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Mutra or Mootra literally means Urine. Mutra is one of the [[Malas (मलाः)|malas]] described in Ayurveda. Malas are the wastes or waste biproducts of the digestion and metabolism. At gross level, malas are known to be 3 viz. Purisha, Mutra and sweda. These are generated as wastes during the digestion and processing of the food that we eat. Mutra among these, is the liquid form of waste equated with Urine.
== Etymology ==
== Organ entities involved in Mutra formation ==
According to Ayurvedic treatises, the organs involved in the physiology of urine formation are “Mutravaha strotas” which are the channels carrying Mutra. The moola or the root organ is “Vasti” which is the urinary bladder. “Vankshanas” (inguinal region) and “Medhra” which here is the penile region of the urethra.
Kidneys are considered as “Vrikka” which is the moola or the root organ of “Medavaha strotas” hence are not a part of the Ayurvedic physiology of urine formation.
== Mutravaha Strotas ==
(Char.Vima.5.8)
[[Strotas (स्रोतसम्)|Strotasas]] are precisely channels that are involved in the transportation and transformation of the dhatu and waste substances.
Mutravaha strotas are the channels that transport urine from [[Basti ( बस्तिः)|Basti]] (urinary bladder) through Medhra () for excretion.
Mutravaha strotas is also a fundamental entity for diagnostic purposes.
=== Causes of vitiation of Mutravaha strotasa ===
There are certain causes that are responsible for the vitiation of Mutravaha Strotas, (Char.Vima.5.20)
# Drinking water and intake of food during the urge of urination
# Coitus during the urge of micturition
# Suppression of the urge of urination specifically in people that are suffering from emaciation and are wounded.
=== Symptoms of vitiation of Mutravaha strotas ===
# Excessive urination quantitively
# Very less expulsion of urine
# Frequent urination
# Diminished urination (in frequency)
# Thick urine consistency
# Painful urination
== Function ==
(Sush.Sutr.15.5) dalhan teeka (Asht.Hrud.Sutr.11.5)
# Separation and excretion of excessive moisture content from the body
# Filling of the urinary bladder
# Maintenance of volume in the bladder
== Mutra Pareeksha ==
Mutra Pareeksha according to ayurvedic treatises is the diagnostic as well as the prognostic tool of examination. Acharya Yogratnakar has explained “Asthasthana Pareeksha” () one of which is the Mutra pareeksha or the urine examination.
(yogratnakar Mutra pareeksha)
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF MUTRA PARIKSHA (URINE EXAMINATION) IN THE CONTEXT OF AYURVEDA & MODERN CONTEXT
=== Taila-Bindu Pareeksha ===
This is a unique method of examination according to Acharya Yogratnakar that includes the usage of Til taila (sesame oil) as the tool for examination.
# Collection of Mutra
Urine is collected for Mutra Pareeksha before four ghatika in the last Yama of the night. Midflow urine is collected in the glass dish, bronze dish, or earthen dish. Then a single drop of tila taila is dropped in the dish filled with urine and the drop is observed.
# Interpretations
{| class="wikitable"
|Shape of oil drop
|Dosha dominant
|-
|Sarpa (snake-like)
|Vata
|-
|Chhatra (umbrella-like)
|Pitta
|-
|Mukta (pearl-like)
|Kapha
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|Movement
|Sadhyasdhyata (prognosis)
|-
|Spreads immediately
|Sadhya (curable)
|-
|Sinks to the bottom
|Asadhya (incurable)
|-
|Does not spread
|Kashtasadhya (difficult to cure)
|}
According to the direction of movement,
{| class="wikitable"
|Spread of oil drop
|Prognosis
|-
|east/west/north/south
|Curable
|-
|Eshanya (North east)
|Death within one month
|-
|Agneya(south east)/nairutya (south west)
|Immediate death
|-
|Vayavya (north west)
|Bad prognosis
|}
== Clinical features of disturbed levels of Mutra ==
=== Mutrakshaya Lakshana ===
(Char.sutr.17.71) (Sush.Sutr.15.11) (Asht.Hrud.Sutr.11.22)
# मूत्रकृच्छ्रं - Painful expulsion of urine.
# मूत्रवैवर्ण्य - discolouration of the urine
# पिपासा - excessive thirst
# मुखं च परिशुष्यति| - dryness of mouth
# Hematuria
# Reduced urine frequency and quantity
# Pain in lower abdomen
=== Mutravriddhi Lakshana ===
(Sush.Sutr.15.15) (Asht.Hrud.Sutr.11.13)
# Increase in the quantity of urine
# Pricking pain in the region of the urinary bladder
# Abdominal distension
# Increased urine frequency
== Diseases pertaining to Mutra and its channels ==
(Char.sidd.9.25,26)
# Mutrauksada - dense urine
# Mutrajathara - accumulation of urine in the abdominal cavity
# Mutrautsanga - residual urine
# Mutratita - delayed urination
# Mutrakrichra - dysuria
# Vatashtila - stone-like swelling
# Vatabasti - an affliction of vata dosha in the vasti
# Ushnavata - burning urination
# Raktagranthi - swelling in the bladder
== General Management ==
Specific medicines
Mutrasangrahaniya, Mutravirajinya, and mutrala are the specific gana or the group of herbs that are responsible for the treatment of various Mutra vikaras.
{| class="wikitable"
|Gana
|Dravyas
|-
|Mutrasangrahaniya
|(Syzygium cumini)jambu, (Mangifera indica Linn.)amra, (Ficus lacor Buch.)plaksha, (Ficus benghalensis Linn.)vata, (Albizzia lebbeck)kaptana, (Ficus racemosa)udumbara, (Ficus religiosa )ashwattha, (Semecarpus anacardium) bhallataka, (Bauhinia racemosa)ashmantaka, (Acacia catechu Willd )somavalka
|-
|Mutravirajaniya
|Padmak(nelumbo nucefera),Utpala (Nymphea stellata),Saugandhika (white ginger lily),Yashtimadhu (Glycirrhiza glabra), Priyangu (Callicarpa microphila), Dhataki (woodfordia fructicosa)
|-
|Mutrala
|Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris), Vasuka (Indigofera ennaphila), Vashira (Gyanadropis gynandra), Darbha(Desmostachya bipinnata), Kusha, Kasha (Saccharum spontaneum)
|}
Mutra or Mootra literally means Urine. Mutra is one of the [[Malas (मलाः)|malas]] described in Ayurveda. Malas are the wastes or waste biproducts of the digestion and metabolism. At gross level, malas are known to be 3 viz. Purisha, Mutra and sweda. These are generated as wastes during the digestion and processing of the food that we eat. Mutra among these, is the liquid form of waste equated with Urine.
== Etymology ==
== Organ entities involved in Mutra formation ==
According to Ayurvedic treatises, the organs involved in the physiology of urine formation are “Mutravaha strotas” which are the channels carrying Mutra. The moola or the root organ is “Vasti” which is the urinary bladder. “Vankshanas” (inguinal region) and “Medhra” which here is the penile region of the urethra.
Kidneys are considered as “Vrikka” which is the moola or the root organ of “Medavaha strotas” hence are not a part of the Ayurvedic physiology of urine formation.
== Mutravaha Strotas ==
(Char.Vima.5.8)
[[Strotas (स्रोतसम्)|Strotasas]] are precisely channels that are involved in the transportation and transformation of the dhatu and waste substances.
Mutravaha strotas are the channels that transport urine from [[Basti ( बस्तिः)|Basti]] (urinary bladder) through Medhra () for excretion.
Mutravaha strotas is also a fundamental entity for diagnostic purposes.
=== Causes of vitiation of Mutravaha strotasa ===
There are certain causes that are responsible for the vitiation of Mutravaha Strotas, (Char.Vima.5.20)
# Drinking water and intake of food during the urge of urination
# Coitus during the urge of micturition
# Suppression of the urge of urination specifically in people that are suffering from emaciation and are wounded.
=== Symptoms of vitiation of Mutravaha strotas ===
# Excessive urination quantitively
# Very less expulsion of urine
# Frequent urination
# Diminished urination (in frequency)
# Thick urine consistency
# Painful urination
== Function ==
(Sush.Sutr.15.5) dalhan teeka (Asht.Hrud.Sutr.11.5)
# Separation and excretion of excessive moisture content from the body
# Filling of the urinary bladder
# Maintenance of volume in the bladder
== Mutra Pareeksha ==
Mutra Pareeksha according to ayurvedic treatises is the diagnostic as well as the prognostic tool of examination. Acharya Yogratnakar has explained “Asthasthana Pareeksha” () one of which is the Mutra pareeksha or the urine examination.
(yogratnakar Mutra pareeksha)
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF MUTRA PARIKSHA (URINE EXAMINATION) IN THE CONTEXT OF AYURVEDA & MODERN CONTEXT
=== Taila-Bindu Pareeksha ===
This is a unique method of examination according to Acharya Yogratnakar that includes the usage of Til taila (sesame oil) as the tool for examination.
# Collection of Mutra
Urine is collected for Mutra Pareeksha before four ghatika in the last Yama of the night. Midflow urine is collected in the glass dish, bronze dish, or earthen dish. Then a single drop of tila taila is dropped in the dish filled with urine and the drop is observed.
# Interpretations
{| class="wikitable"
|Shape of oil drop
|Dosha dominant
|-
|Sarpa (snake-like)
|Vata
|-
|Chhatra (umbrella-like)
|Pitta
|-
|Mukta (pearl-like)
|Kapha
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|Movement
|Sadhyasdhyata (prognosis)
|-
|Spreads immediately
|Sadhya (curable)
|-
|Sinks to the bottom
|Asadhya (incurable)
|-
|Does not spread
|Kashtasadhya (difficult to cure)
|}
According to the direction of movement,
{| class="wikitable"
|Spread of oil drop
|Prognosis
|-
|east/west/north/south
|Curable
|-
|Eshanya (North east)
|Death within one month
|-
|Agneya(south east)/nairutya (south west)
|Immediate death
|-
|Vayavya (north west)
|Bad prognosis
|}
== Clinical features of disturbed levels of Mutra ==
=== Mutrakshaya Lakshana ===
(Char.sutr.17.71) (Sush.Sutr.15.11) (Asht.Hrud.Sutr.11.22)
# मूत्रकृच्छ्रं - Painful expulsion of urine.
# मूत्रवैवर्ण्य - discolouration of the urine
# पिपासा - excessive thirst
# मुखं च परिशुष्यति| - dryness of mouth
# Hematuria
# Reduced urine frequency and quantity
# Pain in lower abdomen
=== Mutravriddhi Lakshana ===
(Sush.Sutr.15.15) (Asht.Hrud.Sutr.11.13)
# Increase in the quantity of urine
# Pricking pain in the region of the urinary bladder
# Abdominal distension
# Increased urine frequency
== Diseases pertaining to Mutra and its channels ==
(Char.sidd.9.25,26)
# Mutrauksada - dense urine
# Mutrajathara - accumulation of urine in the abdominal cavity
# Mutrautsanga - residual urine
# Mutratita - delayed urination
# Mutrakrichra - dysuria
# Vatashtila - stone-like swelling
# Vatabasti - an affliction of vata dosha in the vasti
# Ushnavata - burning urination
# Raktagranthi - swelling in the bladder
== General Management ==
Specific medicines
Mutrasangrahaniya, Mutravirajinya, and mutrala are the specific gana or the group of herbs that are responsible for the treatment of various Mutra vikaras.
{| class="wikitable"
|Gana
|Dravyas
|-
|Mutrasangrahaniya
|(Syzygium cumini)jambu, (Mangifera indica Linn.)amra, (Ficus lacor Buch.)plaksha, (Ficus benghalensis Linn.)vata, (Albizzia lebbeck)kaptana, (Ficus racemosa)udumbara, (Ficus religiosa )ashwattha, (Semecarpus anacardium) bhallataka, (Bauhinia racemosa)ashmantaka, (Acacia catechu Willd )somavalka
|-
|Mutravirajaniya
|Padmak(nelumbo nucefera),Utpala (Nymphea stellata),Saugandhika (white ginger lily),Yashtimadhu (Glycirrhiza glabra), Priyangu (Callicarpa microphila), Dhataki (woodfordia fructicosa)
|-
|Mutrala
|Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris), Vasuka (Indigofera ennaphila), Vashira (Gyanadropis gynandra), Darbha(Desmostachya bipinnata), Kusha, Kasha (Saccharum spontaneum)
|}