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− | Kala (Samskrit: कला) or Art is a vital component of the Ancient Bharat's Education System. They are disciplines, a student acquires knowledge of, during the course of training in the Gurukula. They are called as Chatusshashti Kalas (चतुःषष्टिः कला-s) since they are 64 in number. | + | Kala (Samskrit: कला) or Art is a vital component of the Ancient [[Bharatavarsha (भरतवर्षम्)|Bharata]]'s Education System. They are disciplines, a student acquires knowledge of, during the course of training in the [[Gurukula (गुरुकुलम्)|Gurukula]]. They are called as Chatusshashti Kalas (चतुःषष्टिः कला-s) since they are 64 in number. |
| + | To read about 64 Kalas in Hindi, please visit this page - [[64 Kalas of ancient India (प्राचीन भारत में चौंसठ कलाऍं)]] |
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| == परिचयः ॥ Introduction == | | == परिचयः ॥ Introduction == |
− | Bharatavarsha (Ancient Bharat's Sub-continent) has always attached great value to knowledge. Talking of India's knowledge tradition, Kapil Kapoor says, ''"India's'' ''knowledge tradition is ancient and uninterrupted like the flow of the river Ganga."'' | + | [[Bharatavarsha (भरतवर्षम्)|Bharatavarsha]] (Ancient Bharata's Sub-continent) has always attached great value to knowledge. Talking of Bharata's knowledge tradition, Kapil Kapoor says, ''"India's'' ''knowledge tradition is ancient and uninterrupted like the flow of the river [[Ganga (गङ्गा)|Ganga]]."'' |
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− | Jnana (ज्ञानम् | Knowledge) has been at the center of all speculations in India. There are three terms that appear in all discussions related to knowledge<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11</ref>: | + | Jnana (ज्ञानम् | Knowledge) has been at the center of all speculations in Bharata. There are three terms that appear in all discussions related to knowledge<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11</ref>: |
| * दर्शनम् ॥ [[Shad Darshanas (षड्दर्शनानि)|Darshana]] | | * दर्शनम् ॥ [[Shad Darshanas (षड्दर्शनानि)|Darshana]] |
| * ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana | | * ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana |
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| Darshana literally means "a point of view" which leads to Jnana (knowledge). When this knowledge, gathered about a particular domain is organized and systematized for purposes of Chintana (चिन्तनम् | reflection) and Adhyapana (अध्यापनम् | pedagogy), it attains the status of Vidya (विद्या | discipline). | | Darshana literally means "a point of view" which leads to Jnana (knowledge). When this knowledge, gathered about a particular domain is organized and systematized for purposes of Chintana (चिन्तनम् | reflection) and Adhyapana (अध्यापनम् | pedagogy), it attains the status of Vidya (विद्या | discipline). |
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− | The tradition always talks of 18 major Vidyas (disciplines of knowledge) and 64 kalas (arts) while referring to the curriculum of Ancient Bharat's Education<ref name=":0">Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.18</ref> | + | The tradition always talks of 18 major Vidyas (disciplines of knowledge) and 64 kalas (arts) while referring to the curriculum of Ancient Bharata's Education<ref name=":0">Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.18</ref> |
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| The 18 Vidyas include: | | The 18 Vidyas include: |
− | * चतुर्वेदाः ॥ The [[Veda Vargeekarana (वेदवर्गीकरणम्)|Four Vedas]]: Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda | + | * चतुर्वेदाः ॥ The [[Veda Vargeekarana (वेदवर्गीकरणम्)|Four Vedas]]: [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]], [[Yajurveda (यजुर्वेदः)|Yajurveda]], [[Samaveda (सामवेदः)|Samaveda]] and [[Atharvaveda (अथर्ववेदः)|Atharvaveda]] |
− | * चत्वारः उपवेदाः ॥ The Four [[Upavedas (उपवेदाः)|subsidiary Vedas]]: Ayurveda (medicine), Dhanurveda (weaponry), Gandharvaveda (गान्धर्ववेदः | music) and Shilpashastra (architecture) | + | * चत्वारः उपवेदाः ॥ The Four [[Upavedas (उपवेदाः)|subsidiary Vedas]]: [[Ayurveda (आयुर्वेदः)|Ayurveda]] (medicine), [[Dhanurveda (धनुर्वेदः)|Dhanurveda]] (weaponry), [[Gandharvaveda (गान्धर्ववेदः)|Gandharvaveda]] (गान्धर्ववेदः | music) and [[Shilpashastra (शिल्पशास्त्रम्)|Shilpashastra]] (architecture) |
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− | * चत्वारि उपाङ्गानि ॥ The Four [http://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Vaidika_Vangmaya_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)#.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.A6-.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF_.7C.7C_Veda-Upangas Upangas]: Purana, Nyaya, Mimamsa (मीमांसा), Dharma Shastra | + | * चत्वारि उपाङ्गानि ॥ The Four [http://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Vaidika_Vangmaya_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)#.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.A6-.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF_.7C.7C_Veda-Upangas Upangas]: [[Puranas (पुराणानि)|Purana]], [[Nyaya Darshana (न्यायदर्शनम्)|Nyaya]], [[Mimamsa Darshana (मीमांसादर्शनम्)|Mimamsa]] (मीमांसा), [[Dharma Shastras (धर्मशास्त्राणि)|Dharma Shastra]] |
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− | * षड्वेदाङ्गानि ॥ The [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|Six Vedangas]] (Auxiliary Sciences): Shiksha (phonetics), Vyakarana (grammar), Chandas (metre), Jyotish (astronomy), Kalpa (ritual) and Nirukta (etymology) | + | * षड्वेदाङ्गानि ॥ The [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|Six Vedangas]] (Auxiliary Sciences): [[Shiksha (शिक्षा)|Shiksha]] (phonetics), [[Vyakarana Vedanga (व्याकरणवेदाङ्गम्)|Vyakarana]] (grammar), [[Chandas (छन्दस्)|Chandas]] (metre), [[Vedanga Jyotish (वेदाङ्गज्योतिष्)|Jyotish]] (astronomy), [[Kalpa Vedanga (कल्पवेदाङ्गम्)|Kalpa]] (ritual) and [[Nirukta (निरुक्तम्)|Nirukta]] (etymology) |
| However, as far as the kalas (arts) are concerned, there are competing enumerations of 64. | | However, as far as the kalas (arts) are concerned, there are competing enumerations of 64. |
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| == Which are the 64 Kalas ? == | | == Which are the 64 Kalas ? == |
| As mentioned above, there are slight variations regarding the enumeration of the 64 Kalas (arts). The mention of these arts occur in: | | As mentioned above, there are slight variations regarding the enumeration of the 64 Kalas (arts). The mention of these arts occur in: |
| + | [[File:64Kalas.gif|frame|320x320px| |
| + | Courtesy (images): Book "Sarwang" Published by Adivasi Lok Kala Evam Boli Vikas Academy, Madhya Pradesh Sanskriti Parishad |
| + | ]] |
| * शैवतन्त्रम् ॥ Shaivatantra | | * शैवतन्त्रम् ॥ Shaivatantra |
| * महाभारतम् ॥ [[Mahabharata (महाभारत)|Mahabharata]] by Vyasa Maharshi | | * महाभारतम् ॥ [[Mahabharata (महाभारत)|Mahabharata]] by Vyasa Maharshi |
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| |26 | | |26 |
− | |सूचीवापकर्म ॥ Suchivapakarma (Weaving and needle-work of various kinds) | + | |[[Textile Technology (तन्तुकार्यम्)|सूचीवापकर्म]] ॥ Suchivapakarma (Weaving and needle-work of various kinds) |
| |<nowiki>विविधासनमुद्राभिः देवतातोषणम् || Vividhasanamudrabhih devatatoshana (Propitiation of Gods by various seats and postures)</nowiki> | | |<nowiki>विविधासनमुद्राभिः देवतातोषणम् || Vividhasanamudrabhih devatatoshana (Propitiation of Gods by various seats and postures)</nowiki> |
| |- | | |- |
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| |} | | |} |
| <nowiki>*</nowiki>The शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma mentions प्रतिमाला ॥ Pratimala (Capping verses) instead of प्रतिमा ॥ Pratima (Sculpture) | | <nowiki>*</nowiki>The शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma mentions प्रतिमाला ॥ Pratimala (Capping verses) instead of प्रतिमा ॥ Pratima (Sculpture) |
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| == Discussion == | | == Discussion == |
| The Ancient Bharat's education model aimed at facilitating the four basic duties of a person viz. Dharma (Righteousness), Artha (Livelihood), Kama (Family life) and [[Moksha Dristipath|Moksha]] (Attainment of eternal peace).<ref>Pt. Shri Durgadutta Tripathi, [https://shekharsk.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/64-arts-of-ancient-india.pdf Sixty-four Arts of ancient India], Edited and Translated by – Dr. A.S. Nene</ref> The tradition talks of 18 major vidyas (theoretical disciplines), and 64 kalas (applied or vocational disciplines/crafts).These "crafts" have a direct bearing on day-to-day life of the people and most of them are still a part of the Bharat's life.<ref name=":0" /> It is interesting to note that these crafts are still important means of livelihood. There is a close relationship of these crafts with ordinary life.<ref name=":1">Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.19</ref> | | The Ancient Bharat's education model aimed at facilitating the four basic duties of a person viz. Dharma (Righteousness), Artha (Livelihood), Kama (Family life) and [[Moksha Dristipath|Moksha]] (Attainment of eternal peace).<ref>Pt. Shri Durgadutta Tripathi, [https://shekharsk.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/64-arts-of-ancient-india.pdf Sixty-four Arts of ancient India], Edited and Translated by – Dr. A.S. Nene</ref> The tradition talks of 18 major vidyas (theoretical disciplines), and 64 kalas (applied or vocational disciplines/crafts).These "crafts" have a direct bearing on day-to-day life of the people and most of them are still a part of the Bharat's life.<ref name=":0" /> It is interesting to note that these crafts are still important means of livelihood. There is a close relationship of these crafts with ordinary life.<ref name=":1">Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.19</ref> |
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| == References == | | == References == |
| [[Category:Kala]] | | [[Category:Kala]] |
− | [[Category:Art]]
| + | <references /> |
− | [[Category:64 Kalas]]
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