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Siddhanta (Samskrit : सिद्धान्तम्) called as Theory or Accepted Conclusions is one of the Shodasa [[Padarthas (पदार्थाः)|Padarthas]] defined by Gautama maharshi, the knowledge of which leads one to Nihshreyasa according to Nyaya Darshana. These sixteen things or padarthas are basically used for understanding the components seen in the world. Many concepts of things or activities of the world are propounded as siddhantas, like srsti siddhanta (theory about creation), siddhantas in ganita (mathematical theories) etc. The concept of Siddhanta is very important in the present day world which uses this term widely as "theory" virtually in every context of life.

 

Siddhanta (Samskrit : सिद्धान्तम्) called as Theory or Accepted Conclusions is one of the Shodasa [[Padarthas (पदार्थाः)|Padarthas]] defined by Gautama maharshi, the knowledge of which leads one to Nihshreyasa according to Nyaya Darshana. These sixteen things or padarthas are basically used for understanding the components seen in the world. Many concepts of things or activities of the world are propounded as siddhantas, like srsti siddhanta (theory about creation), siddhantas in ganita (mathematical theories) etc. The concept of Siddhanta is very important in the present day world which uses this term widely as "theory" virtually in every context of life.  

 

== परिचयः॥ Introduction ==

== परिचयः॥ Introduction ==

The word Siddhanta is made up of two words "siddha and "anta"; of these the word siddha denotes all those things with regard to which people have the idea that "this is so and so," and 'this thing has such and such a character.' The word Anta denotes the conviction or opinion that people have with regard to the particular character of those things.<ref name=":0" />   

The word Siddhanta is made up of two words "siddha and "anta"; of these the word siddha denotes all those things with regard to which people have the idea that "this is so and so," and 'this thing has such and such a character.' The word Anta denotes the conviction or opinion that people have with regard to the particular character of those things.<ref name=":0" />   

# Pratitantra Siddhanta (प्रतितन्त्रम्) : A doctrine peculiar to only one philosophy

# Pratitantra Siddhanta (प्रतितन्त्रम्) : A doctrine peculiar to only one philosophy

# Adhikarana Siddhanta (अधिकरणः) : A doctrine resting on implication  

# Adhikarana Siddhanta (अधिकरणः) : A doctrine resting on implication  

# Abhiyupagama Siddhanta (अभ्युपगमः)  

# Abhiyupagama Siddhanta (अभ्युपगमः) : A doctrine based on hypothesis

<blockquote>सः चतुर्विधः सर्वतन्त्रप्रतितन्त्राधिकरणाभ्युपगमसंस्थित्यर्थान्तरभावात्॥२७॥ {तन्त्रभेदौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.27)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

<blockquote>सः चतुर्विधः सर्वतन्त्रप्रतितन्त्राधिकरणाभ्युपगमसंस्थित्यर्थान्तरभावात्॥२७॥ {तन्त्रभेदौद्देशसूत्रम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.27)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

<blockquote>saḥ caturvidhaḥ sarvatantrapratitantrādhikaraṇābhyupagamasaṁsthityarthāntarabhāvāt॥27॥ {tantrabhēdauddēśasūtram} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.27)</blockquote>

<blockquote>saḥ caturvidhaḥ sarvatantrapratitantrādhikaraṇābhyupagamasaṁsthityarthāntarabhāvāt॥27॥ {tantrabhēdauddēśasūtram} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.27)</blockquote>

A Siddhanta common to all tantras (shastras) is called Sarvatantra Siddhanta. It is that philosophical conviction, or theory, which is not incompatible with any philosophy.

A Siddhanta common to all tantras (shastras) is called Sarvatantra Siddhanta. It is that philosophical conviction, or theory, which is not incompatible with any philosophy.

<blockquote>सर्वतन्त्राविरुद्धः तन्त्रे अधिकृतः अर्थः सर्वतन्त्रसिद्धान्तः॥२८॥ {सर्वतन्त्रसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.28)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

<blockquote>सर्वतन्त्राविरुद्धः तन्त्रे अधिकृतः अर्थः सर्वतन्त्रसिद्धान्तः॥२८॥ {सर्वतन्त्रसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.28)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

The Vatsayana Bhasya states the examples thus<blockquote>यथा ध्राणादीनीन्द्रियाणि गन्धादय इन्द्रियार्थाः पृथिव्यादी भूतानि प्रमाणैरर्थस्य ग्रहणमिति। (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.27)<ref name=":5" /> </blockquote>As for example are such statements such as "the olfactory organ and the rest are sense-organs", "odour and the rest are the objects apprehended by means of these sense-organs", "the earth and the rest are material substances", "things are cognised by means of the Instruments of Cognition".<ref name=":1">Mm. Ganganatha Jha. (1939) Gautama's Nyayasutras With Vatsyayana Bhashya. Poona : Oriental Book Agency. ([https://archive.org/details/GautamasNyayasutras/page/n78 Page no 78])</ref>

The Vatsayana Bhasya states the examples thus<blockquote>यथा ध्राणादीनीन्द्रियाणि गन्धादय इन्द्रियार्थाः पृथिव्यादी भूतानि प्रमाणैरर्थस्य ग्रहणमिति। (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.27)<ref name=":5" /> </blockquote>As for example are such statements such as "the olfactory organ and the rest are sense-organs", "odour and the rest are the objects apprehended by means of these sense-organs", "the earth and the rest are material substances", "things are cognised by means of the Instruments of Cognition". (Page no 78 of Reference <ref name=":0" />)

=== प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तः॥ Pratitantra ===

=== प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तः॥ Pratitantra ===

A Siddhanta accepted by only one philosophy and is not accepted by any other Philosophy is called the Pratitantra Siddhanta. <blockquote>समानतन्त्रासिद्धः परतन्त्रासिद्धः प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तः॥२९॥{प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.29)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>The Vatsyayana Bhasya explains through the following example <blockquote>यथा नासत आत्मलाभः न सत आत्महानं निरतिशयाश्चेतनाः देहेन्द्रियमनःसु विषयेषु तत्तत्कारणे च विशेष इति सांख्यानां पुरुषकर्मादिनिमित्तो भूतसर्गः कर्महेतवो दोषाः प्रकृतिश्च स्वगुणविशिष्टाश्चेतनाः असदुत्पद्यते उत्पन्नं निरुध्यतइति योगानाम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.29)<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>For example, the following siddhantas are peculiar to the Sankhyas - "An absolute non-entity can never come into existence", "an entity can never absolutely lose its existence". The following are peculiar to the Yoga philosophy - "The entire elemental creation is die to the influence of the past deeds of men", "the defects of men and also their activity are the cause of Karma", "intelligent beings are endowed with their own respective qualities", that thing alone is produced which had no existence before", "that which is produced is destroyed".<ref name=":1" />  

A Siddhanta accepted by only one philosophy and is not accepted by any other Philosophy is called the Pratitantra Siddhanta. <blockquote>समानतन्त्रासिद्धः परतन्त्रासिद्धः प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तः॥२९॥{प्रतितन्त्रसिद्धान्तलक्षणम्} (Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.29)<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>The Vatsyayana Bhasya explains through the following example <blockquote>यथा नासत आत्मलाभः न सत आत्महानं निरतिशयाश्चेतनाः देहेन्द्रियमनःसु विषयेषु तत्तत्कारणे च विशेष इति सांख्यानां पुरुषकर्मादिनिमित्तो भूतसर्गः कर्महेतवो दोषाः प्रकृतिश्च स्वगुणविशिष्टाश्चेतनाः असदुत्पद्यते उत्पन्नं निरुध्यतइति योगानाम् । (Vats. Bhas. Nyay. Sutr. 1.1.29)<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>For example, the following siddhantas are peculiar to the Sankhyas - "An absolute non-entity can never come into existence", "an entity can never absolutely lose its existence". The following are peculiar to the Yoga philosophy - "The entire elemental creation is die to the influence of the past deeds of men", "the defects of men and also their activity are the cause of Karma", "intelligent beings are endowed with their own respective qualities", that thing alone is produced which had no existence before", "that which is produced is destroyed".(Page no 78 of Reference <ref name=":0" />)

=== अधिकरणसिद्धान्तः॥ Adhikarana ===

=== अधिकरणसिद्धान्तः॥ Adhikarana ===