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Line 1: + − In Ayurveda we often find multiple attributes to a single term, in relation with ayurvedic shareera or anatomy, hriday is corelated with Heart. At fundamental level hriday is a sadyopranahara marma(a vital point which if injured leads to sudden death). During fetal development, hriday is formed in the ….. trimester and is a matraja bhava (precisely maternal factor) which is among shad garbhakara bhavas which is a process of embryogenesis according to ayurveda shastras(char.shar.3.6). Acharya charaka in sutrasthana states “artha” as its synonym and it being the abode of six organs (five sensory organs, its objects, atma, and mind). Hriday also is the originating point of the ten important vessels in the body. (char.sutr.30.3-7)+ + + + + − Sush.sam.shar.4.31+ − The shape of the heart is similar to the shape of the lotus flower,+ + + − प्रतिष्ठार्थं हि भावानामेषां हृदयमिष्यते| गोपानसीनामागारकर्णिकेवार्थचिन्तकैः||५||+ − तस्योपघातान्मूर्च्छायं भेदान्मरणमृच्छति|६|+ + − यद्धि तत् स्पर्शविज्ञानं धारि तत्तत्र संश्रितम्||६||+ + − तत् परस्यौजसः स्थानं तत्र चैतन्यसङ्ग्रहः| हृदयं महदर्थश्च तस्मादुक्तं चिकित्सकैः ||७||+ − Hriday has the property of tactile perception+ + − Concept of dauhridini − Development of hriday happens in the month of …. And in fourth month of the pregnancy demarcation of the organs start becoming prominent and so does hriday, and the women is stated as “dauhridini” which means the women is now possessing two hearts. Concept of developing desires in pregnancy is uniquely stated in Ayurveda samhitas in relation with development of foetal heart+ + − Prevention and care methods+ − तन्महत् ता महामूलास्तच्चोजः परिरक्षता| परिहार्या विशेषेण मनसो दुःखहेतवः||१३|| − हृद्यं यत् स्याद्यदौजस्यं स्रोतसां यत् प्रसादनम्| तत्तत् सेव्यं प्रयत्नेन प्रशमो ज्ञानमेव च||१४|| (char.sutr.30.13-14)+ + + + + + + + + + + + − Mental suffering, stress should be avoided as a primary method of prevention.+ − Diet modifications, appropriate dravya medications, behaviour modifications are certain general care methods for preservation of hriday, ojas and ten great vessels originating from hriday.+ + + − Precisely and imp of ojas+ + − तेन मूलेन महता महामूला मता दश| ओजोवहाः शरीरेऽस्मिन् विधम्यन्ते समन्ततः||८|| (char.sut.30. 8-12)+ + − Diseases of heart+ − Char.sutr.kiyantshir 30-40)+ + − Causes of hridroga+ − + + − Symptoms+ + Line 63:
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Line 132: − − − + + − Hridrogas are fundamentally classified as, Line 126:
Line 151: − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − Pittaja Hridroga+ − Symptoms – dizziness, fever, burning sensation etc − Treatment – virechana or purgation therapy, administration of medicated ghee, intake of sugarcane juice etc.+ + + + − Kaphaja hridroga − Symptoms – heaviness of the heart, fever, excess salivation, drowsiness etc+ − Treatment – intake of barley, various herbal decoctions, rasayana therapy(administration of chyavanprash, agastyaharitiki(herbal formulations))+ + − Sannipataja hridroga − Symptoms – the symptoms of the three doshas are manifested together.+ − Treatment – langhana, appropriate diet administration, etc+ − Krimija Hridroga+ − Symptoms – acute pain, itching, discomfort+ − Treatment – anti helminthic measures.+
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In Ayurveda we often find multiple attributes to a single term, in relation with ayurvedic shareera (शारीरम्) or anatomy, hruday or Hrday (हृदयम्) is corelated with Heart. At fundamental level hrday is a sadyopranahara [[Marma (मर्म)|marma]] (मर्म । a vital point which if injured leads to sudden death). During foetal development, hrday starts to develop along with other ashayas (organs) in the fourth month. Hrday is considered as a matraja bhava (मातृजभावः । precisely maternal factor) which is among shad garbhakara bhavas (षड गर्भकर भावाः) which precisely is a process of embryogenesis according to Ayurveda shastras.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 6)</ref> Acharya charaka in sutrasthana states “artha” as its synonym and it being the abode of six organs (five sensory organs, its objects, atma, and mind). Precisely hriday is a complex structure with
== Etymology ==
The word hrday in Samskrit is derived from three words <ref>Das T., Chakraborty SK. [https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR_Vol.5_Issue.11_Nov2018/IJRR001.pdf Analytical Study of Heart in Ayurveda. International Journal of Research and Review.] 2018; 5(11):1-8.</ref>
# ''hrun'' – which means to abduct
# ''dad – which means to donate''
# ''in gatau'' –verb which means rythmic movement
thus, hruday is an organ which draws fluid along with blood from all parts of the body and supplies to every part of the body.
== Anatomy of the Hruday ==
Anatomy of Hrudaya in Ayurveda and that in western medicine is different because the entire perspective of looking at this particular body organ is different in both the sciences which includes its structure, function and associated factors, diseases and treatment. Here the anatomy of structure of Hrudaya as per Ayurveda treatises is discussed.
पुण्डरीकेण सदृशं हृदयं स्यादधोमुखम् |(Sush.sam.shar.4.32)<ref name=":0">Sushruta Samhita (Sharirasthana Adhyaya 4 Sutra 31-32)</ref>
Acharya sushruta describes the shape of the heart is like the shape of inverted lotus flower. The specific variety of lotus named as 'Pundarika' is selected as an analogy to describe the hrudayam. At the same place Acharya Sushruta explains that, it is the adhisthan (seat) of Chetana (life energy) which is also known as consciousness. The contraction of hrday happens during sleep and dilatation when awake.<ref name=":0" />
Hriday also is known to be the originating point of the ten important vessels in the body known as ''dashamahamoola''.<ref name=":1">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 30 Sutra 3-7)</ref>
The heart houses the internal organs, consciousness, motor and sensory organs, five objects of sensory perceptions, and the soul(life energy), mind and objects of the mind. This is explained with the simile, as the central shaft supports the framework of the roof, these organ entities are supported by hrday.<ref name=":1" />
== Location ==
According to Acharya Sushruta, Hriday is situated in between two breasts in the thoracic region. (sush.shar.6.34)
Pleeha and phuppusa (organ entities which can be corelated with spleen and lungs respectively and precisely) are located on the left side of the hriday and yakrut and kloma(these are organ entities which are precisely corelated with liver and gallbladder) are situated below the right side of the hriday.(sush.shar.4.31)
== Functional aspect ==
यद्धि तत् स्पर्शविज्ञानं धारि तत्तत्र संश्रितम्||६||तत् परस्यौजसः स्थानं तत्र चैतन्यसङ्ग्रहः| हृदयं महदर्थश्च तस्मादुक्तं चिकित्सकैः ||७||
While describing the functional aspects, Hriday has the property of sparsha vidnyana which means tactile perception or touch perception.
Shuddha rakta or blood is circulated with the help of vyana vata(a type of vata dosha) from hriday throughout the whole shareera.(shar samh purv 1/76-78)
== Doshas and Hruday ==
A type of pitta dosha, Sadhak pitta, is situated in hriday. (vagh.sutr.12.13-14)
Its karma or action is primarily related with mental attributes (knowledge, intelligence etc)
Vyana vata which is a type of vata dosha, moves all over the shareera, is sited in Hriday (vagh.sutr.12.6)
Its karma or action is to blood circulation, flexion and extension, opening and closing of eyelids etc.
हृदयस्यावलम्बनं करोति| (vagh.sutr.12.15,16) (sarvangasundari vyakha)
Avalambaka kapha situated in the thoracic region acts as avalamban in hriday(binding)
The karya or the action is nourishment, lubricating and influences functioning of other types of kapha dosha as well.
== Concept of dauhridini. ==
In fourth month of the pregnancy demarcation of the organs start becoming prominent and so does hriday, and the women is stated as “dauhridini” which means the women is now possessing two hearts. Concept of developing desires in pregnancy is uniquely stated in Ayurveda samhitas in relation with development of foetal heart. This explains the presence of consciousness in the hriday of the foetus (seat of knowledge, intellect and mind). (sush.shar.3.15-28)
== General preventive measures for Heart diseases ==
तन्महत् ता महामूलास्तच्चोजः परिरक्षता| परिहार्या विशेषेण मनसो दुःखहेतवः||१३||
हृद्यं यत् स्याद्यदौजस्यं स्रोतसां यत् प्रसादनम्| तत्तत् सेव्यं प्रयत्नेन प्रशमो ज्ञानमेव च||१४|| (char.sutr.30.13-14)
Mental suffering, stress should be avoided as a primary method of prevention.
Diet modifications, appropriate dravya medications, behaviour modifications are certain general care methods for preservation of hriday, ojas and ten great vessels originating from hriday.
== Ojas and Hruday ==
तेन मूलेन महता महामूला मता दश| ओजोवहाः शरीरेऽस्मिन् विधम्यन्ते समन्ततः||८|| (char.sut.30. 8-12)
Ojas is the concept unique to ayurveda and is the essence part of the dhatus or the bodily tissues.
(char.chik trimarm 77-)
The ten vessels or the dashamahamoola that arise from the hriday are the carriers of the ojas(precisely..).
It is situated in the heart and ''preenana'' or the nourishment of the shareera is the key functionality.ojas helps keeps the human beings ''jeeveta'' or alive. It enters the hriday during cardiogenesis and its deficiency causes degeneration of the body.
While describing the effects of madya(intoxication) on oja, Acharya charaka describes hriday as the site for the channels of Rasa dhatu, vata etc and ojas as well.(char.chik.24.36)
== General Symptoms of Hrudroga (Heart diseases) ==
वैवर्ण्यमूर्च्छाज्वरकासहिक्काश्वासास्यवैरस्यतृषाप्रमोहाः|
वैवर्ण्यमूर्च्छाज्वरकासहिक्काश्वासास्यवैरस्यतृषाप्रमोहाः|
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|Causes
|Causes (char.chik trimarm 77)
|Symptoms
|Symptoms (char.chik trimarm 78)
|-
|-
|Excessive exercise
|Excessive exercise
|
|
|}
|}
(char.chik.trimarm.78-80)
(char.chik.trimarm.78-80)
General Classification
== General Classification of Hrudrogas ==
Hridrogas are fundamentally classified as,
5. Krimija hridroga
5. Krimija hridroga
Vataja Hridroga
=== Vataja Hridroga ===
Symptoms- feeling of emptiness in the cardiac region, pricking pain, palpitations, cardiac muscke atrophy, mental confusion, obstructed movements
Symptoms- feeling of emptiness in the cardiac region, pricking pain, palpitations, cardiac muscke atrophy, mental confusion, obstructed movements
Treatment – application of medicated oils, administration of various herbal decoctions (for e.g.; punarnava, devdaru etc), administration of medicated ghrita (clarified butter/ghee)
Treatment – application of medicated oils, administration of various herbal decoctions (for e.g.; punarnava, devdaru etc), administration of medicated ghrita (clarified butter/ghee)
=== Pittaja Hridroga ===
Symptoms – dizziness, fever, burning sensation etc
Treatment – virechana or purgation therapy, administration of medicated ghee, intake of sugarcane juice etc.
=== Kaphaja hridroga ===
Symptoms – heaviness of the heart, fever, excess salivation, drowsiness etc
Treatment – intake of barley, various herbal decoctions, rasayana therapy (administration of chyavanprash, agastyaharitiki(herbal formulations))
=== Sannipataja hridroga ===
Symptoms – the symptoms of the three doshas are manifested together.
Treatment – langhana, appropriate diet administration, etc
=== Krimija Hridroga ===
Symptoms – acute pain, itching, discomfort
Treatment – anti helminthic measures.
== Other disorders with involvement of the hruday ==
Manifestation of jwara
सन्तापः सारुचिस्तृष्णा साङ्गमर्दो हृदि व्यथा|(char.chik.3.26)
Hridhivyatha or pain in the hriday region is one of the manifestations of jwara or fever.
Sannipataja jwara
शिरसो लोठनं तृष्णा निद्रानाशो हृदि व्यथा||१०६||(char.chik.3.106)
In Sannipataja jwara which is a type of fever where all the three doshas(vata,pitta,kapha) are dominant, hridvyatha or pain in the heart region is a symptom.
Clinical feat of amaja jwara
हृदयस्याविशुद्धिश्च तन्द्रा चालस्यमेव च|
Improper vamana in jwara
हृद्रोगं श्वासमानाहं मोहं च जनयेद्भृशम्|
Hridroga or disorders of heart is one of the sign of improper vamana therapy.
Five sites of gulma
बस्तौ च ना भ्यां हृदि पार्श्वयोर्वा स्थानानि गुल्मस्य भवन्ति पञ्च| (char chik.5.8)
Gulma is an isolated disorder in Ayurveda which is often corelated with tumours of different kind and hriday is one of the five primary sites of its pathological manifestation.
In Clinical features of unmada
अबद्धवाक्त्वं हृदयं च शून्यं सामान्यमुन्मादगदस्य लिङ्गम्||६|| (char.chik. .6)
Feeling of emptiness in the hriday is one of the clinical feature in unmada roga(disorder related with psychiatric disorder)
In Attatvabhinivesha
A mahagada(grave disorder) and isolated disease mentioned in ayurveda, its clinical feature includes affliction of doshas in hriday.
Symptoms of Arsha(haemorrhoids)
Stiffness in chest and cardiac region is one of the general symptoms mentioned in Arsha roga.
== References ==