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→Pratisakhya Granthas: formating and citation
What is Veda conveying in these two repeated sentences?
What is Veda conveying in these two repeated sentences?
== Pratisakhya Granthas ==
== प्रातिशाख्य-ग्रन्थाः ॥ Pratisakhya Granthas ==
Many such questions arise in understanding Vedas, thus making their interpretation difficult. These variations suggest that Vedic language is different from conventional languages that we know and use. Veda talks about the importance of akṣara at many places. There are many r̥ks (ऋक्) and Yajus mantras emphasizing the importance of akṣara. 11th anuvāka of 7th praśna in 1st kāṇḍa of Taittirīya samhita<ref>Taittriya Samhita ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD Kanda 1 Prapathaka 7])</ref> is all about akṣaras, starting with
Many such questions arise in understanding Vedas, thus making their interpretation difficult. These variations suggest that Vedic language is different from conventional languages that we know and use. Veda talks about the importance of akṣara at many places. There are many r̥ks (ऋक्) and Yajus mantras emphasizing the importance of akṣara. 11th anuvāka of 7th praśna in 1st kāṇḍa of Taittirīya samhita<ref>Taittriya Samhita ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD Kanda 1 Prapathaka 7])</ref> is all about akṣaras, starting with
=== मात्रा ॥ Matra ===
=== मात्रा ॥ Matra ===
* The time of utterance (उच्चारण) of a syllable is called Matra (मात्रा). In vaidika samskrit - Hrasva (ह्रस्वः) Deergha (दीर्घः) Pluta (प्लुतः) kinds of utterances are available but Pluta is gradually lost in present day samskrit language.<ref name=":4" />
* The time of utterance (उच्चारण) of a syllable is called Matra (मात्रा). In vaidika samskrit - Hrasva (ह्रस्वः) Deergha (दीर्घः) Pluta (प्लुतः) kinds of utterances are available but Pluta is gradually lost in present day samskrit language.<ref name=":4" /> अधः स्विदासी३त् उपरि स्विदासी३त् भीरिव विन्दन्ती३
=== वर्णः ॥ Varnas ===
=== वर्णः ॥ Varnas ===
** Visarga : Usage of visarga is gradually declining. The sound of 'ह' at the end of the word is not being used in present day.
** Visarga : Usage of visarga is gradually declining. The sound of 'ह' at the end of the word is not being used in present day.
** k ('''क)''' and kha ('''ख)''' form the Jihvamuliyas ('''जिह्वामूलीयः''') and p ('''प)''' and ph ('''फ)''' form the Upadhmaniyas ('''उपध्मानीयः''') which are lost in present day samskrit usage.
** k ('''क)''' and kha ('''ख)''' form the Jihvamuliyas ('''जिह्वामूलीयः''') and p ('''प)''' and ph ('''फ)''' form the Upadhmaniyas ('''उपध्मानीयः''') which are lost in present day samskrit usage.
* The vyanjana ' '''ळ''' ' as in '''इळामग्ने''' is seen only in vaidika bhasha. Usage of ' ळ ' and ' ळ्ह ' and the rules for their conversion to ड and ढ are described in Rig Pratisakhya. These vyanjanas are commonly seen only in Rigveda and not in other vedas also. (Pratisakhya Sutra given on Page 555 of Reference <ref name=":4">Upadhyaya, Baldev. (1958) ''[https://archive.org/details/VaidikSahityaBaldevUpadhyaya1958 Vaidik Sahitya]''. </ref>)
* The vyanjana ' '''ळ''' ' as in '''इळामग्ने''' and '''साळ्हा''' is seen only in vaidika bhasha. Usage of ' ळ ' and ' ळ्ह ' and the rules for their conversion to ड and ढ are described in Rig Pratisakhya. These vyanjanas are commonly seen only in Rigveda and not in other vedas also. (Pratisakhya Sutra given on Page 555 of Reference <ref name=":4">Upadhyaya, Baldev. (1958) ''[https://archive.org/details/VaidikSahityaBaldevUpadhyaya1958 Vaidik Sahitya]''. </ref>)
* ' ऌ and ॡ ' varnas are only seen in vaidika bhasha. Example:
* ' ऌ and ॡ ' varnas are only seen in vaidika bhasha. Example: अचीक्ऌपत्
* Doubling of consonants (द्वित्वम्), called as Krama (क्रम), is a process performed under many defined conditions and exceptions. Example : सोमानं '''स्स्व'''रणम् (Rig. Veda. 1.18.1)
* Doubling of consonants (द्वित्वम्), called as Krama (क्रम), is a process performed under many defined conditions and exceptions. Example : सोमानं '''स्स्व'''रणम् (Rig. Veda. 1.18.1)
* Svarabhakti (स्वरभक्तिः) and Abhinidhana (अभिनिधानम्) are grammatical processes where combined varnas (संयुक्तवर्णाः) are broken down for clarity of pronunciation. Example: स्वर → सुवर, पृथ्वी →पृथिवी and दर्शत → दरशत
* Svarabhakti (स्वरभक्तिः) and Abhinidhana (अभिनिधानम्) are grammatical processes where combined varnas (संयुक्तवर्णाः) are broken down for clarity of pronunciation. Example: स्वर → सुवर, पृथ्वी →पृथिवी and दर्शत → दरशत