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Values Based On Dharma (धर्माधिष्ठितगुणाः) (view source)
Revision as of 16:08, 29 June 2020
, 16:08, 29 June 2020→Right of mothers: Adding content - to be edited
It was also made obligatory for the king to give equal protection to all his subjects without discrimination. On this subject, '<nowiki/>'''Manu Smriti'''' on Raja Dharma (IX-31) says :-
It was also made obligatory for the king to give equal protection to all his subjects without discrimination. On this subject, '<nowiki/>'''Manu Smriti'''' on Raja Dharma (IX-31) says :-
<nowiki/><blockquote>यथा सर्वाणि भूतानि धरा धारयते समम् । तथा सर्वाणि भूतानि बिभ्रतः पार्थिवं व्रतम् । । ९.३११ । ।<ref>Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 9]. </ref></blockquote><blockquote>''yathā sarvāṇi bhūtāni dharā dhārayatē samam । tathā sarvāṇi bhūtāni bibhrataḥ pārthivaṁ vratam । । 9.311 । ।''</blockquote>Meaning: Just as the mother earth gives equal support to all the living beings, a king should give support to all without any discrimination.
<nowiki/><blockquote>यथा सर्वाणि भूतानि धरा धारयते समम् । तथा सर्वाणि भूतानि बिभ्रतः पार्थिवं व्रतम् । । ९.३११ । ।<ref name=":1">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 9]. </ref></blockquote><blockquote>''yathā sarvāṇi bhūtāni dharā dhārayatē samam । tathā sarvāṇi bhūtāni bibhrataḥ pārthivaṁ vratam । । 9.311 । ।''</blockquote>Meaning: Just as the mother earth gives equal support to all the living beings, a king should give support to all without any discrimination.
Narada Smriti vide Dharmokosha P-870 laid down thus:<blockquote>पाषाण्डनैगमश्रेणीपूगव्रातगणादिषु | संरक्षेत्समयं राजा दुर्गे जनपदे तथा ||</blockquote><blockquote>''pāṣāṇḍanaigamaśrēṇīpūgavrātagaṇādiṣu | saṁrakṣētsamayaṁ rājā durgē janapadē tathā ||''</blockquote>Meaning: The king should afford protection to compacts of associations of believers of Veda (Naigamas) as also of disbelievers in Veda (Pashandis) and of others.
Narada Smriti vide Dharmokosha P-870 laid down thus:<blockquote>पाषाण्डनैगमश्रेणीपूगव्रातगणादिषु | संरक्षेत्समयं राजा दुर्गे जनपदे तथा ||</blockquote><blockquote>''pāṣāṇḍanaigamaśrēṇīpūgavrātagaṇādiṣu | saṁrakṣētsamayaṁ rājā durgē janapadē tathā ||''</blockquote>Meaning: The king should afford protection to compacts of associations of believers of Veda (Naigamas) as also of disbelievers in Veda (Pashandis) and of others.
==== Right of mothers ====
==== Right of mothers ====
<blockquote>समांशहारिणी माता | ''samāṁśahāriṇī mātā |'' </blockquote>Meaning: Mother is an Equal Sharer<blockquote>समांशहारिणी मातेति वचनात् मातृपदस्य जननीपरत्वात् न | सपत्नीमातृपरत्वमपि सकृत् श्रुतस्य मुख्यगौनत्वानुपपत्तेः ||</blockquote><blockquote>''samāṁśahāriṇī mātēti vacanāt mātr̥padasya jananīparatvāt na | sapatnīmātr̥paratvamapi sakr̥t śrutasya mukhyagaunatvānupapattēḥ ||''</blockquote>Meaning: The expression 'mother' includes the step-mother, i.e., the other wives, if any, of the father. Their share was, however, liable to be reduced to the extent of stridhana in their possession. (Smrti Chandrika)
==== Rights of daughters ====
==== Rights of daughters ====
Daughters, whose marriages had taken place before partition, were given no right in the coparcenary property of their parents' joint family. As regards unmarried daughters, a share in the coparcenary property was recognised.<blockquote>स्वेभ्योऽंशेभ्यस्तु कन्याभ्यः प्रदद्युर्भ्रातरः पृथक् । स्वात्स्वादंशाच्चतुर्भागं पतिताः स्युरदित्सवः । । ९.११८ । ।<ref name=":1" /></blockquote><blockquote>''svēbhyō'ṁśēbhyastu kanyābhyaḥ pradadyurbhrātaraḥ pr̥thak । svātsvādaṁśāccaturbhāgaṁ patitāḥ syuraditsavaḥ । । 9.118 । ।''</blockquote>Meaning: To maiden sisters, each of the brothers shall give out of his share, one-fourth part. Those who fail to give shall become patita.
Kat.858, however, while repeating the rule, provides that in cases where the property is small, sons and unmarried daughters should share equally.
==== Stridhana ====
==== Stridhana ====
Every property movable or immoveable, given to a woman by anyone constitutes her own absolute property. The rule of succession to Stridhana was that it would go to daughters, to the exclusion of the sons and, to the sons only in the event of there being no daughters.
==== Exception to women's property from the law of adverse possession ====
==== Exception to women's property from the law of adverse possession ====