma Sampradaya that is represented by the Krishna Yajurveda.<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>आदित्यानीमानि शुक्लानि यजूंषि वाजसनेयेन याज्ञवल्क्येनाख्यायन्ते १४.९.४.३३<ref>Shatapatha Brahmana, Kanda 14, Adhyaya 9, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AF/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A5%AA Brahmana 4]</ref>+ − − − All about Hinduism - Swami Sivananda+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − Shabdakalpadruma+ − यजुर्व्वेदः एकविंशतिभेदेन ऋग्वेदं कृतवान् पुरा । शाखानान्तु शतेनाथ यजुर्व्वेदमथाकरोत् ॥ सामवेदं सहस्रेण शाखानाञ्च विभेदतः । अथर्व्वाणमथो वेदं बिभेद नवकेन तु ॥” इति कौर्म्म्ये ४९ अध्यायः ॥+ − Ahilya Singh (2010), [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/3/03_chapter%201.pdf Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan Prarambh se vaidik kaal tak Chapter 1.]+ − Shakha Vibhaga+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − नवाधिकशतं शाखा यजुषो मारुतात्मज ॥ १२॥ [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Muktikopanishad]+ + − The Yajurveda text includes Shukla Yajurveda of which about 15/16 recensions are known, while the Krishna Yajurveda may have had as many as 86 recensions.<ref name="prabhakar">CL Prabhakar (1972), [https://kramerius.lib.cas.cz/search/localPrintPDF?pids=uuid:79893c82-3e48-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003,uuid:79a8d273-3e48-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003,uuid:79c7a514-3e48-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003,uuid:79e4ca05-3e48-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003,uuid:7a021606-3e48-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003,uuid:7a1e2987-3e48-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003,uuid:7a3b7588-3e48-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003&pagesize=A4&imgop=FULL The Recensions of the Sukla Yajurveda], Archív Orientální, Volume 40, Issue 1.</ref> + + − Shabdakalpadruma + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − यजुः + − यजुर्व्वेदस्य षडशीतिर्भेदा भवन्ति । तत्र चरका नाम द्वादश भेदा भवन्ति । चरकाः १ आह्व- रकाः २ कठाः ३ प्राच्यकठाः ४ कपिष्ठलकठाः ५ औपमन्याः ६ आष्ठालकठाः ७ चाराय- णीयाः ८ वारायणीयाः ९ वार्त्तान्तवेयाः १० श्वेताश्वतराः ११ मैत्रायणीयाश्चेति १२ । तत्र मैत्रायणीया नाम सप्त भेदा भवन्ति । मानवाः १ दुन्दुभाः २ चैकेयाः ३ वाराहाः ४ हारिद्रवेयाः ५ श्यामाः ६ श्यामायनीया- श्चेति ७ । तेषामध्ययनमष्टौ शतम् । यजुः- महस्राण्यधीत्य शाखापारो भवति । तान्येव द्विगुणान्यधीत्य पदपारो भवति । तान्येव त्रिगु- णान्यधीत्य क्रमपारो भवति । षडङ्गान्यधीत्य षडङ्गविद्भवति । शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणं निरुक्तं च्छन्दो ज्योतिषमित्यङ्गानि । तत्र प्राच्योदीच्यां नैरृत्यां निरृत्यः । तत्र वाजसनेया नाम सप्त- दश भेदा भवन्ति । जाबालाः १ औधेघाः २ काण्वाः ३ माध्यन्दिनाः ४ शापीयाः ५ तापायनीयाः ६ कापालाः ७ पौण्ड्रवत्साः ८ आवटिकाः ९ पामावटिकाः १० पारा- शर्य्याः ११ वैधेयाः १२ वैनेयाः १३ औधेयाः १४ गालवाः १५ वैजवाः १६ कात्यायनीया- श्चेति १७ । प्रतिपदमनुपदं छन्दो भाषा धर्म्मो मीमांसा न्यायस्तर्क इत्युपाङ्गानि भवन्ति । उपज्योतिषम् १ साङ्गलक्षणम् २ प्रतिज्ञा ३ अनुवाक्यम् ४ परिसंख्या ५ चरणच्यूहम् ६ श्राद्धकल्पः ७ प्रवराध्यायश्च ८ शास्त्रम् ९ क्रतुः १० संख्या ११ अनुगमः १२ यज्ञम् १३ पाश्वानः १४ होत्रकम् १५ पशवः १५ उक्- थानि १७ कूर्म्मलक्षणम् १८ । इत्यष्टादशपरि- शिष्टानि । “द्बे सहस्रे शते न्यूने मन्त्रे वाजसनेयके । इत्युक्तं परिसंख्यातमेतत् सकलं सशुक्रियम् ॥ ग्रन्थांश्च परिसंख्यातं ब्राह्मणञ्च चतुर्गुणम् । आदावारभ्य वेदान्तं ब्रह्मव्याहृतिपूर्ब्बकम् । वेदमध्याय एतेषां होमान्ते तु समारभेत् ॥” तत्र तैत्तिरीयका नाम द्विभेदा भवन्ति । औख्याः खाण्डिकेयाश्चेति । तत्र खाण्डिकेया नाम पञ्च भेदा भवन्ति । आपस्तम्बी १ बौधा- यनी २ सत्याषाढी ३ हिरण्यकेशी ४ औधेया- श्चेति ५ । तत्र कठानान्तूपगानविशेषः । चतु- श्चत्वारिंशत्युपग्रन्थान् । “मन्त्रब्राह्मणयोर्वेदस्त्रिगुणं यत्र पठ्यते । यजुर्व्वेदः स विज्ञेयोऽन्ये शाखान्तराः स्मृताः ॥” + − Vishnu Purana+ − 3.5 - Fifteen branches of this school sprang from Kaṇwa and other pupils of Yājñawalkya + − Only two recensions of the Shukla Yajurveda have survived, Madhyandina and Kanva, and others are known by name only because they are mentioned in other texts. These two recensions are nearly the same, except for few differences. In contrast to Shukla Yajurveda, the four surviving recensions of Krishna Yajurveda are very different versions. The Krshna Yajurveda has survived in four recensions, while two recensions of Shukla Yajurveda have survived into the modern times.<ref name="prabhakar" /> + − + − A total of eighty six recensions are mentioned to exist in Vayu Purana, however vast majority of them are believed to be lost.<ref>Ganga Sagar Rai (1965), [https://archive.org/details/puranavolvii015193mbp/page/n247/mode/2up?view=theater Sakhas of the Krsna Yajurveda in the Puranas], Purana (Vol 7, No. 2), Varanasi: All India Kashiraj Trust.</ref> + − == Rtvik ==+ − Apte − अध्वर्युः. Any officiating priest, technically distinguished from होतृ, उद्रातृ and ब्रह्मन्. His duty was "to measure the ground, build the altar, prepare sacrificial vessels, to fetch wood and water, to light the fire, to bring the animal and immolate it," and while doing this to repeat the Yajurveda; होता प्रथमं शंसति तमध्वर्युः प्रोत्साहयति Sk. See अच्छावाक also.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − The Yajurveda Samhita was compiled keeping in mind the procedural principles of Yajnas. And among the four rtviks imperative to the fulfilment of Yajna-karmas, the Adhvaryu is of prime importance as he fulfils the prime rituals of the Yajna. And it is to aid the fulfilment of his specific duties known as the Adhvaryava that the Yajurveda Samhitas are compiled within different shakhas. The adhvaryu recites the prosaic mantras or yajus and performs the rituals.+ + − Baldev Upadhyay (1955), [https://ia801607.us.archive.org/10/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.347181/2015.347181.Vaidik-Sahitya.pdf Vaidik Sahitya], Kashi+ − Vishnu Purana 3.4+ − There was but one Yajur-veda; but dividing this into four parts, Vyāsa instituted the sacrificial rite that is administered by four kinds of priests: in which it was the duty of the Adhwaryu to recite the prayers (Yajush) (or direct the ceremony); of the Hotri, to repeat the hymns (Ricas); of the Udgātri, to chaunt other hymns (Sāma); and of the Brahman, to pronounce the formulæ called Atharva. + − एक आसीदू यजुर्वेदस्तं चतुर्धा व्यकल्पयत् ।+ − चातुर्होत्रमभूदू यस्मिस्तन यज्ञमथाकरोत् ।। ११ ।।+ − आध्वर्यवं यजुभिंस्तु ऋगूभिर्होत्रं तथा मुनिः ।+ − औदूगात्रं सामभिश्चक्र ब्रह्मत्वं चाप्यथर्वभिः ।। १२ ।।+ − Shabdakalpadruma+ − यजुर्व्वेदः,+ − एक आसीद्यजुर्व्वेदस्तञ्चतुर्धा व्यकल्पयत् । चातुर्होत्रमभूद्यस्मिंस्तेन यज्ञमथाकरोत् ॥ अध्वर्यवं यजुर्भिः स्यादृग्भिर्होत्रं द्विजोत्तमाः । उद्गात्रं सामभिश्चक्रे ब्रह्मत्वञ्चाप्यथर्व्वभिः ॥+ − + − All about Hinduism - Swami Sivananda+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + − There are as many Upanishads to each Veda as there are Sakhas, branches or recensions, i.e., 21, 109, 1000 and 50 respectively to the four Vedas, the Rig-Veda, the Yajur-Veda, the Sama-Veda and the Atharva-Veda.+ − Among the Kalpa Sutras, The Katyayana and Paraskara belong to the Sukla Yajur-Veda. The Apastamba, Hiranyakesi, Bodhayana, Bharadvaja, Manava, Vaikhanasa and the Kathaka belong to the Krishna Yajur-Veda.<ref name=":2" />+ − Need Citation+ − Also, known as Adhvaryuveda. Has 18 Parishishtas. In the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, vi. 4, 33, there is a reference to the śuklāni Yajūṃṣi, ‘white or pure Yajus,’ as promulgated by Vājasaneya Yājñavalkya, whence the Vājasaneyi Saṃhītā is popularly known as the ‘White Yajurveda.’+ − ===Shukla Yajurveda=== − The samhita in the Shukla Yajurveda is called the ''Vajasaneyi Samhita''. The name ''Vajasaneyi'' is derived from Vajasaneya, patronymic of sage Yajnavalkya, and the founder of the Vajasaneyi branch. There are two (nearly identical) surviving recensions of the Vajasaneyi Samhita (VS): ''Vajasaneyi Madhyandina'' and ''Vajasaneyi Kanva''.<ref name="prabhakar" /> − {| class="wikitable" align="center" style=" background: transparent; " data-ve-attributes="{"style":" background: transparent; ","typeof":"mw:ExpandedAttrs","about":"#mwt968618916"}" |+ Recensions of the White Yajurveda<ref name=rgriffithwycontents/> − |- style="background: #ffad66;" data-ve-attributes="{"style":"background: #ffad66;"}" | width="120px" Recension Name − | width="40px" |Adhyayas − | width="40px" |Anuvakas − | width="40px" |No. of Verses − | width="200px" |Regional presence − | width="60px" |Reference − |- style="text-align: center;" data-ve-attributes="{"style":"text-align: center;"}" | width="120px" Madhyandina − | width="40px" |40 − | width="40px" |303 − | width="40px" |1975 − | width="200px" |Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, North India − | width="60px" |<ref name="gsrai11" /><ref>GS Rai, [https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n19/mode/2up Sakhas of the Yajurveda in the Puranas], Purana, Vol 7, No. 1, page 13</ref> − |- style="text-align: center;" data-ve-attributes="{"style":"text-align: center;"}" | width="120px" Kanva − | width="40px" |40 − | width="40px" |328 − | width="40px" |2086 − | width="200px" |Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu − | width="60px" |<ref name="gsrai11" /><ref>GS Rai, [https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n21/mode/2up Sakhas of the Yajurveda in the Puranas], Purana, Vol 7, No. 1, page 14</ref> − |} − ===Krishna Yajurveda=== − The Katha school is referred to as a sub-school of ''Carakas'' (wanderers) in some ancient texts of India, because they did their scholarship as they wandered from place to place.<ref>GS Rai, [https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n249/mode/2up Sakhas of the Krsna Yajurveda in the Puranas], Purana, Vol 7, No. 2, pages 236-238</ref> − {| class="wikitable" align="center" style=" background: transparent; " data-ve-attributes="{"style":" background: transparent; ","typeof":"mw:ExpandedAttrs","about":"#mwt546021976"}" |+ Recensions of the Black Yajurveda<ref name=rgriffithwycontents/> − |- style="background: #ffad66;" data-ve-attributes="{"style":"background: #ffad66;"}" | width="120px" Recension Name − | width="50px" |No. of Sub-recensions<ref name="gsrai238">GS Rai, [https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n251/mode/2up Sakhas of the Krsna Yajurveda in the Puranas], Purana, Vol 7, No. 2, pages 238-241</ref> − | width="40px" |Kanda − | width="40px" |Prapathaka − | width="40px" |No. of Mantras − | width="200px" |Regional presence − | width="60px" |Reference − |- style="text-align: center;" data-ve-attributes="{"style":"text-align: center;"}" | width="120px" Taittiriya − | width="50px" |2 − | width="40px" |7 − | width="40px" |42 − | width="40px" | − | width="200px" |South India − | width="60px" | − |- style="text-align: center;" data-ve-attributes="{"style":"text-align: center;"}" | width="120px" Maitrayani − | width="50px" |6 − | width="40px" |4 − | width="40px" |54 − | width="40px" | − | width="200px" |Western India − | width="60px" |<ref>GS Rai, [https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n257/mode/2up Sakhas of the Krsna Yajurveda in the Puranas], Purana, Vol 7, No. 2, pages 244</ref> − |- style="text-align: center;" data-ve-attributes="{"style":"text-align: center;"}" | width="120px" Kāṭhaka (Caraka) − | width="50px" |12 − | width="40px" |5 − | width="40px" |40 − | width="40px" |3093 − | width="200px" |Kashmir, North India, East India − | width="60px" |<ref name="gsrai238" /><ref name="gondayv">{{cite book |last=Gonda |first=Jan |title=A History of Indian Literature: Veda and Upanishads |volume=Vol.I |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=3-447-01603-5 |pages=326–327 |year=1975}}</ref> − |- style="text-align: center;" data-ve-attributes="{"style":"text-align: center;"}" | width="120px" Kapiṣṭhala − | width="50px" |5 − | width="40px" |6 − | width="40px" |48 − | width="40px" | − | width="200px" |Haryana, Rajasthan − | width="60px" |<ref name="gondayv" /><ref>GS Rai, [https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n255/mode/2up Sakhas of the Krsna Yajurveda in the Puranas], Purana, Vol 7, No. 2, pages 241-242</ref> − |}The Maitrayani saṃhita is the oldest Yajurveda Samhita that has survived, and it differs largely in content from the Taittiriyas, as well as in some different arrangement of chapters, but is much more detailed.<ref name="gsrai235">GS Rai, [https://archive.org/stream/puranavolvii015193mbp#page/n247/mode/2up Sakhas of the Krsna Yajurveda in the Puranas], Purana, Vol 7, No. 2, pages 235-253</ref> − The Kāṭhaka saṃhitā or the Caraka-Kaṭha saṃhitā, according to tradition was compiled by Katha, a disciple of Vaisampayana.<ref name="gsrai235" /> Like the Maitrayani Samhita, it offers much more detailed discussion of some rituals than the younger ''Taittiriya samhita'' that frequently summarizes such accounts.<ref name="gsrai235" /> The Kapiṣṭhala saṃhitā or the Kapiṣṭhala-Kaṭha saṃhitā, named after the sage Kapisthala is extant only in some large fragments and edited without accent marks.<ref name="gsrai235" /> This text is practically a variant of the Kāṭhaka saṃhitā.+ − Baldev Upadhyay (1955), [https://ia801607.us.archive.org/10/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.347181/2015.347181.Vaidik-Sahitya.pdf Vaidik Sahitya], Kashi+ − The Taittiriya shakha is the prime shakha of the Krshna Yajurveda.+ − ===Organization=== − Each regional edition (recension) of Yajurveda had Samhita, Brahmana, Aranyakas, Upanishads as part of the text, with Shrautasutras, Grhyasutras and Pratishakhya attached to the text. In Shukla Yajurveda, the text organization is same for both Madhayndina and Kanva shakhas.<ref name="prabhakar" /><ref name="gsrai11" /> − In Krishna Yajurveda, each of the recensions has or had their Brahmana text mixed into the Samhita text, thus creating a motley of the prose and verses, and making it unclear, disorganized.<ref name="gsrai235" />+ − ===Samhitas=== − Structure of the mantras − The various ritual mantras in the Yajurveda Samhitas are typically set in a meter, and call on Vedic deities such as the Savita (Sun), Indra, Agni, Prajapati, Rudra and others. The Taittiriya Samhita in Book 4, for example, includes the following verses for the Agnicayana ritual recitation (abridged)+ − Ahilya Singh (2010), [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/3/03_chapter%201.pdf Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan Prarambh se vaidik kaal tak Chapter 1.]+ − Shakha Vibhaga+ − According to Muktikopanishad 109 shakhas + − नवाधिकशतं शाखा यजुषो मारुतात्मज ॥ १२॥ [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Muktikopanishad]+ − Currently, there are 5 Shakhas of Yajurveda viz. + − # Taittiriya+ − # Katha-Kapishthala − # Maitrayani − # Vajasaneyi − # Kanva − Vajasaneyi Samhita + − It belongs to the Shukla Yajurveda branch. This Samhita was obtained by Yajnavalkya from a Vajin. Hence, the name. It comprises of 40 Adhyayas, 303 anuvakas, 1975 Kandikas. The mantras are in both Gadya and Padya.+ − Kanva Samhita+ − It belongs to the Shukla Yajurveda branch and comprises of 40 Adhyayas.+ − Taittiriya Samhita+ − It represents the Krishna Yajurveda branch. It was revealed through Rishi Tittiri, the disciple of Rishi Vaishampayana. Hence, the name. It comprises of 7 Kandas, 44 Prapathakas, 631 anuvakas, 2198 kandikas.+ + − Maitrayani Samhita+ − It consists of 4 Kandas, 54 Prapathakas and 3144 mantras.+ − Katha Samhita+ − Katha Kapishthala Samhita+ − This Samhita is not available in entirety.+ Line 254:
Line 422: − + Line 261:
Line 429: + + + + Line 288:
Line 460: + + Line 347:
Line 521: − + Line 378:
Line 552: + + + + + + + + Line 418:
Line 600: + + + + + + + Line 440:
Line 629: − − == Sociological reflections in Yajurveda == − − === Agriculture === − Shukla Yajurveda, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8 Adhyaya 12]. − − 12.67 − − सीरा युञ्जन्ति कवयो युगा वि तन्वते पृथक् । − − धीरा देवेषु सुम्नया ॥ − − 12.68 − − युनक्त सीरा वि युगा तनुध्वं कृते योनौ वपतेह बीजम् । − − गिरा च श्रुष्टिः सभरा असन् नो नेदीयऽ इत् सृण्यः पक्वम् एयात् ॥ − − 12.69 − − शुनꣳ सु फाला वि कृषन्तु भूमिꣳ शुनं कीनाशा ऽ अभि यन्तु वाहैः । − − शुनासीरा हविषा तोशमाना सुपिप्पला ऽ ओषधीः कर्तनास्मे ॥ − − 12.70 − − घृतेन सीता मधुना सम् अज्यतां विश्वैर् देवैर् अनुमता मरुद्भिः । − − ऊर्जस्वती पयसा पिन्वमानास्मान्त् सीते पयसाभ्या ववृत्स्व ॥ − − 12.71 − − लाङ्गलं पवीरवत् सुशेवꣳ सोमपित्सरु । − − तद् उद् वपति गाम् अविं प्रफर्व्यं च पीवरीं प्रस्थावद् रथवाहनम् ॥ − − Yajurveda taittiriya samhita mentions 3 types of land viz. − − # Urvara ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AC shukla 16.33]; [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83)/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%AA/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AB Taittiriya 4.5.6]) - fertile land − # Irina (shukla 16.43; Taittiriya 4.5.9) - barren land − # Shashpya (shukla 16.42; Taittiriya 4.5.8) - grass land − − Yajurveda taittiriya samhita also mentions different types of mud/clay viz. − − # Mrd/Mrttika - मृत्तिका च मे ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE 18.13]) − # Rajasa bhumi - रजस्याय च (16.45) − # Ashma - अश्मा च मे (18.13) − # Kimshila - किꣳशिलाय च (16.43) − # Irinya - इरिण्याय च (16.43) − # Urvara - उर्वर्याय च (16.33) − # Sikata - सिकत्याय च (16.43) − − Yajurveda mentions two types of Agriculture - वर्ष्याय चावर्ष्याय च ॥ 16.38 − − # Varshya - dependent on rain − # Avarshya - not dependant on rain; dependent on irrigation from wells, ponds, canals, etc. − − Another classification of Agriculture in the Yajurveda is कृष्टपच्याश् च मे ऽकृष्टपच्याश् च मे 18.14 − − # Krshta Pachya - Grains obtained through ploughing. − # Akrshta Pachya - Wild grains, flowers and fruits obtained without ploughing. − − Taittiriya Samhita also mentions the seasonal timeline for agricultural activities of specific crops. The timing of sowing described seem similar to the present times.<ref name=":0">Baldev Upadhyay (1955), [https://ia801607.us.archive.org/10/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.347181/2015.347181.Vaidik-Sahitya.pdf Vaidik Sahitya], Kashi</ref> − − 2 यवं ग्रीष्मायौषधीर् वर्षाभ्यो व्रीहीञ् छरदे माषतिलौ हेमन्तशिशिराभ्याम् । तेनेन्द्रम् प्रजापतिर् अयाजयत् ततो वा इन्द्र इन्द्रो ऽभवत् तस्माद् आहुः । आनुजावरस्य यज्ञ इति स ह्य् एतेनाग्रे ऽयजत । एष ह वै कुणपम् अत्ति यः सत्त्रे प्रतिगृह्णाति पुरुषकुणपम् अश्वकुणपम् । गौर् वा अन्नम् । येन पात्रेणान्नम् बिभ्रति यत् तन् न निर्णेनिजति ततो ऽधि ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83)/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%AD/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8 Taittiriya 7.2.10.2])<ref name=":0" /> − − Meaning: The grains that were cooked in summer were sown in rains and harvested in sharad.<ref name=":0" /> − − Til and pulses were sown in rains and harvested in winter.<ref name=":0" /> − − The Taittiriya Samhita also mentions harvesting two crops in a year.<ref name=":0" /> − − 3 जनयस् ताभिर् एवैनाम् पचति षड्भिः पचति षड् वा ऋतवः । ऋतुभिर् एवैनाम् पचति द्विः पचन्त्व् इत्य् आह तस्माद् द्विः संवत्सरस्य सस्यम् पच्यते वारुण्य् उखाभीद्धा मैत्रियोपैति शान्त्यै देवस् त्वा सवितोद् वपत्व् इत्य् आह सवितृप्रसूत एवैनाम् ब्रह्मणा देवताभिर् उद् वपति । अपद्यमाना पृथिव्य् आशा दिश आ पृण ॥ ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83)/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%AB/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7 Taittiriya 5.1.7.3]) − − The Yajurveda mentions 12 kinds of grains viz. − − # Vrihi − # Yava − # Masha − # Tila − # Mudk − # Khalva − # Priyangu − # Anu − # Shyamaka − # Nivara − # Godhuma − # Masura − − Shukla Yajurveda 18.12 − − व्रीहयश् च मे यवाश् च मे माषाश् च मे तिलाश् च मे मुद्गाश् च मे खल्वाश् च मे प्रियङ्गवश् च मे ऽणवश् च मे श्यामाकाश् च मे नीवाराश् च मे गोधूमाश् च मे मसूराश् च मे यज्ञेन कल्पन्ताम् ॥ − − Taittiriya Samhita 4.7.4.2 − − 2 मे प्रभु च मे बहु च मे भूयश् च मे पूर्णं च मे पूर्णतरं च मे ऽक्षितिश् च मे कूयवाश् च मे ऽन्नं च मे ऽक्षुच् च मे व्रीहयश् च मे यवाश् च मे माषाश् च मे तिलाश् च मे मुद्गाश् च मे खल्वाश् च मे गोधूमाश् च मे मसुराश् च मे प्रियंगवश् च मे ऽणवश् च मे श्यामाकाश् च मे नीवाराश् च मे ॥ − − The Vajasaneyi Samhita mentions Rice, Moong, Urad, Til and Masoor (18.12; 21.29) − − Reference: Ahilya Singh (2010), Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan Prarambh se vaidik kaal tak, [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/4/04_chapter%202.pdf Chapter 2]. − − The Taittiriya Samhita differentiates between the white and black grains. It mentiones three types of grains. Namely, − − # कृष्णः − # आशुः − # महाव्रीहिः − − अग्नये गृहपतये पुरोडाशम् अष्टाकपालं निर् वपति कृष्णानां व्रीहीणाꣳ सोमाय वनस्पतये श्यामाकं चरुꣳ सवित्रे सत्यप्रसवाय पुरोडाशं द्वादशकपालम् आशूनां व्रीहीणाꣳ रुद्राय पशुपतये गावीधुकं चरुम् बृहस्पतये वाचस्पतये नैवारं चरुम् इन्द्राय ज्येष्ठाय पुरोडाशम् एकादशकपालम् महाव्रीहीणाम् मित्राय सत्यायाम्बानां चरुं वरुणाय धर्मपतये यवमयं चरुम् । सविता त्वा प्रसवानाꣳ सुवताम् अग्निर् गृहपतीनाꣳ सोमो वनस्पतीनाꣳ रुद्रः पशूनाम् 1.8.10.1 − − === Animal Husbandry === − The term 'hastipa' features in the Vajasaneyi Samhita which is regarded as a reference to a mahout. − − [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%A6 30.11] − − अर्मेभ्यो हस्तिपं जवायाश्वपं पुष्ट्यै गोपालं वीर्यायाविपालं तेजसे ऽजपालम्... − − The Vajasaneyi Samhita mentions Ram as an animal giving wool. − − [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9 13.50] − − इममूर्णायुं वरुणस्य नाभिं त्वचं पशूनां द्विपदांचतुष्पदाम् । − − त्वष्टुः प्रजानां प्रथमं जनित्रम् अग्ने मा हिꣳसीः परमे व्योमन् । − − उष्ट्रम् आरण्यम् अनु ते दिशामि तेन चिन्वानस् तन्वो नि षीद । − − उष्ट्रं ते शुग् ऋच्छतु यं द्विष्मस् तं ते शुग् ऋच्छतु ॥ − − 13.51 − − अजो ह्य् अग्नेर् अजनिष्ट शोकात् सो ऽ अपश्यज् जनितारम् अग्रे । − − तेन देवा देवताम् अग्रम् आयꣳस् तेन रोहम् आयन्न् उप मेध्यासः । − − शरभम् आरण्यम् अनु ते दिशामि तेन चिन्वानस् तन्वो नि षीद । − − शरभं ते शुग् ऋच्छतु यं द्विष्मस् तं ते शुग् ऋच्छतु ॥ − − The Yajurveda clearly prohibits cruelty to animals. It says, − − [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AC 36.22] − − यतो-यतः समीहसे ततो नो ऽ अभयं कुरु । − − शं नः कुरु प्रजाभ्यो ऽभयं नः पशुभ्यः ॥ − − It elaborates saying Cows, Ox, two-feet animals, animals with one 'saph', four-legged animals, camels and sheep should not be killed. − − [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9 13.47] − − इमं '''मा हिꣳसीर् द्विपादं पशुꣳ''' सहस्राक्षो मेधाय चीयमानः । − − मयुं पशुं मेधम् अग्ने जुषस्व तेन चिन्वानस् तन्वो नि षीद । − − मयुं ते शुग् ऋच्छतु यं द्विष्मस् तं ते शुग् ऋच्छतु ॥ − − 13.48 − − इमं मा हिꣳसीर् एकशफं पशुं कनिक्रदं वाजिनं वाजिनेषु । − − गौरम् आरण्यम् अनु ते दिशामि तेन चिन्वानस् तन्वो नि षीद । − − गौरं ते शुग् ऋच्छतु यं द्विष्मस् तं ते शुग् ऋच्छतु ॥ − − 13.49 − − इमꣳ साहस्रꣳ शतधारम् उत्सं व्यच्यमानꣳ सरिरस्य मध्ये । − − घृतं दुहानाम् अदितिं जनायाग्ने मा हिꣳसीः परमे व्योमन् । − − गवयम् आरण्यम् अनु ते दिशामि तेन चिन्वानस् तन्वो नि षीद । − − गवयं ते शुग् ऋच्छतु यं द्विष्मस् तं ते शुग् ऋच्छतु ॥ − − 13.50 − − इममूर्णायुं वरुणस्य नाभिं त्वचं पशूनां द्विपदांचतुष्पदाम् । − − त्वष्टुः प्रजानां प्रथमं जनित्रम् अग्ने मा हिꣳसीः परमे व्योमन् । − − उष्ट्रम् आरण्यम् अनु ते दिशामि तेन चिन्वानस् तन्वो नि षीद । − − उष्ट्रं ते शुग् ऋच्छतु यं द्विष्मस् तं ते शुग् ऋच्छतु ॥ − − It also mentions killing of a horse as a punishable offense − − यो ऽ अर्वन्तं जिघाꣳसति तम् अभ्य् अमीति वरुणः परो मर्तः परः श्वा ॥ [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A8 22.5] − − Reference: Ahilya Singh (2010), Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan Prarambh se vaidik kaal tak, [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/5/05_chapter%203.pdf Chapter 3]. − − === Textile === − The Yajurveda mentions ladies who do − − # embroidery - पेशस्कारीꣳ ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%A6 30.9]) − # dyeing - रजयित्रीम् (30.12) − # basket maker - बिदलकारीं (30.8) − − There is also mention of loom (वेम) and weaver's shuttle (तसरं) Shukla [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF 19.83] and Kathaka [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83)/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AE 38.3] − − It also mentions woolen thread. − − ऊर्णासूत्रेण कवयो वयन्ति । 19.80 − − It is seen that dyeing and embroidery of cloths was largely done by women. − − Reference: Ahilya Singh (2010), Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan Prarambh se vaidik kaal tak, [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/6/06_chapter%204.pdf Chapter 4]. − − === Metallurgy === − In the Yajurveda, we find the term श्यामेनायसा for iron and र्लोहितेनायसेति for copper (Maitrayani [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AA/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8 4.2.9]); it also mentions a goldsmith ie. हिरण्यकारं (30.17) − − Reference: Ahilya Singh (2010), Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan Prarambh se vaidik kaal tak, [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/6/06_chapter%204.pdf Chapter 4]. − − Vajasaneya Samhita mentions hiranya-gold, ayasa, shyama-iron, loha-copper, sisa-lead, trapu-tin. − − Reference: Ahilya Singh (2010), Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan Prarambh se vaidik kaal tak, [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/9/09_chapter%207.pdf Conclusion]. − − === Wooden works === − The Yajurveda also mentions carpentar ie. तक्षाणं ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83)/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8 12.10]) and a chariot-maker ie. रथकारेभ्यश्च वो नमो नमः ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83)/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AD 17.13]). The Maitrayani Samhita enlists both these class of men under 'ratnins'. It is said that during coronation ceremony Raja himself used to visit them. − − वैष्णवस्त्रिकपालस्तक्षरथकारयोर्गृहे... Maitrayani [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A8/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AC 2.6.5] − − The Maitrayani Samhita enlists different types of peyas like मासरं ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A9/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7 3.11.2.9]) and the maker of Sura is referred to as सुराकारं in the Vajasaneyi Samhita ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%A6 30.11]) − − Reference: Ahilya Singh (2010), Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan Prarambh se vaidik kaal tak, [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/6/06_chapter%204.pdf Chapter 4]. − − === Trade and Commerce === − There is mention of Vanijya, in the sense of son of a trader (businessman) in the Yajurveda. − − [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%A6 30.17] − − बीभत्सायै पौल्कसं वर्णाय हिरण्यकारं तुलायै वाणिजं पश्चादोषाय ग्लाविनं विश्वेभ्यो भूतेभ्यः सिध्मलं भूत्यै जागरणम् अभूत्यै स्वपनम् आर्त्यै जनवादिनं व्यृद्ध्या ऽ अपगल्भꣳ सꣳशराय प्रच्छिदम् ॥ − − There is reference to traders praying to Indra and Agni for protection from wild animals and robbers during their travel. − − [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AA 4.29] − − प्रति पन्थाम् अपद्महि स्वस्तिगाम् अनेहसम् । − − येन विश्वाः परि द्विषो वृणक्ति विन्दते वसु ॥ − − Reference: Ahilya Singh (2010), Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan Prarambh se vaidik kaal tak, [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/7/07_chapter%205.pdf Chapter 5.] − − ==== Barter system ==== − The Yajurveda mentions exchange of things of equal price. − − [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9 3.50] − − देहि मे ददामि ते नि मे धेहि नि ते दधे । − − निहारं च हरासि मे निहारं निहराणि ते स्वाहा ॥ − − Reference: Ahilya Singh (2010), Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan Prarambh se vaidik kaal tak, [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/8/08_chapter%206.pdf Chapter 6.] − − === Transport === − There is reference of traversing long distances by chariots. − − Kathaka Samhita ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83)/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AD 37.14]) − − Reference: Ahilya Singh (2010), Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan Prarambh se vaidik kaal tak, [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/7/07_chapter%205.pdf Chapter 5.] − − === Land Ownership === − − ==== Individual land ownership ==== − The Taittiriya Samhita mentions that in case of a land dispute with a neighbour, offering is to be given to Indra and Agni. It also mentions the joint ownership of wealth between the father and the son. − − [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83)/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A8/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AC 2.6.1] अनुवाक 1 प्रयाजविधिः − − 1 समिधो यजति वसन्तम् एवर्तूनाम् अव रुन्द्धे तनूनपातं यजति ग्रीष्मम् एवाव रुन्द्धे । इडो यजति वर्षा एवाव रुन्द्धे बर्हिर् यजति शरदम् एवाव रुन्द्धे स्वाहाकारं यजति हेमन्तम् एवाव रुन्द्धे तस्मात् स्वाहाकृता हेमन् पशवो ऽव सीदन्ति समिधो यजत्य् उषस एव देवतानाम् अव रुन्द्धे तनूनपातं यजति यज्ञम् एवाव रुन्द्धे − − Reference: Ahilya Singh (2010), Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan Prarambh se vaidik kaal tak, [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/8/08_chapter%206.pdf Chapter 6.] − − === Concept of Rna === − It is said that the term Rna first occured in the Rgveda. And the concepts of Deva Rna and Pitr Rna took birth. In the Yajurveda, we find that the concept of Rshi Rna gets added and the number of Rnas become three. − − 5 उत्तमो हि प्राणो यदीतरं यदीतरम् उभयम् एवाजामि जायमानो वै ब्राह्मणस् त्रिभिर् ऋणवा जायते ब्रह्मचर्येणर्षिभ्यो यज्ञेन देवेभ्यः प्रजया पितृभ्य एष वा अनृणो यः पुत्री यज्वा ब्रह्मचारिवासी तद् अवदानैर् एवाव दयते तद् अवदानानाम् अवदानत्वम् । देवासुराः संयत्ता आसन् ते देवा अग्निम् अब्रुवन् त्वया वीरेणासुरान् अभि भवामेति । (Taittiriya Samhita [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83)/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%AC/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9 6.3.10.5]) − − Reference: Ahilya Singh (2010), Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan Prarambh se vaidik kaal tak, [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/8/08_chapter%206.pdf Chapter 6.]
→यजुर्वेदवाङ्मयम् ॥ Yajurvedic Literature: To be edited
Yajurveda (Samskrit: यजुर्वेदः) is one of the Chaturvedas (four Vedic texts); the other three being Rigveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda.<ref name=":1">Vettam Mani (1975), [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/892/mode/2up?view=theater Puranic Encyclopaedia], Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.</ref> It has two chief branches namely, Shukla Yajurveda and Krishna Yajurveda. And consists of a collection of mantras relating to various Yajnas.<ref name=":8">Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), [https://archive.org/details/ldpd_7285627_000/page/882/mode/2up?view=theater The Practical Sanskrit English Dictionary], Poona: Shiralkar & Co.</ref> {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hTuHb4uNHs&feature=youtu.be
Yajurveda (Samskrit: यजुर्वेदः) is one of the Chaturvedas (four Vedic texts); the other three being Rigveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda.<ref name=":1">Vettam Mani (1975), [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/892/mode/2up?view=theater Puranic Encyclopaedia], Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.</ref> It has two chief branches namely, Shukla Yajurveda and Krishna Yajurveda. And consists of a collection of mantras relating to various Yajnas.<ref name=":8">Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), [https://archive.org/details/ldpd_7285627_000/page/882/mode/2up?view=theater The Practical Sanskrit English Dictionary], Poona: Shiralkar & Co.</ref><ref name="gsrai11">Ganga Sagar Rai (1965), [https://archive.org/details/puranavolvii015193mbp/page/n12/mode/1up?view=theater Sakhas of the Yajurveda in the Puranas], Purana (Vol 7, No. 1), Varanasi: All-India Kashiraj Trust. </ref> {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hTuHb4uNHs&feature=youtu.be
|alignment=right
|alignment=right
|dimensions=500x248
|dimensions=500x248
It is said that Veda Vyasa compiled the Yajurveda with the mantras named 'Yajus'.<ref name=":7" /> <blockquote>
It is said that Veda Vyasa compiled the Yajurveda with the mantras named 'Yajus'.<ref name=":7" /> <blockquote>
यजूषि च यजुर्वेदं ... ।। १३ ।।<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":9" /> yajūṣi ca yajurvedaṁ ... ।। 13 ।। </blockquote>
यजूषि च यजुर्वेदं ... ।। १३ ।।<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":9" /> yajūṣi ca yajurvedaṁ ... ।। 13 ।। </blockquote>
Shabdakalpadruma also explains Yajurveda as <blockquote>यजुरेव वेदः । यजुषां वेद इति वा ।<ref name=":9">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%AF Shabdakalpadruma], See: Yajurveda.</ref> yajureva vedaḥ । yajuṣāṁ veda iti vā ।</blockquote>Meaning: Yajurveda is a collection of Yajus.<ref name=":3" /> The term 'Yajus' is derived from the root यज् (to worship) added with the Unadi affix उसि and refers to the mantras used in the performance of Yajnas.<ref name=":5">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AF Vachaspatyam]. See: Yajus.</ref><ref name=":10">Kulapati Jibananda Vidyasagara (1900), Shabda Sagara, First Edition, See: [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.195943/page/n581/mode/2up?view=theater Yajus]</ref><ref name=":3" /><blockquote>इज्यतेऽनेनेति यजुः ।<ref name=":4">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%AF Shabdakalpadruma], See: Yajuh</ref> ijyate'neneti yajuḥ ।</blockquote>The term Yajuh variegatedly explained as,<ref name=":0" />
Shabdakalpadruma also explains Yajurveda as <blockquote>यजुरेव वेदः । यजुषां वेद इति वा ।<ref name=":9">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%AF Shabdakalpadruma], See: Yajurveda.</ref> yajureva vedaḥ । yajuṣāṁ veda iti vā ।</blockquote>Meaning: Yajurveda is a collection of Yajus.<ref name=":3" /> The term 'Yajus' is derived from the root यज् (to worship) added with the Unadi affix उसि and refers to the mantras used in the performance of Yajnas.<ref name=":5">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AF Vachaspatyam]. See: Yajus.</ref><ref name=":10">Kulapati Jibananda Vidyasagara (1900), Shabda Sagara, First Edition, See: [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.195943/page/n581/mode/2up?view=theater Yajus]</ref><ref name=":3" /><blockquote>इज्यतेऽनेनेति यजुः ।<ref name=":4">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%AF Shabdakalpadruma], See: Yajuh</ref> ijyate'neneti yajuḥ ।</blockquote>The term Yajuh variegatedly explained as,<ref name="gsrai11" /><ref name=":0">Baldev Upadhyay (1955), [https://ia801607.us.archive.org/10/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.347181/2015.347181.Vaidik-Sahitya.pdf Vaidik Sahitya], Kashi</ref>
# अनियताक्षरावसानो यजुः । aniyatākṣarāvasāno yajuḥ । ie. The one in which the number of syllables is not designated or fixed.
# अनियताक्षरावसानो यजुः । aniyatākṣarāvasāno yajuḥ । ie. a mantra in verse having indefinite number of syllables.
# गद्यात्मको यजुः । gadyātmako yajuḥ । ie. That which is prosaic in nature.
# गद्यात्मको यजुः । gadyātmako yajuḥ । ie. That which is prosaic in nature.
# शेषे यजुः । śeṣe yajuḥ । ie. The remaining (ie. apart from rks and samans)
# शेषे यजुः । śeṣe yajuḥ । ie. The remaining (ie. apart from rks and samans)
As mentioned earlier, when Veda Vyas divided the Veda into four, he taught the Yajurveda to his disciple, Maharshi Vaishampayana. According to the Vishnu Purana, Vaishampayana made 27 branches of the Yajurveda and taught it to his disciples including Yajnavalkya (the son of Brahmarata).<ref name=":1" />
As mentioned earlier, when Veda Vyas divided the Veda into four, he taught the Yajurveda to his disciple, Maharshi Vaishampayana. According to the Vishnu Purana, Vaishampayana made 27 branches of the Yajurveda and taught it to his disciples including Yajnavalkya (the son of Brahmarata).<ref name=":1" />
Once Vaishampayana asked his disciples to perform, on his behalf, a Vrata that repels the consequences of Brahmahatya. Yajnavalkya who was his disciple offered to do the vrata alone by himself that enraged Vaishampayana. He asked Yajnavalkya to abandon everything that he had learnt from him for disobeying his Guru's instructions. Yajnavalkya thus, ejected the texts of Yajurveda from his stomach that the other disciples of Vaishampayana picked up by transforming themselves into Tittiri birds thereby, giving it the name Taittiriya Samhita.<ref name=":7" /><blockquote>यजूष्यथ विसृष्टानि याज्ञवल्क्येन वै द्रिज । जगृहुस्तित्तिरा भूत्वा तैत्तिरीयास्तु ते ततः ।। १२ ।।<ref name=":12">Vishnu Purana, Amsha 3, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AB Adhyaya 5]</ref>
Once Vaishampayana asked his disciples to perform, on his behalf, a Vrata that repels the consequences of Brahmahatya. Yajnavalkya who was his disciple offered to do the vrata alone by himself that enraged Vaishampayana. He asked Yajnavalkya to abandon everything that he had learnt from him for disobeying his Guru's instructions. Yajnavalkya thus, ejected the texts of Yajurveda from his stomach that the other disciples of Vaishampayana picked up by transforming themselves into Tittiri birds thereby, giving it the name Taittiriya Samhita.<ref name=":7" /><ref name="gsrai11" /><blockquote>यजूष्यथ विसृष्टानि याज्ञवल्क्येन वै द्रिज । जगृहुस्तित्तिरा भूत्वा तैत्तिरीयास्तु ते ततः ।। १२ ।।<ref name=":12">Vishnu Purana, Amsha 3, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AB Adhyaya 5]</ref>
yajūṣyatha visr̥ṣṭāni yājñavalkyena vai drija । jagr̥hustittirā bhūtvā taittirīyāstu te tataḥ ।। 12 ।।</blockquote>On the other hand, Yajnavalkya propitiated Surya deva and asked to be conferred upon the knowledge of those Yajurveda texts hitherto unexplored. Thus, the Sun who appeared in the form of a horse, gave Yajnavalkya the texts of Yajurveda known as ayātayāma. And since the knowledge was imparted by Surya deva in the form of a horse, those who studied this text are called Vajis.<ref name=":7" /> <blockquote>यजूषि यैरधीतानि तानि विप्रैर्द्रिजोत्तम । वाजिनस्ते समाख्याताः सूर्याश्वः सोऽभवद यतः ।। २८ ।।<ref name=":12" />
yajūṣyatha visr̥ṣṭāni yājñavalkyena vai drija । jagr̥hustittirā bhūtvā taittirīyāstu te tataḥ ।। 12 ।।</blockquote>On the other hand, Yajnavalkya propitiated Surya deva and asked to be conferred upon the knowledge of those Yajurveda texts hitherto unexplored. Thus, the Sun who appeared in the form of a horse, gave Yajnavalkya the texts of Yajurveda known as ayātayāma.<ref name="gsrai11" /> And since the knowledge was imparted by Surya deva in the form of a horse, those who studied this text are called Vajis.<ref name=":7" /> <blockquote>यजूषि यैरधीतानि तानि विप्रैर्द्रिजोत्तम । वाजिनस्ते समाख्याताः सूर्याश्वः सोऽभवद यतः ।। २८ ।।<ref name=":12" /> yajūṣi yairadhītāni tāni viprairdrijottama । vājinaste samākhyātāḥ sūryāśvaḥ so'bhavada yataḥ ।। 28 ।। </blockquote>According to the Vayu Purana, Yajnavalkya himself took the form of a horse and learnt the Shukla Yajurveda from the Sun. <blockquote>अश्वरूपाय मार्तण्डो याज्ञवल्क्याय धीमते । aśvarūpāya mārtaṇḍo yājñavalkyāya dhīmate । </blockquote>According to Sayanacharya, 'vāja' means grain (anna). The Rishi who was liberal in grains was called 'Vājasani'. And being the son of a Vājasani, Maharshi Yajnavalkya was also called Vājasaneya.<ref name="gsrai11" /> Thereby, the Samhita he related ie. the Shukla Yajurveda, came to be referred to as Vajasaneyi Samhita. The Shatapatha Brahmana mentions that this Shukla Yajurveda thus narrated further by Maharshi Vajasaneya Yajnavalkya represents the Aditya Sampradaya, one of the two Sampradayas of the Vedas. The other one being the Brahma Sampradaya that is represented by the Krishna Yajurveda.<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>आदित्यानीमानि शुक्लानि यजूंषि वाजसनेयेन याज्ञवल्क्येनाख्यायन्ते १४.९.४.३३<ref>Shatapatha Brahmana, Kanda 14, Adhyaya 9, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AF/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A5%AA Brahmana 4]</ref>
ādityānīmāni śuklāni yajūṁṣi vājasaneyena yājñavalkyenākhyāyante 14.9.4.33</blockquote>Though both the Krishna and Shukla Yajurveda are chiefly in measured and poetical prose and their subject matter are rituals, mantras peculiar to them, etc.,<ref name=":10" /> it is seen that the Shukla Yajurveda has a collection of only mantras essential for performing rituals like darshapurnamasa, etc. While the Krishna Yajurveda also includes the relevant brahmana portions therein.<ref name="gsrai11" /> Thus, the differentiation of the Yajurveda into Krishna and Shukla is to do with their content. Wherein, the combination of mantras and brahmanas defines the nature of Krishna Yajurveda and the unalloyed collection of mantras alone defines the nature of the Shukla Yajurveda; giving them their respective names.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":13">Ganga Sagar Rai (1965), [https://archive.org/details/puranavolvii015193mbp/page/n247/mode/2up?view=theater Sakhas of the Krsna Yajurveda in the Puranas], Purana (Vol 7, No. 2), Varanasi: All India Kashiraj Trust.</ref>
ādityānīmāni śuklāni yajūṁṣi vājasaneyena yājñavalkyenākhyāyante 14.9.4.33</blockquote>Though both the Krishna and Shukla Yajurveda are chiefly in measured and poetical prose and their subject matter are rituals, mantras peculiar to them, etc.,<ref name=":10" /> it is seen that the Shukla Yajurveda has a collection of only mantras essential for performing rituals like darshapurnamasa, etc. While the Krishna Yajurveda also includes the relevant brahmana portions therein. Thus, the differentiation of the Yajurveda into Krishna and Shukla is to do with their content. Wherein, the combination of mantras and brahmanas defines the nature of Krishna Yajurveda and the unalloyed collection of mantras alone defines the nature of the Shukla Yajurveda.<ref name=":0" />
==शाखाभेदाः ॥ Branches ==
==शाखाभेदाः ॥ Branches ==
It is said that the entire Veda together has 1180 branches including 21 of the Rigveda, 109 of the Yajurveda, 1000 of the Samaveda and 50 of the Atharvaveda.<ref name=":2" /> However, the number of Yajurveda shakhas mentioned across texts vary, between 24 to 109.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Yajurveda Shakhas<ref name="gsrai11" />
!Number of Shakhas
!According to (text)
!Reference
|-
|24
|Atharvana Charanavyuha
|तत्र यजुर्वेदस्य चतुर्विंशतिर्भेदा भवन्ति । ४९.२.१<ref>Atharva Parishishta, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%A7-%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%A6 Parishishta 41-50]</ref>
|-
|42
|Vishnu Purana
|यजुर्वेदतरोः शाखाः सप्तविंशन्महामतिः । वैशम्पायननामासौ व्यासशिष्यश्चकार वै ।। १ ।।
The Rig-Veda is divided into twenty-one sections, the Yajur-Veda into one hundred and nine sections, the Sama-Veda into one thousand sections and the Atharva-Veda into fifty sections. In all, the whole Veda is thus divided into one thousand one hundred and eighty recensions.
शाखाभेदास्तु तेषां वै दश पञ्च च वाजिनाम् । काण्वाद्यास्तु महाभाग! याज्ञवल्क्या-प्रवर्तिताः ।। २९ ।।<ref>Vishnu Purana, Amsha 3, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AB Adhyaya 5]</ref>
|-
|86
|Charanavyuha of Shaunaka
|यजुर्वेदस्य षडशीतिर्भेदा भवन्ति ।<ref name=":14">Anantaram Dogara Sastri (1938), [https://archive.org/details/caranavyuha/page/n37/mode/1up?view=theater The Charanavyuha Sutra of Saunaka], Benaras: The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office.</ref>
|-
|100<ref name=":9" />
|Kurma Purana
|शाखानां तु शतेनैव यजुर्वेदमथाकरोत् ।। ५२.१९ ।।<ref>Kurma Purana, Purva Bhaga, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 52]</ref>
|-
|101
|Mahabharata
|षट् पञ्चाशतमष्टौ च सप्तत्रिंशतमित्युत । यस्मिन्शाखा यजुर्वेदे सोऽहमाध्वर्यवे स्मृतः ॥३५२.३३॥<ref>Mahabharata, Shanti Parva, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-12-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5-352 Adhyaya 352]</ref>
|-
|101
|Mahabhashya
|एकशतमध्वर्युशाखाः ।<ref>Mahabhashya, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Paspashahnikam]</ref>
|-
|101
|Ahirbudhna Samhita
|शतं चैका च शाखाः स्युर्यजुषामेकवर्त्मनाम् ।। १२.९ ।।<ref>Ahirbudhna Samhita, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8 Adhyaya 12]</ref>
|-
|101
|Vayu Purana
|शतमेकाधिकं कृत्स्नं यजुषां वै विकल्पकाः ॥ ६१.२६ ॥<ref name=":15">Rampratap Tripathi Shastri (1987), [https://archive.org/details/VayuPuranam/page/n519/mode/1up?view=theater Vayu Puranam], Allahabad: Hindi Sahitya Sammelan</ref>
|-
|101
|Brahmanda Purana
|शतमेकाधिकं ज्ञेयं यजुषां ये विकल्पकाः ।। ३५.३० ।।<ref>Brahmanda Purana, Purva Bhaga, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AB Adhyaya 35]</ref>
|-
|109<ref name=":3" />
|Muktikopanishad
|नवाधिकशतं शाखा यजुषो मारुतात्मज ॥ १२॥<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Muktikopanishad]</ref>
|}
It is seen that the number 101 is favoured by most of the authoritative texts and it is also confirmed by the colophon occurring in a manuscript of the Kathaka-Samhita.<ref name="gsrai11" /><blockquote>इत्येकोत्तरशतशाखाऽध्वर्युप्रभेदभिन्ने श्रीमद्यजुर्वेदे ... ।<ref>Suryakanta (1943), [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280748/page/n14/mode/1up?view=theater Kathaka Samkalana], Lahore: Mehar Chand Lachhman Das Oriental & Foreign Booksellers.</ref> ityekottaraśataśākhā'dhvaryuprabhedabhinne śrīmadyajurvede ... ।</blockquote>Correlating to this, the Vishnu Purana mentions that 15 branches of the Shukla Yajurveda came from Rishi Kanva and other pupils of Yajnavalkya while according to the Vayu Purana, the Krishna Yajurveda is deemed to have had as many as 86 recensions.<ref name="prabhakar">CL Prabhakar (1972), [https://kramerius.lib.cas.cz/search/localPrintPDF?pids=uuid:79893c82-3e48-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003,uuid:79a8d273-3e48-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003,uuid:79c7a514-3e48-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003,uuid:79e4ca05-3e48-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003,uuid:7a021606-3e48-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003,uuid:7a1e2987-3e48-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003,uuid:7a3b7588-3e48-11e1-bdd3-005056a60003&pagesize=A4&imgop=FULL The Recensions of the Sukla Yajurveda], Archív Orientální, Volume 40, Issue 1.</ref><ref name=":13" /><blockquote>शाखाभेदास्तु तेषां वै दश पञ्च च वाजिनाम् । काण्वाद्यास्तु महाभाग! याज्ञवल्क्या-प्रवर्तिताः ।। २९ ।।<ref name=":12" />
वैशम्पायनगोत्रोऽसौ यजुर्वेदं व्यकल्पयत् । षडशीतिस्तु येनोक्ताः संहिता यजुषां शुभाः ॥६५.५॥<ref name=":15" />
śākhābhedāstu teṣāṁ vai daśa pañca ca vājinām । kāṇvādyāstu mahābhāga! yājñavalkyā-pravartitāḥ ।। 29 ।।
vaiśampāyanagotro'sau yajurvedaṁ vyakalpayat । ṣaḍaśītistu yenoktāḥ saṁhitā yajuṣāṁ śubhāḥ ॥65.5॥</blockquote>However, several recensions of each branch of the Yajurveda, Shukla and Krishna, are believed to be lost. Only two recensions of the Shukla Yajurveda, Madhyandina and Kanva,<ref name="prabhakar" /> have survived into the modern times while, the Krishna Yajurveda has survived in four recensions.<ref name=":0" />
=== शुक्लयजुर्वेदस्य शाखाः ॥ Shukla Yajurveda Shakhas ===
As mentioned in the previous section of the article, Shukla Yajurveda is said to have had 15 Shakhas.<ref name="gsrai11" /> The names of these shakhas, with minor variations, as mentioned in the Brahmanda Purana, Vayu Purana and the Charanavyuha of Shaunaka are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Shukla Yajurveda Shakhas
!Brahmanda Purana<ref>Brahmanda Purana, Purva bhaga, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AB Adhyaya 35], Verse 28-29.</ref><ref>The Brahmanda Purana ([https://archive.org/details/BrahmandaPuranaG.V.TagarePart1/page/n344/mode/1up Part 1]), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.</ref>
!Vayu Purana<ref>Vayu Purana, 61.24-26</ref><ref>G.V.Tagare (1987), The Vayu Purana ([https://archive.org/details/VayuPuranaG.V.TagarePart1/page/n500/mode/1up Part 1]), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</ref>
!Charanavyuha of Shaunaka<ref name=":14" />
|-
|Kanva
|Kanva
|Jabala
|-
|Baudheya
|Vaidheya
|Baudhayana
|-
|Madhyandina
|Shalin
|Kanva
|-
|Son of Madhyandina
|Madhyandina
|Madhyandineya
|-
|Vaidheya
|Shapeyi
|Shapeya
|-
|Addha
|Vidigadha
|Tapaniya
|-
|Bauddhaka
|Apya
|Kapola
|-
|Tapaniya
|Uddala
|Paundaravatsa
|-
|Vatsa
|Tamrayana
|Avatika
|-
|Jabala
|Vatsya
|Paramavatika
|-
|Kevala
|Galava
|Parashara
|-
|Avati
|Shaishiri
|Vaineya
|-
|Pundra
|Atavi
|Vaidheya
|-
|Vainoya
|Parni
|Addha
|-
|Parashara
|Virani
|Baudheya
|-
|
|Samparayana
|
|}
Out of these, only two recensions of the Shukla Yajurveda, Madhyandina and Kanva, have survived into the modern times.<ref name="prabhakar" /> The other lost recensions of the Shukla Yajurveda, known only by name from their mentions in other texts of ancient India include Jabala, Baudheya, Sapeyi, Tapaniya, Kapola, Paundravatsa, Avatika, Paramavatika, Parashara, Vaineya, Vaidheya, Katyayana and Vaijayavapa.<ref name="gsrai11" />
According to Muktikopanishad 109 shakhas
=== कृष्णयजुर्वेदस्य शाखाः ॥ Krishna Yajurveda Shakhas ===
The Krishna Yajurveda is known to have had 86 recensions.<ref name="prabhakar" /> According to the Charanavyuha of Shaunaka, the major Shakhas of the Krishna Yajurveda along with their subdivisions included within the 86 are as follows:<ref name=":13" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Shakha
!Subdivisions
|-
|Charaka
|12
|-
|Maitrayaniya
|6
|-
|Taittiriya
|2
|-
|Khandikeya
|5
|}
Out of the 86 shakhas of the Krishna Yajurveda, only 4 are available at present viz. Taittiriya, Maitrayani, Katha and Kapisthala. And the Taittiriya Shakha is considered prime among them.<ref name=":0" />
== यजुर्वेदवाङ्मयम् ॥ Yajurvedic Literature ==
Yajurveda is a collection of 'mantras' (prose and verse) generally meant for performing a Yajna. Being action-oriented, naturally, variations in it are more than in other Vedas.<ref name="gsrai11" /> Thus, Yajurveda is known for its multiplicity of recensions or schools.<ref name="prabhakar" /> The large number of Shakhas of the Yajurveda also indicates its popularity and wide currency.<ref name="gsrai11" /> And each edition or recension of the Yajurveda is supposed to have had its Samhita, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads as part of the text, with Shrautasutras, Grhyasutras and Pratishakhya attached to the text.<ref name="gsrai11" /><ref name=":13" />
=== यजुर्वेदसंहिताः ॥ Yajurveda Samhitas ===
Today, no less than six samhitas of the Yajurveda are available in actual form<ref name="gsrai11" /> viz.
* Madhyandina and Kanva belonging to the Shukla Yajurveda.
* Taittiriya, Maitrayani, Katha and Katha-Kapisthala belonging to the Krishna Yajurveda.<ref name=":0" />
====शुक्लयजुर्वेदसंहिताः ॥ Shukla Yajurveda Samhitas====
The Shukla Yajurveda Samhita is also known as Vajasaneyi Samhita.<ref name="gsrai11" /> And there are two (nearly identical) surviving recensions of the Vajasaneyi Samhita viz. Vajasaneyi Madhyandina and Vajasaneyi Kanva.<ref name="prabhakar" />
{| class="wikitable" align="center" style=" background: transparent; " data-ve-attributes="{"style":" background: transparent; ","typeof":"mw:ExpandedAttrs","about":"#mwt968618916"}" |+ Recensions of the White Yajurveda<ref name=rgriffithwycontents/>
|+Shukla Yajurveda Samhitas<ref name="gsrai11" />
|- style="background: #ffad66;" data-ve-attributes="{"style":"background: #ffad66;"}" | width="120px" Recension Name
|Shakha
| width="40px" |Adhyayas
| width="40px" |Anuvakas
| width="40px" |No. of Verses
|- style="text-align: center;" data-ve-attributes="{"style":"text-align: center;"}" | width="120px" Madhyandina
|Madhyandina
| width="40px" |40
| width="40px" |303
| width="40px" |1975
|- style="text-align: center;" data-ve-attributes="{"style":"text-align: center;"}" | width="120px" Kanva
|Kanva
| width="40px" |40
| width="40px" |328
| width="40px" |2086
|}
Vajasaneyi Samhita
It belongs to the Shukla Yajurveda branch. This Samhita was obtained by Yajnavalkya from a Vajin. Hence, the name. It comprises of 40 Adhyayas, 303 anuvakas, 1975 Kandikas. The mantras are in both Gadya and Padya.
Kanva Samhita
It belongs to the Shukla Yajurveda branch and comprises of 40 Adhyayas.<ref name=":3" />
The Kanva Sakha : This Sakha has preserved both its Samhita and the Brahmana.
The Samhita and the Brahmana of the Kanvas are now available- The Kanva-Samhita contains 40 Adhyayas, 328 Anuvakas and 2086 verses. The Madhyandina-Samhita contains 1975 verses. Thus, the Kanva Samhita has 111 verses more than the Madhyandina-Samhita- The Brahmana of the Kanvas as well as of the Madhyandinas is called the 'Satapatha-Brahrnana. But there is some minor differences between the two Brahmanas. In the Kanva-Satapatha, there are 17 Kandas, 104 Adhyayas and 6806 Kandikas, The subject-matter of both the Brahmanas is same but the order is different. The Kalpasutra of Katyayana is prescribed for the followers of these Shakhas. According to Mahadeva, the commentator of the Hiranyakeshi sutra, Katyayana sutra was prescribed for both the schools.
The lost recensions of White Yajurveda, mentioned in other texts of ancient India, include ''Jabala'', ''Baudhya'', ''Sapeyi'', ''Tapaniya'', ''Kapola'', ''Paundravatsa'', ''Avati'', ''Paramavatika'', ''Parasara'', ''Vaineya'', ''Vaidheya'', ''Katyayana'' and ''Vaijayavapa''.<ref name="gsrai11">Ganga Sagar Rai (1965), [https://archive.org/details/puranavolvii015193mbp/page/n13/mode/2up?view=theater Sakhas of the Yajurveda in the Puranas], Purana (Vol 7, No. 1), Varanasi: All-India Kashiraj Trust. </ref>
The Madyandina Shakha : The Samhita and the Brahmana of this Veda are now in wide currency.
In the Samhita of the Madhyandinas, there are 40 Adhyayas, 303 Anuvakas and 1975 verses. The Brahmana of the Sakha is called the Madhyandina-Satapatha. It has 14 KSndas, 100 Adhyayas, 64 Prapathakas, 438 Brahmanas and 7624 Kandikas. The rules laid down by Katyayana Sutra are observed in the Sakha of the Madhyandinas.<ref name="gsrai11" />
Madhyandina and Kanva, both contain equal number of chapters. However, the arrangement of kandikas differ to some extent.
Of the 40 chapters of the Shukla Yajurveda, the 40th chapter is the Ishavasya Upanishad while the remaining 39 chapters deal with various Yajnas as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Contents of the Shukla Yajurveda Samhita
!Yajna
!Chapters in Madhyandina Samhita
!Chapters in Kanva Samhita
|-
|Darshapurnamasa
|1-2
|1-2
|-
|Agnihotra
|3
|3
|-
|Soma
|4-8
|4-9
|-
|Vajapeya
|9
|10
|-
|Rajasuya
|9-10
|11
|-
|Agnichayana
|11-18
|12-20
|-
|Sautramani
|19-21
|21-23
|-
|Ashvamedha
|22-25
|24-28
|-
|Purushamedha
|30-31
|34-35.1-22
|-
|Sarvamedha
|32-33.1-54
|35.23-34-32.1-56
|-
|Pitrmedha
|35
|33.35-54
|-
|Pravargya
|36-39
|36-39
|}
The recensions of the Shukla Yajurveda are identical for all academic purposes. The form of the 2 samhita recensions is the same. The difference lies only in respect of the system of arrangement of the text, even though there is agreement in the extent of the text.<ref name="prabhakar" />
====कृष्णयजुर्वेदसंहिताः ॥ Krishna Yajurveda Samhitas====
Maharshi Veda Vyasa taught the Yajurveda to Vaishampayana who divided it into 86 shakhas and taught it to his pupils. So, Maharshi Vaishampayana is considered the original propogator of the Krishna Yajurveda Shakhas. He was also attributed with the name Charaka since his literary activities shifted from place to place. Thereby, his students were also known as Charakas and a separate shakha got attached to this name. But it is not clear if all the references mention a particular shakha by the name Charaka or all the shakhas of the Krishna Yajurveda are called by the name Charaka. However, according to the Puranas, the whole Krishna Yajurveda was called Taittiriya since the Yajus were collected by the pupils of Vaishampayana in the form of the bird Tittiri.<ref name=":13" />
Four Samhitas belonging to the Krishna Yajurveda are available at present viz. Taittiriya, Maitrayani, Katha and Kapisthala.<ref name=":0" />
Taittiriya Samhita
It represents the Krishna Yajurveda branch. It was revealed through Rishi Tittiri, the disciple of Rishi Vaishampayana. Hence, the name. It comprises of 7 Kandas, 44 Prapathakas, 631 anuvakas, 2198 kandikas.
Maitrayani Samhita
It consists of 4 Kandas, 54 Prapathakas and 3144 mantras.
Katha Samhita
Katha Kapishthala Samhita
This Samhita is not available in entirety.<ref name=":3" />
Only the Samhita of the Katha Kapisthala Sakha is available and even that is not in its complete form. Even the available chapters are not complete. They have numerous gaps here and there.
The text of the samhita is divided as follows:
== Contents ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kapisthala Katha Samhita
!Ashtaka
!Adhyayas
|-
|1
|1 to 8
|-
|2
|9 to 16
|-
|3
|17 to 24
|-
|4
|25 to 32
|-
|5
|33 to 40
|-
|6
|41 to 48
|}
Adhyayas 9 to 24, Adhyaya 32 and Adhyaya 43 are not available.
The Satapatha Brahmana belongs to the Sukla Yajur-Veda. The Krishna-Yajur-Veda has the Taittiriya and the Maitrayana Brahmanas. Each of the Brahmanas has got an Aranyaka.
The Katha literature includes the Kathaka Samhita consisting of five Khandas with a the total of 3093 mantras. The Kathaka-Brahmana is not available in its entirety. Only fragments of it have been edited and published. The existence of a Kathaka Aranyaka is also argued. It is probable that the Kathas may also have had their parallel Aranyaka which contained kindred matter. The well-known Katha-Upanisad belongs to this Sakha. The Kathaka Grhya-sutra is available. According to the Caranavyuha, the Katha Sakha had 4o or 44 Upagranthas. But at present we have no knowledge of these Upagranthas. The Caranavyuha while referring to the 44 Upagranthas of Kathas, remarks that there is nothing which is not contained in the Katha literature. (to be verified)
The Maitrayaniya Samhita is available.
The Samhita of the Taittiriyas is available and the oldest commentary on it is that of Bhattabhaskara Misra.<ref name=":13" />
Patanjali says that the Kathaka literature was read in every villages. Patanjali says that the Katha literature is very vast. The Katha literature The Kathaka Sathhita is available,
It has five Khandas which are called Ithimika, Madhyamika^
QramiM, Yajyanuvakya and ASvamedhagrantha. The tSthSnakas
are its subdivisions. The total number of the Sthanakas is 4o, of
the anuvacanas 13, of the Anuvakas 843 and of the Manias 3093.
The Kathaka- Brahmana is not available in its entirety. Only
fragments of it have been edited and published. The existence
of a KS|haka Aranyaka is also argued. It is probable that the
Ka|has may also have had tlieir parallel Aranyaka which
contained kindred matter. The well-known Kafha-Upanisad
belongs to this Sakha. The Kathaka Grhya-sutra is available.
This Grhya-sutra bears different names i.e. Kathaka-Grhya-sutra t
Caraka-Grhya-sutra and Laugaks!*Grhya-sutra. It seems quite
possible that because these names belong to the Caiaka-group of
the Yajurvedic schools and they have no separate Grhya-sutras,
so they called this Grhyasutra by various names. Laugaksi may
be a follower of the Katha school and he composed a Grhya-
sutra for the Kathaka Sakha.
===Organization===
All about Hinduism - Swami Sivananda
The Satapatha Brahmana belongs to the Sukla Yajur-Veda. The Krishna-Yajur-Veda has the Taittiriya and the Maitrayana Brahmanas. Each of the Brahmanas has got an Aranyaka.
There are as many Upanishads to each Veda as there are Sakhas, branches or recensions, i.e., 21, 109, 1000 and 50 respectively to the four Vedas, the Rig-Veda, the Yajur-Veda, the Sama-Veda and the Atharva-Veda.
Among the Kalpa Sutras, The Katyayana and Paraskara belong to the Sukla Yajur-Veda. The Apastamba, Hiranyakesi, Bodhayana, Bharadvaja, Manava, Vaikhanasa and the Kathaka belong to the Krishna Yajur-Veda.<ref name=":2" />
Need Citation
Also, known as Adhvaryuveda. Has 18 Parishishtas. In the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, vi. 4, 33, there is a reference to the śuklāni Yajūṃṣi, ‘white or pure Yajus,’ as promulgated by Vājasaneya Yājñavalkya, whence the Vājasaneyi Saṃhītā is popularly known as the ‘White Yajurveda.’
===Brahmanas===
===Brahmanas===
Baldev Upadhyay (1955), [https://ia801607.us.archive.org/10/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.347181/2015.347181.Vaidik-Sahitya.pdf Vaidik Sahitya], Kashi
Baldev Upadhyay (1955), [https://ia801607.us.archive.org/10/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.347181/2015.347181.Vaidik-Sahitya.pdf Vaidik Sahitya], Kashi
The Shatapatha brahmana is available in both the Madhyandina and Kanva shakhas of the Shukla Yajurveda. Though their subject-matter is the same, there are slight variations in the order of description of Yajnas and the number of adhyayas.
The Shatapatha brahmana is available in both the Madhyandina and Kanva shakhas of the Shukla Yajurveda. Though their subject-matter is the same, there are slight variations in the order of description of Yajnas and the number of adhyayas.
The Madhyandina Shatapatha brahmana consists of 14 Kandas, 100 adhyayas, 68 Prapathakas, 438 brahmanas and 7624 kandikas. While the Kanva shatapatha brahmana is organised into 17 kandas, 104 adhyayas, 435 brahmanas and 6806 kandikas.
The Madhyandina Shatapatha brahmana consists of 14 Kandas, 100 adhyayas, 68 Prapathakas, 438 brahmanas and 7624 kandikas. While the Kanva shatapatha brahmana is organised into 17 kandas, 104 adhyayas, 435 brahmanas and 6806 kandikas.<ref name="gsrai11" />
Both the Shatapatha as well as the Taittiriya brahmana are endowed with svaras suggesting their antiquity. And the pronunciation rules of the Shatapatha brahmana follow that of the Vajasaneyi Samhita (Shukla Yajurveda), the Madhyandina Samhita to be more specific which is natural given the brahmana belongs to the Madhyandina shakha of the Shukla Yajurveda.
Both the Shatapatha as well as the Taittiriya brahmana are endowed with svaras suggesting their antiquity. And the pronunciation rules of the Shatapatha brahmana follow that of the Vajasaneyi Samhita (Shukla Yajurveda), the Madhyandina Samhita to be more specific which is natural given the brahmana belongs to the Madhyandina shakha of the Shukla Yajurveda.
The Kathaka brahmana is only known by its mention, not available as a text.
The Kathaka brahmana is only known by its mention, not available as a text.
A Maitrayaniya Brahmana is noticed in the Baudhayana Srauta Sutra (30.8). A Maitrayani-yopanisad is available.<ref name=":13" />
The Taittiriya Brahmana is the only available Brahmana of the KYV. The last portion (III. 10-12} of this Brahmana is regarded as Kathakabhaga i. e. the Kathaka portion.<ref name=":13" />
=== Aranyakas ===
=== Aranyakas ===
Of these, the 7th, 8th and 9th Prapathakas together are termed as Taittiriya Upanishad and the 10th Prapathaka is known as the Mahanarayaniya Upanishad and is considered a Parishishta of the Taittiriya Aranyaka. The Prapathakas are further divided into Anuvakas numbering to 170 until the 9th Prapathaka. And the anuvakas are organised into dashakas. This Aranyaka has good number of rks quoted from the Rgveda.
Of these, the 7th, 8th and 9th Prapathakas together are termed as Taittiriya Upanishad and the 10th Prapathaka is known as the Mahanarayaniya Upanishad and is considered a Parishishta of the Taittiriya Aranyaka. The Prapathakas are further divided into Anuvakas numbering to 170 until the 9th Prapathaka. And the anuvakas are organised into dashakas. This Aranyaka has good number of rks quoted from the Rgveda.
The Taittiriya Aranyaka has 10 Prapathakas. The Taittiriyopanisad is a part of the Aranyaka. It begins from the seventh Prapathaka and ends with the 9th.<ref name=":13" />
===Upanishads===
===Upanishads===
Shukla Yajurvedic Kalpa sutras:
Shukla Yajurvedic Kalpa sutras:
There is only one Shrautasutra belonging to the Shukla Yajurveda viz. Katyayana Shrautasutra. Consisting of 26 adhyayas, it elaborates on the Yajnas described in the Shatapatha brahmana. Karkacharya's bhashya on this text is considered important.
There is only one Shrautasutra belonging to the Shukla Yajurveda viz. Katyayana Shrautasutra. Consisting of 26 adhyayas, it elaborates on the Yajnas described in the Shatapatha brahmana. Karkacharya's bhashya on this text is considered important.
The only Grhayasutra belonging to the Shukla Yajurveda is known as Paraskara Grhyasutra. Consisting of 3 Kandas, it describes the Samskaras in detail and is endowed with 5 commentaries by Karka, Jayarama, Harihara, Gadadhara and Vishvanatha.
The only Grhayasutra belonging to the Shukla Yajurveda is known as Paraskara Grhyasutra. Consisting of 3 Kandas, it describes the Samskaras in detail and is endowed with 5 commentaries by Karka, Jayarama, Harihara, Gadadhara and Vishvanatha.
Apart from these, in the commentary of the Apastamba Shulbasutra, Karavindasvami mentions Yashaka and Hiranyakeshi shulbasutras. However, their texts are not available.
Apart from these, in the commentary of the Apastamba Shulbasutra, Karavindasvami mentions Yashaka and Hiranyakeshi shulbasutras. However, their texts are not available.
The Kathaka Grhyasutra is available (Katha Literature). This Grhyasutra bears different names ie. Kathaka-Grhya sutra, Charaka Grhya sutra and Laugakshi Grhya sutra. It seems quite possible that because these names belong to the Charaka group of the Yajurvedic schools and they have no separate Grhyasutras, so they called this Grhyasutra by various names.<ref name=":13" />
A manuscript of the Grhya-sutra of the Katha Kapisthala Sakha is said to be preserved in Sarasvati Bhavana library of Sanskrit University, Varanasi.
Many Kalpasutras are attached to the Maitrayaniya Sakha. These Grhya works bear the names of Manava, Varaha and Maitrayaniya. The Manavas and the Varahas are the subdivisions of the Maitrayaniyas.
<ref name=":13" />
==== Vedanga Jyotish ====
==== Vedanga Jyotish ====
Baldev Upadhyay (1955), [https://ia801607.us.archive.org/10/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.347181/2015.347181.Vaidik-Sahitya.pdf Vaidik Sahitya], Kashi
Baldev Upadhyay (1955), [https://ia801607.us.archive.org/10/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.347181/2015.347181.Vaidik-Sahitya.pdf Vaidik Sahitya], Kashi
== ऋत्विक् ॥ Rtvik ==
The Yajurveda Samhita was compiled keeping in mind the procedural principles of Yajnas.<ref name=":0" /> Interestingly, the Vishnu Purana mentions that there was but one Yajurveda. Dividing that into four parts, Maharshi Vyasa instituted the 'yajna' administered by four kinds of rtviks in which, it was the duty of the Adhvaryu to recite the prosaic mantras (Yajus)<ref name=":0" /> and direct the ceremony; of the Hotri to repeat the hymns (Richas); of the Udgatri to chant other hymns (Saman); and of the Brahma, to pronounce the formulae called Atharva.<ref>Vishnu Purana, Book 3, [https://archive.org/details/vishnu-purana-sanskrit-english-ocr/page/n269/mode/2up?view=theater Chapter 4]</ref><blockquote>एक आसीदू यजुर्वेदस्तं चतुर्धा व्यकल्पयत् । चातुर्होत्रमभूदू यस्मिस्तन यज्ञमथाकरोत् ।। ११ ।।
आध्वर्यवं यजुभिंस्तु ऋगूभिर्होत्रं तथा मुनिः । औदूगात्रं सामभिश्चक्र ब्रह्मत्वं चाप्यथर्वभिः ।। १२ ।।<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":9" />
eka āsīdū yajurvedastaṁ caturdhā vyakalpayat । cāturhotramabhūdū yasmistana yajñamathākarot ।। 11 ।।
ādhvaryavaṁ yajubhiṁstu r̥gūbhirhotraṁ tathā muniḥ । audūgātraṁ sāmabhiścakra brahmatvaṁ cāpyatharvabhiḥ ।। 12 ।।</blockquote>And among the four rtviks imperative to the fulfilment of Yajna-karmas, the Adhvaryu is of prime importance as he performs the prime rituals of the Yajna.<ref name=":0" /> It was the duty of the Adhvaryu to measure the ground, build the altar, prepare Yajna-Upakaranas, to fetch wood and water, to light the fire, to bring the oblation and offer it to the fire and while doing this to repeat the Yajurveda.<ref name=":8" /> And it is to aid the fulfilment of his specific duties known as the Adhvaryava that the Yajurveda Samhitas are compiled within different shakhas.<ref name=":0" />
==Manuscripts and translations==
==Manuscripts and translations==
Devi Chand published a re-interpreted translation of Yajurveda in 1965, reprinted as 3rd edition in 1980, wherein the translation incorporated Dayananda Saraswati's monotheistic interpretations of the Vedic text, and the translation liberally adds "O Lord" and "the Creator" to various verses, unlike other translators.<ref>Devi Chand (1980), The Yajurveda, 3rd Edition, Munshiram Manoharlal, ISBN 978-8121502948</ref>
Devi Chand published a re-interpreted translation of Yajurveda in 1965, reprinted as 3rd edition in 1980, wherein the translation incorporated Dayananda Saraswati's monotheistic interpretations of the Vedic text, and the translation liberally adds "O Lord" and "the Creator" to various verses, unlike other translators.<ref>Devi Chand (1980), The Yajurveda, 3rd Edition, Munshiram Manoharlal, ISBN 978-8121502948</ref>
यजुर्व्वेदः, पुं, तस्याधिपतिर्यथा, -- “ऋग्वेदाधिपतिर्जीवः सामवेदाधिपः कुजः । यजुर्व्वेदाधिपः शुक्रः शशिजोऽथर्व्ववेदराट् ॥” इति ज्योतिषम् ॥ अस्य वक्ता वैशम्पायनः ।
यजुर्व्वेदः, पुं, तस्याधिपतिर्यथा, -- “ऋग्वेदाधिपतिर्जीवः सामवेदाधिपः कुजः । यजुर्व्वेदाधिपः शुक्रः शशिजोऽथर्व्ववेदराट् ॥” इति ज्योतिषम् ॥ अस्य वक्ता वैशम्पायनः ।
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|30em}}
<references />
<references />