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Soma (Sanskrit: sóma) or Haoma (Avestan), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sauma-, was a Vedic ritual drink[1] of importance among the early Indo-Iranians, and the subsequent Greater Indian and Greater Iranian cultures. It is frequently mentioned in the Rigveda, whose Soma Mandala contains 114 hymns, many praising its energizing qualities. In the Avesta, Haoma has the entire Yasht 20 and Yasna 9-11 dedicated to it.
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{{ToBeEdited}}
  
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It is described as being prepared by extracting the juice from a plant, the identity of which is now unknown and debated among scholars. In both Hinduism and Zoroastrianism, the name of the drink and the plant are the same, and also personified as a divinity, the three forming a religious or mythological unity.
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Soma (Samskrit : सोमः) has been described as anna (grains) for the devatas in the Chandogya Upanishad. Primarily described as Soma lata (सोमलता), a creeper from which the Somarasa (juice) is prepared, it plays an important role in the Somayajna. The Vedas describe Indra, the Devadhipati, often being invited and offered Somarasa during the yajnas.<ref name=":0" />
  
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There has been much speculation concerning what is most likely to have been the identity of the original plant. There is no consensus on the question, although some proposed candidates include Amanita muscaria, Psilocybe cubensis, Peganum Harmala, Ephedra sinica, and Cannabis sativa. Western experts outside the Vedic and Avestan religious traditions now seem to favour a species of Ephedra, perhaps Ephedra sinica.[2]
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==वेदेषु सोमः ॥ Soma in the Vedas ==
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Soma is described in various occasions in different forms (it is represented as a devata, a medicinal creeper, water) in the Vedas according to many scholars, while we see a present day explanation as Knowledge based on research and development<ref>Dr. Subodh Kumar in https://subodh-vedainspirations.blogspot.com/search?q=soma</ref>. It is primarily mentioned in the Vedas and associated literature. Notably
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* Soma is mentioned as the Devata of Prthvi.
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* In yajnas, the Somayajna is of superior quality.  
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* Vedas describe that Garuda brought Soma deva to bhumi in the form of Gayatri.
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* Soma is also addressed as Pavamana (wind) in the Vedas. 
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* Soma is called Samudra Raja (ocean king) as it is considered as the raja of all rivers. Soma is addressed as the source of water as it provides rain and resides in water.
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* Soma consumption bestows immortality and one develops the capacity to perform superhuman activities. Therefore, it is compared to amrta (nectar) or even described as amrta.
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* Sometimes, Soma is compared to the Sun as it is seen as the dispeller of darkness and provider of light, one who spreads his rays towards the earth and Sky.
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* Soma is the source of all aushadhi (medicine). He can cure all disease, restore vision to the blind and enable the lame to walk. He is all pervading and protects the human body.
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* Soma essential dharma is to increase satya in us by removing our papas, which are ingrained in us.
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Soma enhances our speech and pronunciation just as the boatman who plies the boat in the waters seamlessly, and is therefore known as Vachaspati (expert in the art of speech). It can invoke powerful feelings within our mind and directs us to Prarthana (prayers).  He is the master amongst poets, Rishi amongst the brahamanas and the brahamanas worship him as the king. He is the heart of the yajna and the distributor of knowledge.
  
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Contents  [hide]
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In the battle between Indra and Vrtrasura, he was the cause of Indra’s victory as He is the thunder weapon (Vajra) of Indra, hence known as the atma of Indra.  
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1 Candidates for the plant
 
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2 Etymology
 
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3 Vedic Soma
 
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4 Traditional accounts
 
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5 Avestan Haoma
 
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6 Contemporary Hinduism
 
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7 References
 
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8 Sources
 
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Candidates for the plant[edit]
 
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Main article: Botanical identity of Soma-Haoma
 
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There has been much speculation as to the original Proto-Indo-Iranian Sauma plant. It was generally assumed to be entheogenic, based on RV 8.48 cited below (we have attained the light). Many descriptions of Soma are associated with excitation. Soma is associated with the warrior-god Indra, and has been drunk by him before his battle with Vṛtra. For these reasons, there are stimulant (amphetamine like) plants as well as entheogenic plants among the candidates that have been suggested. However, Indra's weapon, the "Vajra" emitted a lightning bolt, so the battle was obviously not a physical one.
 
  
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Soma is associated with Light (hence, Indra's "lightning bolt") and Indra is the "Lord of Light" as shown in the following verses from the RgVeda: RV 8.82.25:
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Those Brahmanas who drink somarasa, have the power to burn their enemies simply by the glance.  In prithvi loka he resides in mountains.  He has birds eyes view over every one.  Anything, and any one has connection to soma is generally called as somya in vedic language.<ref name=":0">Narayanacharya K. S. (2011), Veda Sanskritiya Parichaya (Volume 1), Hubli:​Sahitya Prakashana​.</ref>
  
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"For thee, O Lord of Light, are shed these Soma-drops, and grass is strewn. Bring Indra to his worshippers. May Indra give thee skill, and lights of heaven, wealth to his votary. And priests who praise him: laud ye him."
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Soma, or the moon, is one of the most important deities of the Rgveda. It is related to Surya the way purusha is related to prakrti. Soma is almost always the moon in the ninth book of the Rgveda. Soma, as a drink, was meant to celebrate the creative function of the moon as reflected in the tides, the menstrual cycle and the growth of plants.<ref>Subhash Kak (2000), [http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/ast.pdf Astonomy and its Role in Vedic Culture], Chapter 23 in Science and Civilization in India, Vol.1, The Dawn of Indian Civilization, Part 1, edited by G. P. Pande, Delhi: ICPR/Munshiram Manoharlal, pp. 507-524.</ref>
  
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There are several references in the Rg Veda, associating Soma with the visionary seeing of Light e.g. RV 9.4, RV 9.5, RV 9.8, RV 9.10, RV 9.42.
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== Soma in Upanishads ==
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Pitruyana marga outlined in detail in the Chandogya Upanishad describes Soma <blockquote>मासेभ्यः पितृलोकं पितृलोकादाकाशमाकाशाच्चन्द्रमसमेष सोमो राजा तद्देवानामन्नं तं देवा भक्षयन्ति ॥ ४ ॥ (Chan. Upan. 5.10.4)</blockquote><blockquote>māsebhyaḥ pitṛlokaṃ pitṛlokādākāśamākāśāccandramasameṣa somo rājā taddevānāmannaṃ taṃ devā bhakṣayanti ॥ 4 ॥ (Chan. Upan. 5.10.4)</blockquote>
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==Discussion==
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Many western as well as "modern Indian" interpretations bereft of Vedic wisdom proclaim that सोम is an intoxicating beverage. Such versions about the nature of Soma reveals the malicious intentions to portray Bharatiya Vaidika Parampara and the rishis and maharshis in denigrating and frivolous terms. According to them suktadarshi is not rishi, they mention that the seer being intoxicated tends to "think of himself as a rishi".  
  
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Candidates that have been suggested include honey,[3] and fly agaric (Amanita muscaria), which was widely used among Siberian shamans for its entheogenic properties. Several texts like the Atharvaveda extol the medicinal properties of Soma and he is regarded as the king of medicinal herbs (and also of the Brahmana class).
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One Christian priest (Religion of Rig veda by H.D. Graiswald, page 214-215)) may be under the influence of ordinary intoxicant rashly concludes that there is no difference between liquor and Soma rasa. The difference is one is used for yajna and other is used for general purpose of consuming. He further comes up with the fanciful theory that Somarasa helps in increasing sexual appetite.  
  
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From the late 1960s onwards, several studies attempted to establish soma as a psychoactive substance. A number of proposals were made, including one in 1968 by the American banker R. Gordon Wasson, an amateur ethnomycologist, who asserted that soma was an inebriant, and suggested fly-agaric mushroom, Amanita muscaria, as the likely candidate. Since its introduction in 1968, this theory has gained both detractors and followers in the anthropological literature.[4]
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The equation of the sacred Soma to alcohol (introduced along with opium into India and China by the East India Company nations itself to destroy Bharat) and also that Indians were drunkards is not only vicious but false propaganda.  
  
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Wasson and his co-author, Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty, drew parallels between Vedic descriptions and reports of Siberian uses of the fly-agaric in shamanic ritual.[5]
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A logical question would be that if the dharmic rishis were Somarasa drunkards as insinuated by Western evangelists, the Rig veda (XI, all 114 suktas) would not eulogise Soma and the rishis would not have performed yajna while honouring Soma. If it was an alcoholic beverage, why would drinking it only be restricted to three times a day. Soma is not a ordinary beverage, it is the symbol of divinity and only the most qualified brahamanas were able to drink (तत्त्वपणा | tattvapana) it, as concluded by the vedas.<blockquote>सोमं मन्यते पपिवान्यत्सम्पिंषन्त्योषधिम् । सोमं यं ब्रह्माणो विदुर्न तस्याश्नाति कश्चन ॥३॥<ref>Rgveda, Mandala 10, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AB Sukta 85].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''somaṁ manyate papivānyatsampiṁṣantyoṣadhim । somaṁ yaṁ brahmāṇo vidurna tasyāśnāti kaścana ॥3॥'' (X-85-3)</blockquote>The Sayana Bhashya claims that those who desire sexual appetite, should consider Somarasa as an intoxication and extract its juice through the chemical method and drink it. Such persons consider Somarasa as ordinary juice, but the wise Brahamanas (brahmajnani) and the [[Rtvik (ऋत्विक्)|rtvik]] yajamanas understood the real essence of सोम. In other words, the soma is not some ordinary juice extracted from the creeper, but is critically important for attaining Brahmajnana as explained in the Vedas. Those who have actually honored the Soma, the brahamvadini, mahajnanis, those who are immersed in Brahman, explained the Soma differently;<blockquote>अपाम सोमममृता अभूमागन्म ज्योतिरविदाम देवान् । किं नूनमस्मान्कृणवदरातिः किमु धूर्तिरमृत मर्त्यस्य ॥३॥<ref>Rgveda, Mandala 8, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AE.%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AE Sukta 48].</ref></blockquote><blockquote>''apāma somamamr̥tā abhūmāganma jyotiravidāma devān । kiṁ nūnamasmānkr̥ṇavadarātiḥ kimu dhūrtiramr̥ta martyasya ॥3॥ (VIII-48-3 Rik samhita)''</blockquote>Meaning: We have honored soma rasa, we have become immortal, achieved the param jyoti (highest light), have understand all the devas, what can the enemies do to us? Hey Soma, what can the enemies who are wicked to do me, even though I am mortal?
  
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Since the late 18th century, when Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron and others made portions of the Avesta available to western scholars, several scholars have sought a representative botanical equivalent of the haoma as described in the texts and as used in living Zoroastrian practice. In the late 19th century, the highly conservative Zoroastrians of Yazd (Iran) were found to use Ephedra (genus Ephedra), which was locally known as hum or homa and which they exported to the Indian Zoroastrians.[6] There are numerous mountain regions in the northwestern Indian subcontinent which have cool and dry conditions where ephedra plants can grow. Later Vedic texts mention that the best soma plants came from Mount Mūjavant, which may be located as in northern Kashmir and in neighboring western Tibet. (Ephedra is not, however, used in any type of sacrificial activity by Hindu priests today, nor is it actively cultivated in the open trade economies of South Asia.)
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Similarly, the great Vamadeva Rishi, who drank the Soma, says, I have realised the secret behind the birth of Indra and others, previously my body which was like iron shackles did not allow me, to experience [[Brahman (ब्रह्मन्)|Brahman]], because of being bound.  Since I who took the dress of Garuda, I was split open the covering of body (since I drank soma rasa).  Even though this body binds me, but I am not covered with ignorance, illusion, even the pain of being in the womb has been overcome by my power of wisdom. The ईश्वरः | Isvara, who is in the form of Soma) has helped me to conquer my enemies of the womb, he helped me to cross all the layers of air in the womb, that Isvara, is complete, and the source and inspirer of the entire cosmos. One who speak such profound words, Vamadeva, should he be considered insane or a great brahma jnani?
  
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In 1989 Harry Falk noted that, in the texts, both haoma and soma were said to enhance alertness and awareness, did not coincide with the consciousness altering effects of an entheogen, and that "there is nothing shamanistic or visionary either in early Vedic or in Old Iranian texts", (Falk, 1989) Falk made a crucial error in assuming that ephedra reacts like ephedrine; ephedra is less like adrenaline and more a potent bronchodilator. Falk also asserted that the three varieties of ephedra that yield ephedrine (geradiana, major procera and intermedia) also have the properties attributed to haoma by the texts of the Avesta. (Falk, 1989) At the conclusion of the 1999 Haoma-Soma workshop in Leiden, Jan E. M. Houben writes: "despite strong attempts to do away with ephedra by those who are eager to see *sauma as a hallucinogen, its status as a serious candidate for the Rigvedic Soma and Avestan Haoma still stands" (Houben, 2003).
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Even small children can understand this in India. One more thing is expressed by Vamadeva; to prove his complete surrender, he compares himself to body and the supreme being as the atma, hence it shows the paramatama’s complete body. (this is explained in the brahamasutras in regards to indrapranadhikaran shastra dhristhyatu upadesha vamadevatah Vedavyasa explained exactly in the above fashion)  I was Manu, Sun god, Rishi Kashikavana, Arjuna,Kutsa and also krantadarshi, who is rishi named, Ushanasa.  Hey all humans, please understand me who is very wonder. I gave earth to Manu, I was the one who gave rain to man who is engaged in yajna.  I am the originator of rivers.  All the devas follow my sankalpa (resolve) I was the one who became Indra, and gave protection to Divodasa rishi, who was from royal family. By my power he destroyed 99 towns of demon Shambarasura, and settled in 100th town. In this way (one who provided energy to me and divodasa) Garuda who brought the grain of devatas who are personified in Soma, from the brahma loka, in the form of suparna, for this reason let it become elevated ('''Rik sam VI- 26-27''')
  
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The Graeco-Russian archeologist Viktor Sarianidi claims to have discovered vessels and mortars used to prepare Soma in 'Zoroastrian temples' in Bactria. He claims that the vessels have revealed residues and seed impressions left behind during the preparation of Soma. This has not been sustained by subsequent investigations.[7] As noted by Sarianidi, Bakels’ examination of the material took place after several years of exposure in the open air and elements, which could well have caused the decomposition of the cannabis remains in the gypsum from inside the ancient clay vessels. There is a clear possibility that as with the seed impressions, which we have shown were clearly cannabis, Bakels is once again mistaken. For alternatively, as Mark Merlin, who revisited the subject of the identity of Soma more than thirty years after originally writing about it[8] in light of Sarianidi’s finds, has pointed out: "According to Miller (2003), photographs of the Ephedra, Cannabis, and Papaver, and archaeological specimens presented in the Togolok-21 report by Meyer-Melikyan (1990), appear to be consistent with the respective species; however, the determination of the Papaver species needs further study to confirm that it is P. somniferum." (Merlin, 2008)[9] Besides the residue of ephedra, the archeologists discovered the residues of Poppy seeds and Cannabis. The vessels also had impressions created by Cannabis seeds. Cannabis is well known in India as Bhang and sometimes Poppy seeds are used with Bhang to make the ritual drink Bhang Ki Thandai.
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Then who is the soma, we will see this in the future pages.
  
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In his Book 'Cannabis and The Soma Solution' (2010), Chris Bennett, disputes the amanita muscaria and Syrian Rue theories in detail, although partially accepting the Ephedra identification, and asserts the solution is hemp, suggesting that recent finds of 2,700-year-old cannabis with the mummified remains of a shaman the Indo-European Gushi culture in China, led to the adoption of the Chinese term for cannabis Hu-Ma, and this became Haoma in the Bactria region Sarianidi found evidence of cannabis at ancient temple sites, referred to above, becoming Soma in India.[10]
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Garuda, who was in the sauparna form (bird?) brought madhu (Soma) who was in the third position of Trivikrama, this story is there in the many part of Vedas, indicating symbolic meaning. This story specifically mentioned in '''Rgveda's aitareya brahmana, 13th chapter'''. It can be summarised; Once upon a time soma resided only in other world (para Loka). The devas and Rishis, who were always loyal to the principle of yajna were contemplating to bring Soma to lower lokas, they decided some plan;  chandasas can bring him down (Chandas are the language which are used to cover the essential meaning of the Vedas) since the Veda aphorism have the power to reveal Para brahma to the world, hence the devas and Rishis decided to use Chandas is clearly delineated. Hence they prayed to Chandasas.  The Chandasas agreed to undertake this endeavour. Since Param pada was  very high, they decided to choose those being who had strong wings and very able. hence they chose few chandasas who disguised as birds.  They were Jagati, Trishtubh and Gayatri. First Jagati tried to steal soma but being only four words for every pada, therefore had come back being exhausted. In this adventure Jagati lost three of its letters and when retuned with only one of his letter, the wealth of Tapasya was transformed  into animal prosperity.  Hence it is called as "Jagata hi pashavah" the Trishtapu was this capable to only produce cattle prosperity.
  
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The view that Soma was cannabis has been held by a variety of Indian authors, most prominently by Chandra Chakraberty who has made this association clear in a number of different books; “Soma was... made of the flowering tops and resins of Cannabis sativa which is an aphrodisiac and stimulant, and a nourishing food...” (Chakraberty, 1952[11]); “Soma.... Cannabis sativa... a nervine aphrodisiac” (Chakraberty, 1963; 1967);[12] “Of all the plants Soma (Cannabis indica) is the king (X, 97,19)” (Chakraberty, 1944); “...[I]t is safe to conclude that Soma is Cannabis sativa” (Chakraberty, 1944).[13]
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Second was the turn of Trishtubh chandas, it was tired half way through the journey and lost one of its letter and when it came back, it brought the yajna ingredient, Dakshina alone with it. Devatas then requested Gayatri to bring soma.  They also chanted some mantras called "svastyayana" which consisted of "Pra" and "cha". So that Gayatri's journey would be free from obstacles. Eventually Gayatri was able to bring Soma, first by reaching there and by lifting him by her feet and mouth. Gayatri also brought back the four letter which were lost by other two chandasas while scaring the the protectors of soma named Somapla. The somapalas who were 7 in number and one of the Krshaan, cut of the left feet's nail, this became the porcupine's thorn and porcupine itself. The blood which came for the feet became dried that became cow. bones became (;??) snakes. The soma which was captured from Gayatri's right foot became pratah savan (morning oblation?). It is the most prosperous in all the shavanas.    One who understand this is the best amongst the Yajna performers. Soma's part which was captured by the left foot became "madyandin savan". But because it slipped it was not as great as "pratah savana". That part of Soma which was captured by Gayatri in the mouth became "tritiya savan". Because it was drunk while flying in the form of Garuda hence it was less powerful than other two "savan".
  
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The view of cannabis as soma was also put forth by Joseph Chandra Ray, 'The Soma Plant' (1939)[14] and B. L. Mukherjee (1921)[15] and they are far from alone amongst Indian researchers who have regarded the identity of Soma with hemp; “...the plant now known as Bhanga in India (Indian hemp)... was used as H(a)oma or Soma” (Shrirama, 1999);[16] “Soma (a kind of hemp)” (Ramachandran and Mativāṇan̲, 1991);[17] “Soma was a national drink. This was a green herb which was brought from the mountain and pounded ceremoniously with stones. It was mixed with milk and honey and drunk. Probably this was a type of hemp (Bhang…) which is still drunk by some people in India” (Vikramasiṃha, 1967).[18]
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[[Upanishads (उपनिषदाः)|Upanishads]] describe Brahma vastu as "Rasa" and the one who enjoys it is called ‘Anandi’  from the same perspective. ||  raso vai sah, rasaggam hevayam labdhva Nandi bhavati ||
  
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In 1976, the Indian botanist B. G. L. Swamy, put forth cannabis as a candidate for Soma in a well thought out, but little recognized, article The Rg Vedic Soma Plant, in the Indian Journal of History of Science. Swamy built on the presentations of Mukherjee (1921) and Ray (1939) noting that the Vedic descriptions of the plant indicated leaves, stalks and branches; that Soma was green, hari; that cannabis grows wild in areas associated with the Aryan ancestors of the Vedic authors such as the “Caspian sea, in Siberia, in the desert of Kirghiz. It is also referred to as wild in Central and Southern Russia and to the south of the Caucasus... it is almost wild in Persia and it appears to be quite wild on the Western Himalayas and Kashmir” (Swamy, 1976); that Soma was pulverized, filtered and consumed immediately as with the Indian beverage bhang, noting that it must “be borne in mind that there were three pressings in a day and that the juice once expressed was useless for a second offering...Therefore, the brief interval between pressing and consuming is too short a period for fermentation to set in, even should the juice be mixed with milk, curd, etc.... It was essential not only to soak them [the branches] in water but also pound the pieces with stones in order to express the juice.... The dry twigs of Soma (Cannabis) were soaked in water; crushed in flowing water; the last washing was filtered and used almost immediately..." (Swamy,1976) Based on such clearly thought out evidence B. G. L. Swamy rightly felt that: “The summation of evidence leads to the irresistible conclusion that the Rg-vedic Soma was prepared from Cannabis sativus” (Swamy, 1976).[19]
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The Vedas attach great importance to Soma, Garuda and Gayatri. Paramatma is called as Anandamaya (full of bliss) in the language of the Vedas. Indra, the King of the Gods (?) partakes of Soma rasa. Being central to the Vedas, the Soma tattva is relished by the Brahmanas at three times in the form of Gayatri is not surprising. Hence Soma is called as "Pavamana" the purifier. Being representation of brahmananda, the Brahmanas are offering the prayer to this soma Deva, "Oh pavamana Soma, please place me in the land where there is the brightness of Sun, light is eternal, to that nectar and inexhaustible land.  That place where Vivaswanta's son and the pure water of Ganga and other water reside, there I would desire to be immortal.  The place where the Paramatma, traverse with his three Pada (feet) and best amongst them, the place of Son god's light eminates without any hindrance or freedom, the place where all the lokas are established brightly, in those places make me immortal. Where all the desires are fulfilled, where all the ambitions are attained, the action place of Aditya, full of purity, the place where satisfaction and Anna is there to that place you settle me.  The place where there is ceaseless brahmananda, happiness, satisfaction, As much as we desire, please place me there. ( ix-11-;3) with such background prayer, one should accept Soma rasa as he is. This Soma was born  Trivijrama's third foot. Puranas extols how the shiva by carrying in his jatha and made him "somashelhar". This very significant. Soma has been described as king for the Brahmanas, in this way the soma tattva is famous for giving. giving adhyatmik import.
  
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In The RgVedic Soma, the indigenous Vedic scholar Dr. N.R. Waradpande, who identified cannabis as the ancient sacred drink, suggests that based on the Vedic meaning of the words involved in the descriptions given in the 9th and 10th Mandalas of the Rig Veda, the Soma plant was an indigenous Indian plant with roots, branches, leaves, and resin on the leaves and flowers. “The Soma in the Rgveda is unmistakably hemp and its derivatives marijuana and hashish” (Waradpande, 1995).[20]
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Once Gayatri came back from getting Soma, the Trishtubh and Jagati, requested Gayatri to return their letters. Gayatri argued that it belongs to her. The devas sided Gayatri. In this way Gayatri became "astaksharmtaka (8 lettered) Trishthupa became "trysksharatmaka (three lettered) and Jagati became ekaksharatmaka (one lettered). At the end other two chandasas became qualified in taking part in the Savanas. One who understand these tattva (concepts) he or she will attain glory and power and with grace of Chandasas one will attain all prosperity.
  
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"... Waradpande has highlighted with great ingenuity three interesting issues, namely, 1) repudiation of the mushroom and urine theory of Richard Wasson, 2) identification of Soma as hemp-plant, and its three products, hemp-juice (vamsu), marijuana and hashish (charas), and 3) interpretation of the Rgvedic mantras referring to Soma.... Waradpande ingeniously agitates that the Soma plant was an indigenous Indian plant with roots, branches, leaves, resin on the leaves and flowers on the basis of the hymns RV* 10.85,3; 9,86,46; 9.5,1; 9.25,2; 9.38,2; 9.67; 9.61,13; 9,70,1 and so on, He demonstrates that ‘all these verses can be interpreted as referring to both the Soma plant and the Moon’ and the adjectives referring to them can be interpreted accordingly. The descriptive characteristics of the Soma plant and the physio-psychological effects caused on consumption of the Soma can be compared with the contemporary knowledge about the intoxicating drugs hemp, marijuana and hashish. The leaf (patra) of the hemp plant is called bhanga (Hindi biarig), the flower (puspamanjari) ganja and the resin (niryasa) charas. Because of its medicinal qualities it is also called vijaya, jaja and matulai and because of intoxicating qualities it is called bhanga, madini and ganja. He concludes that Soma was nothing but bhang, ‘hemp’ and it was consumed by the Vedic Aryans in three ways, as a hemp-juice (soma-rasa) by drinking, the flowers of hemp known as marijuana by smoking and the resin on leaves known as hashish by smoking." [21]
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The same story is also narrated in '''Taittiriya samhita's 6 kanda''' (section) here is the summary.
  
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Waradpande believed that by the time of the Indian commentator Sayana (died 1387) the identification of the Soma was lost, explaining that if Sayana had known that Soma was hemp, he would not have been puzzled by the description of Soma as samiddha, i.e., kindled and as being ’blown’ or ‘puffed’, now it is common practice to smoke bhanga as well as drink it, (Waradpande, 1995). Waradpande feels much of the confusion is due to the fact that many Vedic terms remain obscure regarding their derivation and denotation for want of adequate knowledge of the contemporary Vedic society. Patanjali, the grammarian of second century B.C. recorded that even during his time some of the Vedic words were considered to be obscure. Sayana's interpretations of Vedic terms are also doubted by later Western as well as Indian scholars. Besides the language factor, Waradpande feels that the loss of the knowledge of Soma’s identity was through the decline of the Vedic ritual, the Yajna, which came about under the influence and development of Buddhism. (Waradpande, 1995).[20]
+
Kashyapa and his two wives kadru and suparna these two had competition in regards their beauty. This is basically a symbol of conflict between the iha (in this world) and para (higher realm)  to prove who is greater. This is an eternal transaction. Vedas illustrates it very beautifully. The earth is kadru, antariksha (higher realm) is Suparna. Chandasas are the children of suparna. Suparna lost in the competition. Kadru made Suparna her servant. Kadru put some condition to free Suparna. She wanted the Soma from the heaven's third division. The sons of Suparna, Chandasas decided to help and free their mother's woe. The Jagati and Trishtubh failed in their attempt (the letters are different from the previous story. But at last Gayatri was able to accomplish with the help of "Aja" who was in the shape or form of jyoti (light). Who flew along with Gayatri to get soma. Gayatri brought Soma and other letters which were left behind by two other Chandasas. Even though Gayatri is the smallest amongst the Chandasas but because he brought the soma which main oblation for yajna, he attained superior position amongst the Chandasas. This the opinion of the brahma dais. The most part of Rgveda is in the Gayatri, Trishtubh and Jagati chandasas, in other words they are complied with these Chandasas. There are also other thirteen Chandasas. But Gayatri has primary position. (almost 2500 are in this Chandasas). This story is very famous and symbolically indicates enmity between Garuda and snakes. Hose who have brhamabhuti can understand the import of this story as the conflict between mundane and divine consciousness and their reject the conclusion of those who claim it is only clash between two race. In this way Gayatri has been considered as Garuda, in the Vedas and pancharatra shastras. It makes clear indication that the Lord Narayana who is carried by Garuda is the (pratipadya) and Param brahma vastu. The faithful has to understand whatever had been compiled in the Vedas, Puranas is the same principle but defined in different ways. The story of Garuda bringing nectar is nothing but Gayatri brining soma. Soma is indicated as brahma experience. Soma creeper is physical self and the squeezing the creeper to stone is the suffering of this world.<ref name=":0" />
  
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In his book Food of the Gods, ethnobotanist Terence McKenna postulates that the most likely candidate for Soma is the mushroom Psilocybe cubensis, a hallucinogenic mushroom that grows in cow dung in certain climates. In India, Wasson identified Psilocybe cubenis as "easily identified and gathered, and are effective", and went so far as to hypothesize, "the possible role of Stropharia cubensis growing in the dung of cattle in the lives of the lower orders remains to this day wholly unexplored. Is P. cubensis responsible for the elevation of the cow to a sacred status?" McKenna cites both Wasson's and his own unsuccessful attempts using Amanita muscaria to reach a psychedelic state as evidence that it could not have inspired the worship and praise of Soma. McKenna further points out that the 9th mandala of the Rig Veda makes extensive references to the cow as the embodiment of soma. He draws comparison to other cultures who venerate the source of the ecstatic state such as the Chavin in Meso-America who venerate the cactus as the source of peyote.
+
== References ==
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+
<references />
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In his 2005 book Amanita Muscaria; Herb of Immortality Donald E. Teeter has expanded upon Wasson's work and extends Soma to include other Indo-European ritual foods and drink. These include: Haoma, Ambrosia, Nectar the Wine of Dionysus, the Christian Holy Host, and communion wine, among others.
+
[[Category:Vedas]]
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−
Teeter also proposes and experimentally tests a mechanism for the reported uses and ceremonies associated with these rituals, as well as accounting for the mechanism of the Holy grail and similar bountiful religious artifacts mentioned in historical references.
 
−
 
 
−
Teeter records success with his use of Amanita muscaria and his experiments to duplicate the described occurrences surrounding the production, use and effects described for Soma and the Grail.[22]
 
−
 
 
−
Etymology[edit]
 
−
Both Soma and the Avestan Haoma are thought to be derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sauma-. The name of the Scythian tribe Hauma-varga is related to the word, and probably connected with the ritual. The word is derived from an Indo-Iranian root *sav- (Sanskrit sav-/su) "to press", i.e. *sau-ma- is the drink prepared by pressing the stalks of a plant.[23] According to Mayrhofer, the root is Proto-Indo-European (*sew(h)-)[24]
 
−
 
 
−
According to professor David W. Anthony, author of The Horse, the Wheel and Language, Soma was introduced into Indo-Iranian culture from the Bactria–Margiana Culture. The Old Indic religion probably emerged among Indo-European immigrants in the contact zone between the Zeravshan River (present-day Uzbekistan) and (present-day) Iran.[25] It was "a syncretic mixture of old Central Asian and new Indo-European elements",[25] which borrowed "distinctive religious beliefs and practices"[26] from the Bactria–Margiana Culture.[26] At least 383 non-Indo-European words were borrowed from this culture, including the god Indra and the ritual drink Soma.[27] According to Anthony,
 
−
 
 
−
Many of the qualities of Indo-Iranian god of might/victory, Verethraghna, were transferred to the adopted god Indra, who became the central deity of the developing Old Indic culture. Indra was the subject of 250 hymns, a quarter of the Rig Veda. He was associated more than any other deity with Soma, a stimulant drug (perhaps derived from Ephedra) probably borrowed from the BMAC religion. His rise to prominence was a peculiar trait of the Old Indic speakers.[28]
 
−
 
 
−
Vedic Soma[edit]
 
−
Further information: Somayajna and Mandala 9
 
−
In the Vedas, the same word (Soma) is used for the drink, the plant, and its deity. Drinking Soma produces immortality (Amrita, Rigveda 8.48.3). Indra and Agni are portrayed as consuming Soma in copious quantities. The consumption of Soma by human beings is well attested in Vedic ritual.
 
−
 
 
−
The Rigveda (8.48.3) says:
 
−
 
 
−
a ápāma sómam amŕtā abhūmâganma jyótir ávidāma devân
 
−
c kíṃ nūnám asmân kṛṇavad árātiḥ kím u dhūrtír amṛta mártyasya
 
−
Ralph T.H. Griffith translates this as:
 
−
 
 
−
We have drunk Soma and become immortal; we have attained the light, the Gods discovered.
 
−
Now what may foeman's malice do to harm us? What, O Immortal, mortal man's deception?
 
−
Swami Dayanand Saraswati translates it as:
 
−
 
 
−
Som (good fruit containing food not any intoxicating drink) apama (we drink you)
 
−
amŕtā abhūmâ (you are elixir of life) jyótir âganma (achieve physical strength or light of god)
 
−
ávidāma devân (achieve control over senses);
 
−
kíṃ nūnám asmân kṛṇavad árātiḥ (in this situation, what our internal enemy can do to me)
 
−
kím u dhūrtír amṛta mártyasya (god, what even violent people can do to me)
 
−
The Ninth Mandala of the Rigveda is known as the Soma Mandala. It consists entirely of hymns addressed to Soma Pavamana ("purified Soma"). The drink Soma was kept and distributed by the Gandharvas. The Rigveda associates the Sushoma, Arjikiya and other regions with Soma (e.g. 8.7.29; 8.64.10-11). Sharyanavat was possibly the name of a pond or lake on the banks of which Soma could be found. It is described as "green-tinted" and "bright-shining" in the RigVeda. (R.V., 9.42.1 and 9.61.17)
 
−
 
 
−
The plant is often described as growing in the mountains (giristha, cf. Orestes), notably Mount Mūjavant. It has long stalks, and is of yellow or tawny (hari) colour. The drink is prepared by priests pounding the plants with stones. The juice so gathered is filtered through lamb's wool, and mixed with other ingredients (including cow milk) before it is drunk. It is said to "roar". It is said to be the bringer of the gods.
 
−
 
 
−
Later, knowledge of the ingredient was lost altogether, and Indian ritual reflects this, in expiatory prayers apologizing to the gods for the use of a substitute plant (somalataa, e.g. the pūtīka) because Soma had become unavailable. In the Vedic ritual Agnistoma (or Somayaga), Soma is to be presented as the main offering.[29] The substitution of one element in a sacrifice for another was in harmony with an underlying principle of Vedic ritual - the victim is a substitute for the sacrificer.[30] The texts provide an extensive list of plants that can be used as substitutes and end the list by saying that any plant is acceptable, provided it is yellow.[31]
 
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−
Traditional accounts[edit]
 
−
The ritual of Somayajna is still held with unbroken continuity in South India. The Somalatha (Sanskrit: Soma creeper) which is procured in small quantities from the Himalayan region is used to prepare Soma rasam or Soma juice.[32] It is also used in these areas in Ayurveda and Siddha medicine streams since time immemorial.[33] The herb which is used is Sarcostemma acidum.
 
−
 
 
−
Avestan Haoma[edit]
 
−
Main article: Haoma
 
−
The finishing of Haoma in Zoroastrianism may be glimpsed from the Avesta (particularly in the Hōm Yast, Yasna 9), and Avestan language *hauma also survived as middle Persian hōm. The plant Haoma yielded the essential ingredient for the ritual drink, parahaoma. It is to be noted here that the Persians used the phonetic "Ha" instead of "Sa" in their language. For example, they called river Sarasvati, Haravati; River Sindhu is called Hindu (some believe this is the root of the Hindu nomenclature), and here we see them call Soma - Haoma.
 
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−
In the Hōm yašt of the Avesta, the Yazata (divine) Haoma appears to Zoroaster "at the time of pressing" (havani ratu) in the form of a beautiful man. Yasna 9.1 and 9.2 exhort him to gather and press Haoma plants. Haoma's epithets include "the Golden-Green One" (zairi-, Sanskrit hari-), "righteous" (ašavan-), "furthering righteousness" (aša-vazah-), and "of good wisdom" (hu.xratu-, Sanskrit sukratu-, Cf. Greek Sokrates).
 
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In Yasna 9.22, Haoma grants "speed and strength to warriors, excellent and righteous sons to those giving birth, spiritual power and knowledge to those who apply themselves to the study of the nasks". As the religion's chief cult divinity he came to be perceived as its divine priest. In Yasna 9.26, Ahura Mazda is said to have invested him with the sacred girdle, and in Yasna 10.89, to have installed Haoma as the "swiftly sacrificing zaotar" (Sanskrit hotar) for himself and the Amesha Spenta. Haoma services were celebrated at least until the 1960s and 1970s in a strongly conservative village near Yazd.
 
−
 
 
−
But the Avesta also warns of misuse. He distinguishes between the currently used drug-like Haoma, including Opium, and the real Divine Haoma.
 
−
 
 
−
Contemporary Hinduism[edit]
 
−
See also: Chandra
 
−
In Hindu art, the god Soma was depicted as a bull or bird, and sometimes as an embryo, but rarely as an adult human. In Hinduism, the god Soma evolved into a lunar deity. Full moon is the time to collect and press the divine drink. The moon is also the cup from which the gods drink Soma, thus identifying Soma with the moon god Chandra. A waxing moon meant Soma was recreating himself, ready to be drunk again. Alternatively, Soma's twenty-seven wives were the star goddesses, the Nakshatras - daughters of the cosmic progenitor Daksha - who told their father that he paid too much attention to just one of them, Rohini. Daksha subsequently cursed Soma to wither and die, but the wives intervened and the death became periodic and temporary, and is symbolized by the waxing and waning of the moon. Monday is called Somavāram in Sanskrit and modern Indian languages, such as Hindi, Bengali, Kannada, Marathi, Nepali and Telugu, and alludes to the importance of this god in Hindu spirituality.
 
−
 
 
−
The Sushruta Samhita localizes the best Soma in the upper Indus and Kashmir region.[34]
 
−
 
 
−
The Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's Transcendental Meditation-Sidhi Program involves a notion of "Soma", allegedly based on the Rigveda.[35][36]
 
−
 
 
−
It should be pointed out that the noted mystic Gopi Krishna wrote (Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man) - that Soma no man drinks. He was referring to the internal inebriant of higher nerve 'juice' produced by the awakened Kundalini[37]
 
−
 
 
−
References[edit]
 
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Jump up ^ soma. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
 
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Jump up ^ "Botany of Haoma", from Encyclopædia Iranica. Accessed 15 March 2007.
 
−
Jump up ^ Oldenberg, Hermann (1988). The Religion of the Veda. ISBN 978-81-208-0392-3.
 
−
Jump up ^ Furst, Peter T. (1976). Hallucinogens and Culture. Chandler & Sharp. pp. 96–108. ISBN 0-88316-517-1.
 
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Jump up ^ (Wasson, Robert Gordon (1968). "Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality". Ethno-Mycological Studies (New York) 1. ISBN 0-15-683800-1.)
 
−
Jump up ^ Aitchison, 1888
 
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Jump up ^ C.C. Bakels, Report concerning the contents of a ceramic vessel found in the "white room" of the Gonur Temenos, Merv Oasis, Turkmenistan. EJVS Vol.9, 2003 [1]
 
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Jump up ^ Merlin, Mark, Man and Marijuana, (Barnes and Co, 1972)
 
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Jump up ^ Merlin, M., Archaeological Record for Ancient Old World Use of Psychoactive Plants, Economic Botany, 57(3): (2008)
 
−
Jump up ^ Bennett, Chris, Cannabis and the Soma Solution (2010)
 
−
Jump up ^ Chakraberty, Chandra, Literary History of Ancient India in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations, (Vijaya Krishna Bros., 1952)
 
−
Jump up ^ Chakraberty, Chandra Sex Life in Ancient India: An Explanatory & Comparative Study, (Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1963)
 
−
Jump up ^ Chakraberty, Chandra, The Racial History of India, (1944)
 
−
Jump up ^ Ray, Joseph, Chandra, Soma Plant, Indian Historical Quarterly, vol. 15, no. 2, June, 1939, Calcutta
 
−
Jump up ^ Mukherjee, B. L., The Soma Plant, JRAS, (1921), Idem, The Soma Plant, Calcutta, (1922), The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1921)
 
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Jump up ^ Deva, Indra and Shrirama Society and Culture in India: Their Dynamics Through the Ages, (1999)
 
−
Jump up ^ Ramachandran, M. and Mativāṇan̲, Irāman̲, The Spring of the Indus Civilisation, (Prasanna Pathippagam, 1991)
 
−
Jump up ^ Vikramasiṃha, Glimpses of Indian Culture, (Kitab Mahal, 1967)
 
−
Jump up ^ Swamy, B.G.L. (1976). "The Rg Vedic Soma Plant" (PDF). Indian Journal of History of Science 11 (1): 11–32.
 
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^ Jump up to: a b The Rgvedic Soma, Dr. N. R. Waradpande (1995)
 
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Jump up ^ Sri Venkateswara University, Oriental Journal, Volume XXXVIII, 1995
 
−
Jump up ^ Teeter, Donald E. (2005, 2007). Amanita Muscaria; Herb of Immortality. 4800 Yager Lane, Manor, Texas 78653 ambrosiasociety.org: Ambrosia Society. Check date values in: |date= (help)
 
−
Jump up ^ K.F.Geldner, Der Rig-Veda. Cambridge MA, 1951, Vol. III: 1-9
 
−
Jump up ^ M. Mayrhofer, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen, Heidelberg 1986–2000, vol II: 748
 
−
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony 2007, p. 462.
 
−
^ Jump up to: a b Beckwith 2009, p. 32.
 
−
Jump up ^ Anthony 2007, p. 454-455.
 
−
Jump up ^ Anthony 2007, p. 454.
 
−
Jump up ^ "Somayagam to be conducted at Aluva". The Hindu. 2009-02-08.
 
−
Jump up ^ Doniger, Wendy, The Hindus, An Alternative History, Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-959334-7, pbk
 
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Jump up ^ Angot, Michel, L'Inde Classique, Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 2001, ISBN 2-251-41015-5
 
−
Jump up ^ "Somayagam Part 2 Reception to Somalatha". YouTube. 3 May 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
 
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Jump up ^ "Somalata - Herbal Remedy for Rhinitis - Siddham.in". Siddham.in. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
 
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Jump up ^ Sushruta Samhita: 537-538, SS.CS. 29.28-31.
 
−
Jump up ^ Transcendent in America. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
 
−
Jump up ^ Hendel v World Plan Executive Council, 124 WLR 957 (January 2, 1996); affd 705 A.2d 656, 667 (DC, 1997)
 
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Jump up ^ Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man
 
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In the Vedas, Soma is mentioned as the Devata of Prithvi.  In yagnas, the Somayagna  is of superior quality.  Soma has been described as anna (grain) by the devatas.  This soma is also compared to a creeper. The Vedas describe Lord Indra, the king of the Devas, drinking Somarasa (Soma juice). Often it is described that Soma deva would reside only in devaloka, but Garuda brought him to bhumi in the form of Gayatri. Soma is also addressed as Pavamana (wind) in the Vedas.  Soma is called Samudra Raja (ocean king) as it is considered as the king of all rivers. Soma is addressed as the source of water as it provides rain and resides in water. It is said Whoever partakes of Soma, will become immortal and develop the capacity to perform superhuman activities. Therfore, it is compared to “amrith” (nectar) or even described as “amrith.” Sometimes, Soma is compared to the Sun as it is seen as the dispeller of darkness and provider of light, one who spreads his rays towards the earth and Sky. Soma is known for giving benediction of teja (), success, and eternality. Soma is the source of all aushadhi (medicine). He can cure all disease, restore vision to the blind and enable the lame to walk. He is all pervading and protects the human body. Soma essential dharma is to increase satya in us by removing our sins, which are ingrained in us.
 
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Soma enhances our speech and pronunciation just as the boatman who plies the boat in the waters seamlessly, and is therefore known as Vacaspati (expert in the art of speech). It can invoke powerful feelings within our mind and directs us to Prarthana (prayers).  He is the master amongst poets, Rishi amongst the brahamanas and the brahamanas worship him as the king. He is the heart of the Yagna and the distributor of knowledge. In the battle between Indra and Vritrasura, he was the cause of Indra’s victory as He is the thunder weapon (Vajra) of Indra, hence known as the soul of Indra.  Or he a.  He gave birth to Surya in the water, and he causes sunrise.  He himself is warrior, he has never lost battle, those warriors who worship him, and he offers them anything they desire.  Those Brahmanas who drink somarasa, have the power to burn their enemies simply by the glance.  In earthly planet he resides in mountains.  He has birds eyes view over every one.  Anything, and any one has connection to soma is generally called as somya in vedic language.
 
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The western Indologist, who are bereft of Vedic wisdom and Indians who have no pride in the Vedas go by the Whiteman’s version of सोम which is an intoxicating beverage. This is deeply revealing of their malicious intentions to portray our scriptures as and our sages in denigrating and frivolous terms.  According to them “suktadarshi” is not rishi, they mention that the sage being intoxicated tends to thinl of himself as a Rishi. One Christian priest (Religion of Rig veda by H.D. Graiswald, page 214-215)) who may himself be under the influence of ordinar intoxicant rashly concludes that there is no difference between liquor and Soma rasa. The difference is one is used for Yagna and other is used for general purpose of consuming. He further comes up with the fanciful theory that Somarasa helps in increasing sexual appetite. His profound knowledge of our great culture is based merely on two incidents.
 
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Àt a camp, when he asked a drunk cobbler as to why he drank, the cobbler replied, “ if I do not drink, how will I produce children?
 
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In 1890, the same Christian priest met an Indian, who told this priest, if he did not drink whisky then he would have been dead long back.  The equation of the sacred Soma to alcohol (introduced along with opium into India and China by the East India Company nations itself to destroy Bharat) and also that Indian were drunkards is not only vicious but false propaganda.This pathetic scholarship reveals the malafide intentions of the White traders to not only denigrate our knowledge systems but also impose falsehoods and non-existent discriminatory systems that were not part of our Vedic traditions. An example of this was the oppositional categories: gods-demons, fire-blood, man-woman, twice-born-shudra, purity-pollution, death-immortality. 
 
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In the introduction itself he clarifies that he does not comprehend the Vedas as he cannot understand the feeling of words or cannot explain the words, but has borrowed the meaning from elsewhere, mostly from secondary sources. Ironically, he  indicates not only his ignorance of our systems but also his audacity at studying us from a position of superiority. But that this was accepted and has become the explanation for our knowledge systems indicates the hegemony of the West on our academic, health, and all our systems. And the most significant factor is that these conlusions reign till date and determine our discourse and actions. Also our glorious heritage has completely been blamked out leaving the people of Bharat completly without connection to their roots as we pursue systems that are not only dysfunctional but alien.
 
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A logical question would be that if the dharmic rishis were Somarasa drunkards as insinuated by Western evangelists, the Rig veda (XI, all 114 suktas) would not eulogise [[सोम|Soma]] and the rishis would not have performed yagna while honouring [[सोम|Soma]]. If it was an alcoholic beverage, why would drinking it only be restricted to three times a day. [[सोम|Soma]] is not a ordinary beverage, it is the symbol of divinity and only the most qualified brahamanas were able to drink (तत्त्वपणा|tattvapana) it, this is the conclusion of vedas.
 
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−
Somam manyate papivana yat sam pimashanti aushadhim
 
−
Somam yam brahamanyo viduh natasyashnati kaschana (X-85-3)
 
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−
The Sayana Bhashya claims that those who desire sexual appetite, should consider Somarasa as an intoxication and extract its juice thrugh the chemical method and drink it. Such persons consider [[सोमरस|Somarasa]] as ordinary juice, but the wise Brahamanas (brahmagyaani) and the [[ऋत्विग्जमनास|ritvigyjyamanaas]] understood the real essence of सोम. In other words, the soma is not some ordinary juice extracted from the creeper as explained in the Vedas. Those who have actually honored the [[सोम|Soma]], the brahamvadini, mahajnanis, those who are immersed in Brahman, explained the [[सोम|Soma]] differently;
 
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Apama somamamrta abhumaganma jyotir vidama devan
 
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Kim nunamasman krnavadaratih kimdhurtiramrta martyasya
 
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“We have honored soma rasa, we have become immortal, achieved the param jyoti (highest light), have understand all the devas, what can the enemies do to us? Hey [[सोम|Soma]], what can the enemies who are wicked to do me, even though I am mortal? (VIII-48-3 Rik samhita).
 
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Such people who are ignorant and demean [[सोम|Soma]] are ignorant of the Vedas and its profound wisdom and false keepers of our knowledge systems. 
 
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−
Similarly, the great  Vamadeva Rishi, who drank the [[सोम|Soma]], says, “I have realised the secret behind the birth of Indra and others, previously my body which was like iron shackles did not allow me, to experience [[Brahman]], because of being bound.  Since i who took the dress of Garuda, I was split open the covering of body (since I drank soma rasa).  Even though this body binds me, but I am not covered with ignorance, illusion, even the pain of being in the womb has been overcome by my power of wisdom.  The ईश्वर|Isvara, who is in the form of [[सोम|Soma]]) has helped me to conquer my enemies of the womb, he helped me to cross all the layers of air in the womb, that Isvara, is complete, and the source and inspirer of the entire cosmos.  One who speak such profound words, Vamadeva, should he be considered insane or a great brahma jnani?
 

Latest revision as of 13:16, 25 December 2020

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Soma (Samskrit : सोमः) has been described as anna (grains) for the devatas in the Chandogya Upanishad. Primarily described as Soma lata (सोमलता), a creeper from which the Somarasa (juice) is prepared, it plays an important role in the Somayajna. The Vedas describe Indra, the Devadhipati, often being invited and offered Somarasa during the yajnas.[1]

वेदेषु सोमः ॥ Soma in the Vedas

Soma is described in various occasions in different forms (it is represented as a devata, a medicinal creeper, water) in the Vedas according to many scholars, while we see a present day explanation as Knowledge based on research and development[2]. It is primarily mentioned in the Vedas and associated literature. Notably

  • Soma is mentioned as the Devata of Prthvi.
  • In yajnas, the Somayajna is of superior quality.
  • Vedas describe that Garuda brought Soma deva to bhumi in the form of Gayatri.
  • Soma is also addressed as Pavamana (wind) in the Vedas.
  • Soma is called Samudra Raja (ocean king) as it is considered as the raja of all rivers. Soma is addressed as the source of water as it provides rain and resides in water.
  • Soma consumption bestows immortality and one develops the capacity to perform superhuman activities. Therefore, it is compared to amrta (nectar) or even described as amrta.
  • Sometimes, Soma is compared to the Sun as it is seen as the dispeller of darkness and provider of light, one who spreads his rays towards the earth and Sky.
  • Soma is the source of all aushadhi (medicine). He can cure all disease, restore vision to the blind and enable the lame to walk. He is all pervading and protects the human body.
  • Soma essential dharma is to increase satya in us by removing our papas, which are ingrained in us.

Soma enhances our speech and pronunciation just as the boatman who plies the boat in the waters seamlessly, and is therefore known as Vachaspati (expert in the art of speech). It can invoke powerful feelings within our mind and directs us to Prarthana (prayers). He is the master amongst poets, Rishi amongst the brahamanas and the brahamanas worship him as the king. He is the heart of the yajna and the distributor of knowledge.

In the battle between Indra and Vrtrasura, he was the cause of Indra’s victory as He is the thunder weapon (Vajra) of Indra, hence known as the atma of Indra.

Those Brahmanas who drink somarasa, have the power to burn their enemies simply by the glance. In prithvi loka he resides in mountains. He has birds eyes view over every one. Anything, and any one has connection to soma is generally called as somya in vedic language.[1]

Soma, or the moon, is one of the most important deities of the Rgveda. It is related to Surya the way purusha is related to prakrti. Soma is almost always the moon in the ninth book of the Rgveda. Soma, as a drink, was meant to celebrate the creative function of the moon as reflected in the tides, the menstrual cycle and the growth of plants.[3]

Soma in Upanishads

Pitruyana marga outlined in detail in the Chandogya Upanishad describes Soma

मासेभ्यः पितृलोकं पितृलोकादाकाशमाकाशाच्चन्द्रमसमेष सोमो राजा तद्देवानामन्नं तं देवा भक्षयन्ति ॥ ४ ॥ (Chan. Upan. 5.10.4)

māsebhyaḥ pitṛlokaṃ pitṛlokādākāśamākāśāccandramasameṣa somo rājā taddevānāmannaṃ taṃ devā bhakṣayanti ॥ 4 ॥ (Chan. Upan. 5.10.4)

Discussion

Many western as well as "modern Indian" interpretations bereft of Vedic wisdom proclaim that सोम is an intoxicating beverage. Such versions about the nature of Soma reveals the malicious intentions to portray Bharatiya Vaidika Parampara and the rishis and maharshis in denigrating and frivolous terms. According to them suktadarshi is not rishi, they mention that the seer being intoxicated tends to "think of himself as a rishi".

One Christian priest (Religion of Rig veda by H.D. Graiswald, page 214-215)) may be under the influence of ordinary intoxicant rashly concludes that there is no difference between liquor and Soma rasa. The difference is one is used for yajna and other is used for general purpose of consuming. He further comes up with the fanciful theory that Somarasa helps in increasing sexual appetite.

The equation of the sacred Soma to alcohol (introduced along with opium into India and China by the East India Company nations itself to destroy Bharat) and also that Indians were drunkards is not only vicious but false propaganda.

A logical question would be that if the dharmic rishis were Somarasa drunkards as insinuated by Western evangelists, the Rig veda (XI, all 114 suktas) would not eulogise Soma and the rishis would not have performed yajna while honouring Soma. If it was an alcoholic beverage, why would drinking it only be restricted to three times a day. Soma is not a ordinary beverage, it is the symbol of divinity and only the most qualified brahamanas were able to drink (तत्त्वपणा | tattvapana) it, as concluded by the vedas.

सोमं मन्यते पपिवान्यत्सम्पिंषन्त्योषधिम् । सोमं यं ब्रह्माणो विदुर्न तस्याश्नाति कश्चन ॥३॥[4]

somaṁ manyate papivānyatsampiṁṣantyoṣadhim । somaṁ yaṁ brahmāṇo vidurna tasyāśnāti kaścana ॥3॥ (X-85-3)

The Sayana Bhashya claims that those who desire sexual appetite, should consider Somarasa as an intoxication and extract its juice through the chemical method and drink it. Such persons consider Somarasa as ordinary juice, but the wise Brahamanas (brahmajnani) and the rtvik yajamanas understood the real essence of सोम. In other words, the soma is not some ordinary juice extracted from the creeper, but is critically important for attaining Brahmajnana as explained in the Vedas. Those who have actually honored the Soma, the brahamvadini, mahajnanis, those who are immersed in Brahman, explained the Soma differently;

अपाम सोमममृता अभूमागन्म ज्योतिरविदाम देवान् । किं नूनमस्मान्कृणवदरातिः किमु धूर्तिरमृत मर्त्यस्य ॥३॥[5]

apāma somamamr̥tā abhūmāganma jyotiravidāma devān । kiṁ nūnamasmānkr̥ṇavadarātiḥ kimu dhūrtiramr̥ta martyasya ॥3॥ (VIII-48-3 Rik samhita)

Meaning: We have honored soma rasa, we have become immortal, achieved the param jyoti (highest light), have understand all the devas, what can the enemies do to us? Hey Soma, what can the enemies who are wicked to do me, even though I am mortal?

Similarly, the great Vamadeva Rishi, who drank the Soma, says, I have realised the secret behind the birth of Indra and others, previously my body which was like iron shackles did not allow me, to experience Brahman, because of being bound. Since I who took the dress of Garuda, I was split open the covering of body (since I drank soma rasa). Even though this body binds me, but I am not covered with ignorance, illusion, even the pain of being in the womb has been overcome by my power of wisdom. The ईश्वरः | Isvara, who is in the form of Soma) has helped me to conquer my enemies of the womb, he helped me to cross all the layers of air in the womb, that Isvara, is complete, and the source and inspirer of the entire cosmos. One who speak such profound words, Vamadeva, should he be considered insane or a great brahma jnani?

Even small children can understand this in India. One more thing is expressed by Vamadeva; to prove his complete surrender, he compares himself to body and the supreme being as the atma, hence it shows the paramatama’s complete body. (this is explained in the brahamasutras in regards to indrapranadhikaran shastra dhristhyatu upadesha vamadevatah Vedavyasa explained exactly in the above fashion) I was Manu, Sun god, Rishi Kashikavana, Arjuna,Kutsa and also krantadarshi, who is rishi named, Ushanasa. Hey all humans, please understand me who is very wonder. I gave earth to Manu, I was the one who gave rain to man who is engaged in yajna. I am the originator of rivers. All the devas follow my sankalpa (resolve) I was the one who became Indra, and gave protection to Divodasa rishi, who was from royal family. By my power he destroyed 99 towns of demon Shambarasura, and settled in 100th town. In this way (one who provided energy to me and divodasa) Garuda who brought the grain of devatas who are personified in Soma, from the brahma loka, in the form of suparna, for this reason let it become elevated (Rik sam VI- 26-27)

Then who is the soma, we will see this in the future pages.

Garuda, who was in the sauparna form (bird?) brought madhu (Soma) who was in the third position of Trivikrama, this story is there in the many part of Vedas, indicating symbolic meaning. This story specifically mentioned in Rgveda's aitareya brahmana, 13th chapter. It can be summarised; Once upon a time soma resided only in other world (para Loka). The devas and Rishis, who were always loyal to the principle of yajna were contemplating to bring Soma to lower lokas, they decided some plan; chandasas can bring him down (Chandas are the language which are used to cover the essential meaning of the Vedas) since the Veda aphorism have the power to reveal Para brahma to the world, hence the devas and Rishis decided to use Chandas is clearly delineated. Hence they prayed to Chandasas. The Chandasas agreed to undertake this endeavour. Since Param pada was very high, they decided to choose those being who had strong wings and very able. hence they chose few chandasas who disguised as birds. They were Jagati, Trishtubh and Gayatri. First Jagati tried to steal soma but being only four words for every pada, therefore had come back being exhausted. In this adventure Jagati lost three of its letters and when retuned with only one of his letter, the wealth of Tapasya was transformed into animal prosperity. Hence it is called as "Jagata hi pashavah" the Trishtapu was this capable to only produce cattle prosperity.

Second was the turn of Trishtubh chandas, it was tired half way through the journey and lost one of its letter and when it came back, it brought the yajna ingredient, Dakshina alone with it. Devatas then requested Gayatri to bring soma. They also chanted some mantras called "svastyayana" which consisted of "Pra" and "cha". So that Gayatri's journey would be free from obstacles. Eventually Gayatri was able to bring Soma, first by reaching there and by lifting him by her feet and mouth. Gayatri also brought back the four letter which were lost by other two chandasas while scaring the the protectors of soma named Somapla. The somapalas who were 7 in number and one of the Krshaan, cut of the left feet's nail, this became the porcupine's thorn and porcupine itself. The blood which came for the feet became dried that became cow. bones became (;??) snakes. The soma which was captured from Gayatri's right foot became pratah savan (morning oblation?). It is the most prosperous in all the shavanas. One who understand this is the best amongst the Yajna performers. Soma's part which was captured by the left foot became "madyandin savan". But because it slipped it was not as great as "pratah savana". That part of Soma which was captured by Gayatri in the mouth became "tritiya savan". Because it was drunk while flying in the form of Garuda hence it was less powerful than other two "savan".

Upanishads describe Brahma vastu as "Rasa" and the one who enjoys it is called ‘Anandi’ from the same perspective. || raso vai sah, rasaggam hevayam labdhva Nandi bhavati ||

The Vedas attach great importance to Soma, Garuda and Gayatri. Paramatma is called as Anandamaya (full of bliss) in the language of the Vedas. Indra, the King of the Gods (?) partakes of Soma rasa. Being central to the Vedas, the Soma tattva is relished by the Brahmanas at three times in the form of Gayatri is not surprising. Hence Soma is called as "Pavamana" the purifier. Being representation of brahmananda, the Brahmanas are offering the prayer to this soma Deva, "Oh pavamana Soma, please place me in the land where there is the brightness of Sun, light is eternal, to that nectar and inexhaustible land. That place where Vivaswanta's son and the pure water of Ganga and other water reside, there I would desire to be immortal. The place where the Paramatma, traverse with his three Pada (feet) and best amongst them, the place of Son god's light eminates without any hindrance or freedom, the place where all the lokas are established brightly, in those places make me immortal. Where all the desires are fulfilled, where all the ambitions are attained, the action place of Aditya, full of purity, the place where satisfaction and Anna is there to that place you settle me. The place where there is ceaseless brahmananda, happiness, satisfaction, As much as we desire, please place me there. ( ix-11-;3) with such background prayer, one should accept Soma rasa as he is. This Soma was born Trivijrama's third foot. Puranas extols how the shiva by carrying in his jatha and made him "somashelhar". This very significant. Soma has been described as king for the Brahmanas, in this way the soma tattva is famous for giving. giving adhyatmik import.

Once Gayatri came back from getting Soma, the Trishtubh and Jagati, requested Gayatri to return their letters. Gayatri argued that it belongs to her. The devas sided Gayatri. In this way Gayatri became "astaksharmtaka (8 lettered) Trishthupa became "trysksharatmaka (three lettered) and Jagati became ekaksharatmaka (one lettered). At the end other two chandasas became qualified in taking part in the Savanas. One who understand these tattva (concepts) he or she will attain glory and power and with grace of Chandasas one will attain all prosperity.

The same story is also narrated in Taittiriya samhita's 6 kanda (section) here is the summary.

Kashyapa and his two wives kadru and suparna these two had competition in regards their beauty. This is basically a symbol of conflict between the iha (in this world) and para (higher realm) to prove who is greater. This is an eternal transaction. Vedas illustrates it very beautifully. The earth is kadru, antariksha (higher realm) is Suparna. Chandasas are the children of suparna. Suparna lost in the competition. Kadru made Suparna her servant. Kadru put some condition to free Suparna. She wanted the Soma from the heaven's third division. The sons of Suparna, Chandasas decided to help and free their mother's woe. The Jagati and Trishtubh failed in their attempt (the letters are different from the previous story. But at last Gayatri was able to accomplish with the help of "Aja" who was in the shape or form of jyoti (light). Who flew along with Gayatri to get soma. Gayatri brought Soma and other letters which were left behind by two other Chandasas. Even though Gayatri is the smallest amongst the Chandasas but because he brought the soma which main oblation for yajna, he attained superior position amongst the Chandasas. This the opinion of the brahma dais. The most part of Rgveda is in the Gayatri, Trishtubh and Jagati chandasas, in other words they are complied with these Chandasas. There are also other thirteen Chandasas. But Gayatri has primary position. (almost 2500 are in this Chandasas). This story is very famous and symbolically indicates enmity between Garuda and snakes. Hose who have brhamabhuti can understand the import of this story as the conflict between mundane and divine consciousness and their reject the conclusion of those who claim it is only clash between two race. In this way Gayatri has been considered as Garuda, in the Vedas and pancharatra shastras. It makes clear indication that the Lord Narayana who is carried by Garuda is the (pratipadya) and Param brahma vastu. The faithful has to understand whatever had been compiled in the Vedas, Puranas is the same principle but defined in different ways. The story of Garuda bringing nectar is nothing but Gayatri brining soma. Soma is indicated as brahma experience. Soma creeper is physical self and the squeezing the creeper to stone is the suffering of this world.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Narayanacharya K. S. (2011), Veda Sanskritiya Parichaya (Volume 1), Hubli:​Sahitya Prakashana​.
  2. ↑ Dr. Subodh Kumar in https://subodh-vedainspirations.blogspot.com/search?q=soma
  3. ↑ Subhash Kak (2000), Astonomy and its Role in Vedic Culture, Chapter 23 in Science and Civilization in India, Vol.1, The Dawn of Indian Civilization, Part 1, edited by G. P. Pande, Delhi: ICPR/Munshiram Manoharlal, pp. 507-524.
  4. ↑ Rgveda, Mandala 10, Sukta 85.
  5. ↑ Rgveda, Mandala 8, Sukta 48.
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