Difference between revisions of "64 Kalas of ancient India (प्राचीन भारत में चौंसठ कलाऍं)"
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इनमें से कुछ ग्रंथों में 64 कलाओं की सूची को निम्न तालिका में जोड़ा गया है- | इनमें से कुछ ग्रंथों में 64 कलाओं की सूची को निम्न तालिका में जोड़ा गया है- | ||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | |+चतुःषष्टिः कलाः ॥ Chatusshashti Kala (64 Arts) | ||
+ | !Text | ||
+ | !शैवतन्त्रम्<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD Vachaspatyam]</ref><ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83 Shabdakalpadruma]</ref><ref>Srimad Bhagavata Mahapurana (Part II), English redition: C.L.Goswami, Gorakhpur: Gita Press, Fourth Edition (1997), Pg.no.294 (annotation)</ref> | ||
+ | !शुक्रनीतिसारः<ref>श्रीमत् शुक्राचार्य्यविरचितः शुक्रनीतिसारः, १८९०: कलिकाताराजधान्याम्, द्वितीयसंस्करणम् ।</ref><ref>B.D.Basu, The Sacred Books of the Hindus, Vol XIII [https://archive.org/details/Sukra_Niti The Sukraniti], Allahabad: The Panini Office, Bhuvaneshwari Asrama, 1914. Pg.no.157</ref> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |1 | ||
+ | |गीतम् ॥ Geeta (Singing) | ||
+ | |नर्तनम् ॥ Nartana (Dancing) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |2 | ||
+ | |वाद्यम् ॥ Vadya (Playing on various musical instruments) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>वादनम् || Vadana (Playing musical instruments)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |3 | ||
+ | |नृत्यम् ॥ Nrtya (Dancing) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>वस्त्रालङ्कारसन्धानम् || Vastralankara sandhana (Decoration by dress and ornaments)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |4 | ||
+ | |नाट्यम् ॥ Natya (Acting, gesticulation, mimicry) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>अनेकरूपाविर्भावकृतिज्ञानम् || Anekaroopavirbhavakrti jnana (Knowledge of sundry mimicry and antics)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |5 | ||
+ | |आलेख्यम् ॥ Alekhya (Drawing, Painting, Calligraphy) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>शय्यस्तरणसंयोगपुष्पादिग्रथनम् || shayyastaranasamyoga pushpadi grathana (Laying out of beds and furniture and weaving of garland)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |6 | ||
+ | |विशेषकच्छेद्यम् ॥ Visheshakacchedya (Painting figures of various designs on the various parts of the body with musk paste and other fragrant substances) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>द्युताद्यनेकक्रीडा || Dyutadyanekakreeda (Entertaining people with gambling and various tricks of magic)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |7 | ||
+ | |तण्डुलकुसुमयलिविकाराः ॥ Tandula kusumayalivikara (Preparing for use in worship various designs with grains of rice, flowers, etc) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>अनेकासनसन्धानैः रतेः ज्ञानम् || Anekasanasandhanaih rateh jnaana (Knowledge of different aspects of giving pleasure)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |8 | ||
+ | |पुष्पास्तरणम् ॥ Pushpaastarana (Preparing a bed of flowers) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>मकरन्दादीनां मद्यादीनां कृतिः || Makarandadinam madyadinam krti (Distillation of wines and spirituous liquors from flowers)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |9 | ||
+ | |दशनवसनाङ्गरागाः ॥ Dashana vasananga raga (Colouring the teeth and other limbs and articles of wearing apparel) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>शिराव्रणव्याधे शूल्यगूढाहृतौ ज्ञानम् || Shiravranavyadhe shulyagudhahrtau jnana (Extrication of thorns and relieving pain by operating on the wounds of a vein)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |10 | ||
+ | |मणिभूमिकाकर्म ॥ Mani bhumika karma (Paving a floor with Precious stones) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>हिङ्ग्वादिरससंयोगाद् अन्नादिपचनम् || Hingvadi rasasamyogad annadi pachana (Cooking of food by intermixtures of various tastes)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |11 | ||
+ | |शयनरचनम् ॥ Shayana rachana (Preparing a bed) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>वृक्षादिप्रसवारोपपालनादिकृतिः || Vrkshadiprasavaropapalanadi krti Udakaghat (Planting, grafting and preservation of plants)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |12 | ||
+ | |उदकवाद्यम् ॥ Udakavadya (Using a pot full of water as a musical instrument and treading on water) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>पाषाणधात्वादिहतिस्तद्भस्मोकरणम् || Pashanadhatvadi hatistadbhasmokarana (Melting and powdering of stones and metals)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |13 | ||
+ | |उदकघातः ॥ Udakaghata (Sprinkling with water cannons) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>इक्षुविकाराणां कृतिज्ञानम् || Ikshuvikaranam Krtijnana (Using preparations from sugarcanes)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |14 | ||
+ | |चित्रायोगाः ॥ Chitrayoga (Herbal preparations for weakening of enemy) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>धात्वौषधीनां संयोगक्रियाज्ञानम् || Dhatu Aushadhinam samyoga Kriya jnana (Knowledge of mixtures of metals and medicinal plants)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |15 | ||
+ | |माल्यग्रथनविकल्पाः ॥ Malyagrathana vikalpa (Preparing chaplets and wreathe of flowers) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>धातुसाङ्कर्य्यपार्थक्यकरणम् || Dhatu sankaryaparthakya karana (Analysis and synthesis of metals)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |16 | ||
+ | |केशशेखरापीडयोजनम् ॥ Keshashekharapeeda yojana (Ladies hair styling) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>धात्वादीनां संयोगापूर्वज्ञानम् || Dhatu adinam samyogapoorva jnana (Preparation of alloys)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |17 | ||
+ | |नेपथ्ययोगाः ॥ Nepathyayoga (Modes of beautifying the body with cloths and ornaments of various kinds) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>क्षारनिष्कासनज्ञानम् || ksharanishkasana jnana (Preparation of salts)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |18 | ||
+ | |कर्णपत्रभङ्गाः ॥ Karnapatrabhanga (Painting ornamental figures on the ears) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>पदादिन्यासतः शस्त्रसन्धानविक्षेपः || Padadinyasata shastrasandhana vikshepa (Use and arrangement of arms by proper arrangement of legs). </nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |19 | ||
+ | |गन्धयुक्तिः ॥ Gandhayukti (Making perfumes and cosmetics) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>सन्ध्याघाताकृष्टिभेदैः मल्लयुद्धम् || Sandhyaghatakrshribhedaih Mallayuddha (Duelling with various artifices)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |20 | ||
+ | |भूषणयोजनम् ॥ Bhushanayojana (Making ornaments of various designs) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>मल्लानामशस्त्रं मुष्टिभिः बाहुयुद्धम् || Mallanamashastram mushtibhih bahuyuddha (Hand to hand fight)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |21 | ||
+ | |इन्द्रजालम् ॥ Indrajala (Jugglery) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>बलदर्पविनाशान्तं नियुद्धम् || Baladarpavinashantam Niyuddha (Niyuddha for destruction of enemy's power and vanity)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |22 | ||
+ | |कौचुमारयोगाः ॥ Kauchumarayoga (the art of beautification) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>सन्निपातावघातैश्च कृतं निपीडनम् तन्मुक्तिः || Sannipatavaghataishcha Krtam nipeedanam tanmukti (Attack by duellers and method of extricating oneself from these)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |23 | ||
+ | |हस्तलाघवम् ॥ Hastalaghava (Sleight of hand) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>अभिलक्षिते देशे यन्त्राद्यस्वनिपातनम् || Abhilakshite deshe yantradyasvanipatana (Throwing of arms and implements towards some fixed point)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |24 | ||
+ | |चित्रशाकापूपभक्ष्यविकारक्रिया ॥ Chitrashakapupabhakyavikara kriya (Culinary art) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>वाद्यसङ्केततो व्यूहरचना || Vadyasanketato Vyuharachana (Formation of battle arrays according to signals given by musical instruments)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |25 | ||
+ | |पानकरसरागासवयोजनम् ॥ Panakarasaragasava yojana (Making drinks of various tastes and colours and spirituous liquors of various kinds) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>गजाश्वरथगत्या युद्धसंयोजनम् || Gajashvarathagatya Yuddhasamyojana (Arrangement of horses, elephants and chariots in war)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |26 | ||
+ | |[[Textile Technology (तन्तुकार्यम्)|सूचीवापकर्म]] ॥ Suchivapakarma (Weaving and needle-work of various kinds) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>विविधासनमुद्राभिः देवतातोषणम् || Vividhasanamudrabhih devatatoshana (Propitiation of Gods by various seats and postures)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |27 | ||
+ | |वीणाडमरुकसूत्रक्रीडा ॥ Veena damaruka sutra kreeda (Making musical instruments of various kinds and working puppets by strings) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>सारथ्यं च गजाश्वादेर्गतिशिक्षा || Sarathyam cha Gajashvadergatishiksha (Driving horses and elephants)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |28 | ||
+ | |प्रहेलिका ॥ Prahelika (Solving riddles) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>मृत्तिकाभाण्डादिसत्क्रिया || Mrttika bhandadi satkrya (Cleansing, etc of earthen vessels)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |29 | ||
+ | |प्रतिमा* ॥ Pratima (Sculpture) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>काष्ठभाण्डादिसत्क्रिया || Kashtha bhandadi satkrya (Cleansing, etc of wooden vessels)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |30 | ||
+ | |दुर्वचकयोगाः ॥ Durvachaka yoga (Skill in uttering tongue twisters) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>पाषाणभाण्डादिसत्क्रिया || Pashana bhandadi satkrya (Cleansing, etc of stone vessels)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |31 | ||
+ | |पुस्तकवाचनम् ॥ Pustaka vachana (The art of reading manuscripts easily and quickly) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>धातुभाण्डादिसत्क्रिया || Dhatu bhandadi satkrya (Cleansing, etc of metal vessels)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |32 | ||
+ | |नाटिकाख्यायिकादर्शनम् ॥ Natika Akhyayika darshana (Dramaturgy and story writing) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>चित्राद्यालिखनम् || Chitradyalikhana (Picture drawing)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |33 | ||
+ | |काव्यसमस्यापूरणम् ॥ Kavya samasya purana (Completion of incomplete verses or part verses) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>तडागवापीप्रासादसमभूमिक्रिया || Tadagavapiprasada samabhumi krya (Construction of tanks, canals, palaces and squares)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |34 | ||
+ | |पट्टिकावेत्रवाणविकल्पाः ॥ Pattikavetravana vikalpa (Making ligatures, canes, arrows) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>घट्यादानेकयन्त्राणां वाद्यानां कृतिः || Ghatyadanekayantranam vadyanam krtih (Construction of clocks, watches and musical instruments)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |35 | ||
+ | |तर्कूकर्माणि ॥ Tarkukarma (Spindle work) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>हीनमध्यादिसंयोगवर्णाद्यै रञ्जनम् || Hinamadhyadisamyogavarnadyai ranjana (Dyeing by application of inferior, middling and other colours)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |36 | ||
+ | |तक्षणम् ॥ Takshana (Carpentry) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>जलवाय्वग्निसंयोगनिरोधैश्च क्रिया || Jalavayvanisamyoga nirodhaishcha krya (Putting down actions of water, air and fire)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |37 | ||
+ | |वास्तुविद्या ॥ Vastuvidya (Architecture) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>नौकारथादियानानां कृतिज्ञानम् || naukarathadiyananam krti jnana (Preparation of boats, chariots and conveyances)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |38 | ||
+ | |रूप्यरत्नपरीक्षा ॥ Roopya ratna pariksha (Testing valuable metals and precious stones) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>सूत्रादिरज्जुकरणविज्ञानम् || Sutradirajjukarana vijnana (Preparation of threads and ropes)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |39 | ||
+ | |धातुवादः ॥ Dhatuvada (Alchemy) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>अनेकतन्त्तुसंयोगैः पटबन्धः || Anekatantusamyogaih Patabandha (Weaving of fabrics)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |40 | ||
+ | |मणिरागज्ञानम् ॥ Maniraga jnana (Colouring precious stones) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>रत्नानां वेधादिसदसज्ज्ञानम् || Ratnanam vedhadisadasad jnana (Testing of gems)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |41 | ||
+ | |आकरज्ञानम् ॥ Akara jnana (Knowledge of latent minerals) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>स्वर्णादीनां याथात्म्यविज्ञानम् || Svarnadinam yathatmya vijnana (Testing of gold and other metals)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |42 | ||
+ | |वृक्षायुर्वेदयोगाः ॥ Vrkshayurveda yoga (Nursing and treating plants) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>कृत्रिमस्वर्णरत्नादिक्रियाज्ञानम् || Krtrimasvarnaratnadi krya jnana (Preparation of artificial gold and gems) and स्वर्णाद्यलङ्कारकृतिः लेपादिसत्कृतिः ॥ Svarnadi alankara krti lepadisatkrti (Making of ornaments with gold and other metals and enamelling)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |43 | ||
+ | |मेषकुक्कुटलावकयुद्धविधिः ॥ Mesha kukkutalavaka yuddhavidhi (Setting game rams, cocks, quails to fight as sport) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>चर्मणां मार्दवादिक्रियाज्ञानम् || Charmanam mardavadi krya jnana (Softening of leathers)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |44 | ||
+ | |शुकसारिकाप्रलापनम् ॥ Shuka sarika pralapana (teaching parrots and other birds to imitate human speech) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>पशुचर्माङ्गनिर्हारक्रियाज्ञानम् || Pashucharmanganirhara krya jnana (Flaying of skins from the bodies of the beasts)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |45 | ||
+ | |उत्सादनम् ॥ Utsadana (Making an enemy quit his place by means of a charm) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>दुग्धदोहादिविज्ञानम् || Dugdhadohadi vijnana (Milking)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |46 | ||
+ | |केशमार्जनकौशलम् ॥ Keshamarjana kaushala (Cleaning and dressing the hair) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>घृतान्तम् || Grtanta (Churning)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |47 | ||
+ | |अक्षरमुष्टिकाकथनम् ॥ Aksharamushtika kathana (Reading letters removed from one's sight and divining the nature of substances held within one's palm) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>सीवने कञ्चुकादीनां विज्ञानम् || Seevane Kanchukadinam Vijnana (Sewing of covers)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |48 | ||
+ | |म्लेच्छितकविकल्पाः ॥ Mlecchitaka vikalpa (Knowledge of books written in the language of Barbarians) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>बाह्वादिभिः जले तरणम् || Bahvadibhih jale tarana (Swimming)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |49 | ||
+ | |देशभाषाज्ञानम् ॥ Deshabhasha jnana (Fluently talking in the different Bharat's dialects) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>मार्जने गृहभाण्डादेः विज्ञानम् || Marjane Grhabhandadeh Vijnana (Cleansing of domestic utensils)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |50 | ||
+ | |पुष्पशकटिकानिमित्तज्ञानम् ॥ Pushpashakatika nimitta jnana (Decoration of vehicles with flowers and Reading good or bad omens) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>वस्त्रसम्मार्जनम् || Vastrasammarjana (Cleaning of clothes)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |51 | ||
+ | |यन्त्रमातृका ॥ Yantramatrka (Making diagrams by means of letters arranged in different orders as mystical formulae to be worshipped or worn as an amulet) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>क्षुरकर्म || Kshurakarma (Shaving)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |52 | ||
+ | |धारणमातृका ॥ Dharanamatrka (Remembering heard sentences) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>तिलमांसादिस्नेहानां निष्कासने कृतिः || Tilamamsadisnehanam nishkasane krti ((Extraction of oil from seeds and fats from flesh)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |53 | ||
+ | |सम्पाट्यम् ॥ Sampatya (Splitting hard substances such as diamonds into two or more pieces of different shapes) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>सीराद्याकर्षणे ज्ञानम् || Seeradyakarshane jnana (Drawing of ploughs)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |54 | ||
+ | |मानसीकाव्यक्रिया ॥ Manasikavya kriya (Reading the thoughts of others and bringing them out in a verse) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>वृक्षाद्यारोहणे कला || Vrkshadyarohane kala (Climbing of trees)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |55 | ||
+ | |क्रियाविकल्पाः ॥ Kriyavikalpa (Poetry forms) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>मनोऽनुकूलसेवायाः कृतिज्ञानम् || Manonukulasevayah krti jnana (Knowledge of pleasing in work)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |56 | ||
+ | |छलितकयोगाः ॥ Chalitayoga (Conceal body or speech) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>वेणुतृणादिपात्राणां कृतिज्ञानम् || Venutrnadipatranam krti jnana (Making of vessels with bamboo straws)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |57 | ||
+ | |अभिधानकोषच्छन्दोज्ञानम् ॥ Abhidhanakosh chanda jnana (lexicography and prosody) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>काचपात्रादिकरणविज्ञानम् || Kacapatradikarana vijnana (Making of glass vessels)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |58 | ||
+ | |वस्त्रगोपनानि ॥ Vastragopana (Showing off one's clothes as made of a superior texture than what they actually are) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>जलानां संसेचनं संहरणम् || Jalanam sansechanam saharana (Pumping and withdrawing water)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |59 | ||
+ | |द्यूतविशेषः ॥ Dyutavishesha (Playing at dice) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>लोहाभिसारशस्त्रास्त्रकृतिज्ञानम् || Lohabhisarashastrastra krti jnana (Preparation of tools and implements from iron)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |60 | ||
+ | |आकर्षणक्रीडा ॥ Akarshana kreeda (Attracting remote objects) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>गजाश्ववृषभोष्ट्राणां पल्याणादिक्रिया || Gajashvavrshbhoshtranam palyanadi krya (Preparation of saddles for horses, elephants, bulls and camels)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |61 | ||
+ | |बालकक्रीडनकानि ॥ Balaka kreedanaka (Playing childrens' games) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>शिशोः संरक्षणे धारणे क्रीडने ज्ञानम् || Shisho samrakshane dharane kreedane jnana (Maintenance, entertainment and nursing of children)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |62 | ||
+ | |वैनायिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ Vainaayiki vidya jnana (The Practice of charms) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>अपराधिजने मुयुक्ताताडनज्ञानम् || Aparadhijane muyuktatadana jnana (Punishment of offenders)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |63 | ||
+ | |वैजयिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ Vaijayiki vidya jnana (Fore knowledge of the party going to win in a debate) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>नानादेशीयवर्णानां सुसम्यग् लेखने || Nanadeseeyavarnanam susamyag lekhane (Writing characters of various languages)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |64 | ||
+ | |वैतालिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ Vaitaliki vidya jnana (Keeping goblins and vampires under one's control) | ||
+ | |<nowiki>ताम्बूलरक्षादिकृतिविज्ञानम् || Tambularakshadi krti vijnana (Making and preservation of betels)</nowiki> | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | <nowiki>*</nowiki>The शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma mentions प्रतिमाला ॥ Pratimala (Capping verses) instead of प्रतिमा ॥ Pratima (Sculpture) | ||
== वंशागत कला॥ Traditional Arts == | == वंशागत कला॥ Traditional Arts == |
Revision as of 00:03, 2 October 2022
कला भारतीय शिक्षाप्रणाली का महत्त्वपूर्ण भाग हुआ करता है। शिक्षामें कलाओंकी शिक्षा महत्त्वपूर्ण पक्ष है जो मानव जीवन को सुन्दर, प्राञ्जल एवं परिष्कृत बनाने में सर्वाधिक सहायक हैं। कला एक विशेष साधना है जिसके द्वारा मनुष्य अपनी उपलब्धियों को सुन्दरतम रूप में दूसरों तक सम्प्रेषित कर सकने में समर्थ होता है। कलाओंके ज्ञान होने मात्र से ही मानव अनुशासित जीवन जीने में अपनी भूमिका निभा पाता है। विद्यार्थी अपने अध्ययन काल में गुरुकुल में इनका ज्ञान प्राप्त करते हैं। इनकी संख्या चौंसठ होने के कारण इन्हैं चतुष्षष्टिः कला कहा जाता है।
परिचय॥ Introduction
भारतवर्ष ने हमेशा ज्ञान को बहुत महत्व दिया है। प्राचीन काल में भारतीय शिक्षाका क्षेत्र बहुत विस्तृत था। कलाओंमें शिक्षा भी महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान रखती है कलाओं के सम्बन्ध में रामायण, महाभारत, पुराण नीतिग्रन्थ आदि में विस्तृत वर्णन प्राप्त होता है। भारतके ज्ञान परंपरा की बात करते हुए कपिल कपूर कहते हैं- ''भारत की ज्ञान परंपरा गंगा नदी के प्रवाह की तरह प्राचीन और अबाधित है''।[1]
शुक्राचार्यजी के नीतिसार नामक ग्रन्थ के चौथे अध्याय के तीसरे प्रकरण में सुन्दर प्रकार से सीमित शब्दों में विवरण प्राप्त होता है। उनके अनुसार कलाऍं अनन्त हैं उन सभी का परिगणनन भी क्लिष्ट है परन्तु उनमें 64 कलाऍं प्रमुख हैं। सभी मनुष्योंका स्वभाव एकसा नहीं होता, किसी की प्रवृत्ति किसी ओर तो किसी की किसी ओर होती है। जिसकी जिस ओर प्रवृत्ति है, उसी में अभ्यास करने से कुशलता प्राप्त होती है। शुक्राचार्य जी लिखते हैं—
यां यां कलां समाश्रित्य निपुणो यो हि मानवः। नैपुण्यकरणे सम्यक् तां तां कुर्यात् स एव हि॥
प्राचीन भारतके शिक्षा पाठ्यक्रमकी परंपरा हमेशा 18 प्रमुख विद्याओं (ज्ञान के विषयों) और 64 कलाओं की बात करती है। ज्ञान और क्रिया के संगम के विना शिक्षा अपूर्ण मानी जाती रही है। ज्ञान एवं कला के प्रचार में गुरुकुलों की भूमिका प्रधान रही है एवं ऋषी महर्षि सन्न्यासी आदि भ्रमणशील रहकर के ज्ञान एवं कला का प्रचार-प्रसार किया करते रहे हैं। गुरुकुल में अध्ययनरत शिक्षार्थियों की मानसिकता उसके परिवार से न बंधकर एक बृहद् कुल की भावना से जुडी हुई होती है जिसके द्वारा वह ज्ञान एवं कला लोकोपयोगी सिद्ध हुआ करता है।
दर्शन का शाब्दिक अर्थ है "एक दृष्टिकोण" जो ज्ञान की ओर ले जाता है। जब यह ज्ञान, एक विशेष डोमेन के बारे में एकत्र किया जाता है, तो इसे चिंतन के उद्देश्यों के लिए व्यवस्थित और व्यवस्थित किया जाता है। चिंतनम् (प्रतिबिंब) और अध्ययन (अध्यापनम् | शिक्षाशास्त्र) यह विद्या (विद्या | अनुशासन) की स्थिति प्राप्त करता है।
ज्ञान से संबंधित सभी चर्चाओं में तीन शब्द दिखाई देते हैं।
- दर्शनम् ॥ Darshana
- ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana
- विद्या ॥ Vidya
गुरुकुलों में अध्ययन करने वाले शिक्षार्थियों में उच्च नैतिकता एवं जैसा कि पुराण महाभारत आदि में गुरु वसिष्ठ शुक्राचार्य द्रोण आदि के परम्परा में कला एवं ज्ञान आचरणीय योग्यता रखती थी।
विद्या के अट्ठारह प्रकार॥ Kinds of 18 Vidhyas
अष्टादश विद्याओं में शामिल हैं-
अंगानि चतुरो वेदा मीमांसा न्यायविस्तर:। पुराणं धर्मशास्त्रं च विद्या ह्येताश्चतुर्दश।। आयुर्वेदो धनुर्वेदो गांधर्वश्चैव ते त्रयः। अर्थशास्त्रं चतुर्थन्तु विद्या ह्यष्टादशैव ताः।।
- चतुर्वेदाः- ये ऋग्वेद, यजुर्वेद, सामवेद और अथर्ववेद चार वेद होते हैं।
- चत्वारः उपवेदः - ये आयुर्वेद (चिकित्सा), धनुर्वेद (हथियार), गंधर्ववेद (संगीत) और शिल्पशास्त्र (वास्तुकला) चार उपवेद होते हैं।
- चत्वारि उपाङ्गानि- पुराण, न्याय, मीमांसा और धर्म शास्त्र ये चार उपाङ्ग होते हैं।
- षड्वेदाङ्गानि- शिक्षा (ध्वन्यात्मकता), व्याकरण, छंद (परिमाण), ज्योतिष (खगोल विज्ञान), कल्प (अनुष्ठान) और निरुक्त (व्युत्पत्ति) ये छः अङ्ग होते हैं।
जहाँ तक कला का संबंध है, वहाँ 64 की प्रतिस्पर्धी गणनाएँ हैं।
कला के चौंसठ प्रकार॥ Kinds of 64 Kalas
जैसा कि ऊपर उल्लेख किया गया है, 64 कलाओं की गणना के संबंध में भिन्नताएं हैं। इन कलाओं का उल्लेख इन ग्रन्थोंमें प्राप्त होता है -
- शैवतन्त्रम् ॥ Shaivatantra
- महाभारतम् (व्यास महर्षि )॥ Mahabharata by Vyasa Maharshi
- कामसूत्रम् (वात्स्यायन)॥ Kamasutra by Vatsyayana
- नाट्यशास्त्रम् (भरतमुनि)॥ Natya Shastra by Bharatamuni
- भगवतपुराणम् (टिप्पणी)॥ Bhagavata Purana (Commentary)
- शुक्रनीतिः (शुक्राचार्य)॥ Shukraneeti by Shukracharya
- शिवतत्त्वरत्नाकरः (बसवराजेन्द्र)॥ Shivatattvaratnakara by Basavarajendra
इनमें से कुछ ग्रंथों में 64 कलाओं की सूची को निम्न तालिका में जोड़ा गया है-
Text | शैवतन्त्रम्[2][3][4] | शुक्रनीतिसारः[5][6] |
---|---|---|
1 | गीतम् ॥ Geeta (Singing) | नर्तनम् ॥ Nartana (Dancing) |
2 | वाद्यम् ॥ Vadya (Playing on various musical instruments) | वादनम् || Vadana (Playing musical instruments) |
3 | नृत्यम् ॥ Nrtya (Dancing) | वस्त्रालङ्कारसन्धानम् || Vastralankara sandhana (Decoration by dress and ornaments) |
4 | नाट्यम् ॥ Natya (Acting, gesticulation, mimicry) | अनेकरूपाविर्भावकृतिज्ञानम् || Anekaroopavirbhavakrti jnana (Knowledge of sundry mimicry and antics) |
5 | आलेख्यम् ॥ Alekhya (Drawing, Painting, Calligraphy) | शय्यस्तरणसंयोगपुष्पादिग्रथनम् || shayyastaranasamyoga pushpadi grathana (Laying out of beds and furniture and weaving of garland) |
6 | विशेषकच्छेद्यम् ॥ Visheshakacchedya (Painting figures of various designs on the various parts of the body with musk paste and other fragrant substances) | द्युताद्यनेकक्रीडा || Dyutadyanekakreeda (Entertaining people with gambling and various tricks of magic) |
7 | तण्डुलकुसुमयलिविकाराः ॥ Tandula kusumayalivikara (Preparing for use in worship various designs with grains of rice, flowers, etc) | अनेकासनसन्धानैः रतेः ज्ञानम् || Anekasanasandhanaih rateh jnaana (Knowledge of different aspects of giving pleasure) |
8 | पुष्पास्तरणम् ॥ Pushpaastarana (Preparing a bed of flowers) | मकरन्दादीनां मद्यादीनां कृतिः || Makarandadinam madyadinam krti (Distillation of wines and spirituous liquors from flowers) |
9 | दशनवसनाङ्गरागाः ॥ Dashana vasananga raga (Colouring the teeth and other limbs and articles of wearing apparel) | शिराव्रणव्याधे शूल्यगूढाहृतौ ज्ञानम् || Shiravranavyadhe shulyagudhahrtau jnana (Extrication of thorns and relieving pain by operating on the wounds of a vein) |
10 | मणिभूमिकाकर्म ॥ Mani bhumika karma (Paving a floor with Precious stones) | हिङ्ग्वादिरससंयोगाद् अन्नादिपचनम् || Hingvadi rasasamyogad annadi pachana (Cooking of food by intermixtures of various tastes) |
11 | शयनरचनम् ॥ Shayana rachana (Preparing a bed) | वृक्षादिप्रसवारोपपालनादिकृतिः || Vrkshadiprasavaropapalanadi krti Udakaghat (Planting, grafting and preservation of plants) |
12 | उदकवाद्यम् ॥ Udakavadya (Using a pot full of water as a musical instrument and treading on water) | पाषाणधात्वादिहतिस्तद्भस्मोकरणम् || Pashanadhatvadi hatistadbhasmokarana (Melting and powdering of stones and metals) |
13 | उदकघातः ॥ Udakaghata (Sprinkling with water cannons) | इक्षुविकाराणां कृतिज्ञानम् || Ikshuvikaranam Krtijnana (Using preparations from sugarcanes) |
14 | चित्रायोगाः ॥ Chitrayoga (Herbal preparations for weakening of enemy) | धात्वौषधीनां संयोगक्रियाज्ञानम् || Dhatu Aushadhinam samyoga Kriya jnana (Knowledge of mixtures of metals and medicinal plants) |
15 | माल्यग्रथनविकल्पाः ॥ Malyagrathana vikalpa (Preparing chaplets and wreathe of flowers) | धातुसाङ्कर्य्यपार्थक्यकरणम् || Dhatu sankaryaparthakya karana (Analysis and synthesis of metals) |
16 | केशशेखरापीडयोजनम् ॥ Keshashekharapeeda yojana (Ladies hair styling) | धात्वादीनां संयोगापूर्वज्ञानम् || Dhatu adinam samyogapoorva jnana (Preparation of alloys) |
17 | नेपथ्ययोगाः ॥ Nepathyayoga (Modes of beautifying the body with cloths and ornaments of various kinds) | क्षारनिष्कासनज्ञानम् || ksharanishkasana jnana (Preparation of salts) |
18 | कर्णपत्रभङ्गाः ॥ Karnapatrabhanga (Painting ornamental figures on the ears) | पदादिन्यासतः शस्त्रसन्धानविक्षेपः || Padadinyasata shastrasandhana vikshepa (Use and arrangement of arms by proper arrangement of legs). |
19 | गन्धयुक्तिः ॥ Gandhayukti (Making perfumes and cosmetics) | सन्ध्याघाताकृष्टिभेदैः मल्लयुद्धम् || Sandhyaghatakrshribhedaih Mallayuddha (Duelling with various artifices) |
20 | भूषणयोजनम् ॥ Bhushanayojana (Making ornaments of various designs) | मल्लानामशस्त्रं मुष्टिभिः बाहुयुद्धम् || Mallanamashastram mushtibhih bahuyuddha (Hand to hand fight) |
21 | इन्द्रजालम् ॥ Indrajala (Jugglery) | बलदर्पविनाशान्तं नियुद्धम् || Baladarpavinashantam Niyuddha (Niyuddha for destruction of enemy's power and vanity) |
22 | कौचुमारयोगाः ॥ Kauchumarayoga (the art of beautification) | सन्निपातावघातैश्च कृतं निपीडनम् तन्मुक्तिः || Sannipatavaghataishcha Krtam nipeedanam tanmukti (Attack by duellers and method of extricating oneself from these) |
23 | हस्तलाघवम् ॥ Hastalaghava (Sleight of hand) | अभिलक्षिते देशे यन्त्राद्यस्वनिपातनम् || Abhilakshite deshe yantradyasvanipatana (Throwing of arms and implements towards some fixed point) |
24 | चित्रशाकापूपभक्ष्यविकारक्रिया ॥ Chitrashakapupabhakyavikara kriya (Culinary art) | वाद्यसङ्केततो व्यूहरचना || Vadyasanketato Vyuharachana (Formation of battle arrays according to signals given by musical instruments) |
25 | पानकरसरागासवयोजनम् ॥ Panakarasaragasava yojana (Making drinks of various tastes and colours and spirituous liquors of various kinds) | गजाश्वरथगत्या युद्धसंयोजनम् || Gajashvarathagatya Yuddhasamyojana (Arrangement of horses, elephants and chariots in war) |
26 | सूचीवापकर्म ॥ Suchivapakarma (Weaving and needle-work of various kinds) | विविधासनमुद्राभिः देवतातोषणम् || Vividhasanamudrabhih devatatoshana (Propitiation of Gods by various seats and postures) |
27 | वीणाडमरुकसूत्रक्रीडा ॥ Veena damaruka sutra kreeda (Making musical instruments of various kinds and working puppets by strings) | सारथ्यं च गजाश्वादेर्गतिशिक्षा || Sarathyam cha Gajashvadergatishiksha (Driving horses and elephants) |
28 | प्रहेलिका ॥ Prahelika (Solving riddles) | मृत्तिकाभाण्डादिसत्क्रिया || Mrttika bhandadi satkrya (Cleansing, etc of earthen vessels) |
29 | प्रतिमा* ॥ Pratima (Sculpture) | काष्ठभाण्डादिसत्क्रिया || Kashtha bhandadi satkrya (Cleansing, etc of wooden vessels) |
30 | दुर्वचकयोगाः ॥ Durvachaka yoga (Skill in uttering tongue twisters) | पाषाणभाण्डादिसत्क्रिया || Pashana bhandadi satkrya (Cleansing, etc of stone vessels) |
31 | पुस्तकवाचनम् ॥ Pustaka vachana (The art of reading manuscripts easily and quickly) | धातुभाण्डादिसत्क्रिया || Dhatu bhandadi satkrya (Cleansing, etc of metal vessels) |
32 | नाटिकाख्यायिकादर्शनम् ॥ Natika Akhyayika darshana (Dramaturgy and story writing) | चित्राद्यालिखनम् || Chitradyalikhana (Picture drawing) |
33 | काव्यसमस्यापूरणम् ॥ Kavya samasya purana (Completion of incomplete verses or part verses) | तडागवापीप्रासादसमभूमिक्रिया || Tadagavapiprasada samabhumi krya (Construction of tanks, canals, palaces and squares) |
34 | पट्टिकावेत्रवाणविकल्पाः ॥ Pattikavetravana vikalpa (Making ligatures, canes, arrows) | घट्यादानेकयन्त्राणां वाद्यानां कृतिः || Ghatyadanekayantranam vadyanam krtih (Construction of clocks, watches and musical instruments) |
35 | तर्कूकर्माणि ॥ Tarkukarma (Spindle work) | हीनमध्यादिसंयोगवर्णाद्यै रञ्जनम् || Hinamadhyadisamyogavarnadyai ranjana (Dyeing by application of inferior, middling and other colours) |
36 | तक्षणम् ॥ Takshana (Carpentry) | जलवाय्वग्निसंयोगनिरोधैश्च क्रिया || Jalavayvanisamyoga nirodhaishcha krya (Putting down actions of water, air and fire) |
37 | वास्तुविद्या ॥ Vastuvidya (Architecture) | नौकारथादियानानां कृतिज्ञानम् || naukarathadiyananam krti jnana (Preparation of boats, chariots and conveyances) |
38 | रूप्यरत्नपरीक्षा ॥ Roopya ratna pariksha (Testing valuable metals and precious stones) | सूत्रादिरज्जुकरणविज्ञानम् || Sutradirajjukarana vijnana (Preparation of threads and ropes) |
39 | धातुवादः ॥ Dhatuvada (Alchemy) | अनेकतन्त्तुसंयोगैः पटबन्धः || Anekatantusamyogaih Patabandha (Weaving of fabrics) |
40 | मणिरागज्ञानम् ॥ Maniraga jnana (Colouring precious stones) | रत्नानां वेधादिसदसज्ज्ञानम् || Ratnanam vedhadisadasad jnana (Testing of gems) |
41 | आकरज्ञानम् ॥ Akara jnana (Knowledge of latent minerals) | स्वर्णादीनां याथात्म्यविज्ञानम् || Svarnadinam yathatmya vijnana (Testing of gold and other metals) |
42 | वृक्षायुर्वेदयोगाः ॥ Vrkshayurveda yoga (Nursing and treating plants) | कृत्रिमस्वर्णरत्नादिक्रियाज्ञानम् || Krtrimasvarnaratnadi krya jnana (Preparation of artificial gold and gems) and स्वर्णाद्यलङ्कारकृतिः लेपादिसत्कृतिः ॥ Svarnadi alankara krti lepadisatkrti (Making of ornaments with gold and other metals and enamelling) |
43 | मेषकुक्कुटलावकयुद्धविधिः ॥ Mesha kukkutalavaka yuddhavidhi (Setting game rams, cocks, quails to fight as sport) | चर्मणां मार्दवादिक्रियाज्ञानम् || Charmanam mardavadi krya jnana (Softening of leathers) |
44 | शुकसारिकाप्रलापनम् ॥ Shuka sarika pralapana (teaching parrots and other birds to imitate human speech) | पशुचर्माङ्गनिर्हारक्रियाज्ञानम् || Pashucharmanganirhara krya jnana (Flaying of skins from the bodies of the beasts) |
45 | उत्सादनम् ॥ Utsadana (Making an enemy quit his place by means of a charm) | दुग्धदोहादिविज्ञानम् || Dugdhadohadi vijnana (Milking) |
46 | केशमार्जनकौशलम् ॥ Keshamarjana kaushala (Cleaning and dressing the hair) | घृतान्तम् || Grtanta (Churning) |
47 | अक्षरमुष्टिकाकथनम् ॥ Aksharamushtika kathana (Reading letters removed from one's sight and divining the nature of substances held within one's palm) | सीवने कञ्चुकादीनां विज्ञानम् || Seevane Kanchukadinam Vijnana (Sewing of covers) |
48 | म्लेच्छितकविकल्पाः ॥ Mlecchitaka vikalpa (Knowledge of books written in the language of Barbarians) | बाह्वादिभिः जले तरणम् || Bahvadibhih jale tarana (Swimming) |
49 | देशभाषाज्ञानम् ॥ Deshabhasha jnana (Fluently talking in the different Bharat's dialects) | मार्जने गृहभाण्डादेः विज्ञानम् || Marjane Grhabhandadeh Vijnana (Cleansing of domestic utensils) |
50 | पुष्पशकटिकानिमित्तज्ञानम् ॥ Pushpashakatika nimitta jnana (Decoration of vehicles with flowers and Reading good or bad omens) | वस्त्रसम्मार्जनम् || Vastrasammarjana (Cleaning of clothes) |
51 | यन्त्रमातृका ॥ Yantramatrka (Making diagrams by means of letters arranged in different orders as mystical formulae to be worshipped or worn as an amulet) | क्षुरकर्म || Kshurakarma (Shaving) |
52 | धारणमातृका ॥ Dharanamatrka (Remembering heard sentences) | तिलमांसादिस्नेहानां निष्कासने कृतिः || Tilamamsadisnehanam nishkasane krti ((Extraction of oil from seeds and fats from flesh) |
53 | सम्पाट्यम् ॥ Sampatya (Splitting hard substances such as diamonds into two or more pieces of different shapes) | सीराद्याकर्षणे ज्ञानम् || Seeradyakarshane jnana (Drawing of ploughs) |
54 | मानसीकाव्यक्रिया ॥ Manasikavya kriya (Reading the thoughts of others and bringing them out in a verse) | वृक्षाद्यारोहणे कला || Vrkshadyarohane kala (Climbing of trees) |
55 | क्रियाविकल्पाः ॥ Kriyavikalpa (Poetry forms) | मनोऽनुकूलसेवायाः कृतिज्ञानम् || Manonukulasevayah krti jnana (Knowledge of pleasing in work) |
56 | छलितकयोगाः ॥ Chalitayoga (Conceal body or speech) | वेणुतृणादिपात्राणां कृतिज्ञानम् || Venutrnadipatranam krti jnana (Making of vessels with bamboo straws) |
57 | अभिधानकोषच्छन्दोज्ञानम् ॥ Abhidhanakosh chanda jnana (lexicography and prosody) | काचपात्रादिकरणविज्ञानम् || Kacapatradikarana vijnana (Making of glass vessels) |
58 | वस्त्रगोपनानि ॥ Vastragopana (Showing off one's clothes as made of a superior texture than what they actually are) | जलानां संसेचनं संहरणम् || Jalanam sansechanam saharana (Pumping and withdrawing water) |
59 | द्यूतविशेषः ॥ Dyutavishesha (Playing at dice) | लोहाभिसारशस्त्रास्त्रकृतिज्ञानम् || Lohabhisarashastrastra krti jnana (Preparation of tools and implements from iron) |
60 | आकर्षणक्रीडा ॥ Akarshana kreeda (Attracting remote objects) | गजाश्ववृषभोष्ट्राणां पल्याणादिक्रिया || Gajashvavrshbhoshtranam palyanadi krya (Preparation of saddles for horses, elephants, bulls and camels) |
61 | बालकक्रीडनकानि ॥ Balaka kreedanaka (Playing childrens' games) | शिशोः संरक्षणे धारणे क्रीडने ज्ञानम् || Shisho samrakshane dharane kreedane jnana (Maintenance, entertainment and nursing of children) |
62 | वैनायिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ Vainaayiki vidya jnana (The Practice of charms) | अपराधिजने मुयुक्ताताडनज्ञानम् || Aparadhijane muyuktatadana jnana (Punishment of offenders) |
63 | वैजयिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ Vaijayiki vidya jnana (Fore knowledge of the party going to win in a debate) | नानादेशीयवर्णानां सुसम्यग् लेखने || Nanadeseeyavarnanam susamyag lekhane (Writing characters of various languages) |
64 | वैतालिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ Vaitaliki vidya jnana (Keeping goblins and vampires under one's control) | ताम्बूलरक्षादिकृतिविज्ञानम् || Tambularakshadi krti vijnana (Making and preservation of betels) |
*The शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma mentions प्रतिमाला ॥ Pratimala (Capping verses) instead of प्रतिमा ॥ Pratima (Sculpture)
वंशागत कला॥ Traditional Arts
वंशागत कला के सीखने में कितनी सुगमता होती है, यह प्रत्यक्ष है। एक बढ़ई का लड़का बढ़ईगिरी जितनी शीघ्रता और सुगमता के साथ सीखकर उसमें निपुण हो सकता है, उतना दूसरा नहीं, क्योंकि वंश-परम्परा और बालकपन से ही उसके उस कला के योग्य संस्कार बन जाने हैं। इन मनोवैज्ञानिक सिद्धान्तों के आधार पर प्राचीन शिक्षा क्रम की रचना हुई थी। उसमें आजकल की सी धाँधली न थी, जिसका दुष्परिणाम आज सर्वत्र दिखाई पड़ रहा है। प्राय: सभी विषयों में चञ्चुप्रवेश और किसी एक विषय की, जिसमें प्रवृत्ति हो, योग्यता प्राप्त करने से ही पूर्व शिक्षा और यथोचित ज्ञान की प्राप्ति हो सकती है। आज पाश्चात्य विद्वान् भी प्रचलित शिक्षा-पद्धति की अनेक त्रुटियों का अनुभव कर रहे हैं; परंतु हम उस दूषित पद्धति की नकल करने की ही धुन में लगे हुए हैं। वर्तमान शिक्षा से लोगों को अपने वंशागत कार्यों से घृणा तथा अरुचि होती चली जा रही है और वे अपने बाप-दादा के व्यवसायों को बड़ी तेज़ीसे छोड़ते चले जा रहे हैं। शिक्षित युवक ऑफिस में छोटी-छोटी नौकरियों के लिये दर-दर दौड़ते हैं, अपमान सहते हैं, दूसरों की ठोकर खाते हैं और जीवन से निराश होकर कई तो आत्मघात कर बैठते हैं। यदि यही क्रम जारी रहा तो पूरा विनाश सामने है। क्या ही अच्छा होता, यदि हमारे शिक्षा-आयोजकों का ध्यान एक बार हमारी प्राचीन शिक्षा-पद्धति की ओर भी जाता।
निष्कर्ष॥ Discussion
उद्धरण॥ References
- ↑ Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, Bharat's Knowledge Systems, Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11
- ↑ Vachaspatyam
- ↑ Shabdakalpadruma
- ↑ Srimad Bhagavata Mahapurana (Part II), English redition: C.L.Goswami, Gorakhpur: Gita Press, Fourth Edition (1997), Pg.no.294 (annotation)
- ↑ श्रीमत् शुक्राचार्य्यविरचितः शुक्रनीतिसारः, १८९०: कलिकाताराजधान्याम्, द्वितीयसंस्करणम् ।
- ↑ B.D.Basu, The Sacred Books of the Hindus, Vol XIII The Sukraniti, Allahabad: The Panini Office, Bhuvaneshwari Asrama, 1914. Pg.no.157