Changes

* Agni was born to Pururavas as a son named Jaatavedas according to Shrimad Bhaagavatam (Navama Skanda, Chap 14).  

* Agni was born to Pururavas as a son named Jaatavedas according to Shrimad Bhaagavatam (Navama Skanda, Chap 14).  

* Agni has two consorts, Svaha and Svadha. Agni through Svaahadevi (invocation offering) and fathered three sons पुत्त्रास्त्रयः पावकः १ पवमानः २ शुचिः ३<ref>Shabdakalpadruma ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85 Agni])</ref> - Paavaka, Pavamana and Suchi, who in their turn had forty-five children. Thus, Agni, his three sons, and fortyfive grandsons, together constitute the fortynine Fires mentioned in the Puranas. Suchi, born of Svahadevi is the Badavaagni or Badabaagni, or Vadavagni the Agni that resides in the underground parts of the earth (Agni. Pura. 20.16)<ref>Agni Purana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6 Adhyaya. 20])</ref>. Mahabharata's Sabha Parva (Chap. 31) talks about Sudarshana, as the wife of Agnideva. She was the daughter of King Neela of Mahishmatipura.   

* Agni has two consorts, Svaha and Svadha. Agni through Svaahadevi (invocation offering) and fathered three sons पुत्त्रास्त्रयः पावकः १ पवमानः २ शुचिः ३<ref>Shabdakalpadruma ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85 Agni])</ref> - Paavaka, Pavamana and Suchi, who in their turn had forty-five children. Thus, Agni, his three sons, and fortyfive grandsons, together constitute the fortynine Fires mentioned in the Puranas. Suchi, born of Svahadevi is the Badavaagni or Badabaagni, or Vadavagni the Agni that resides in the underground parts of the earth (Agni. Pura. 20.16)<ref>Agni Purana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6 Adhyaya. 20])</ref>. Mahabharata's (Sabh. Parv. Adhy. 31<ref>Pt. Ram Narayandatt. ''Mahabharat Volume 1'' ([https://archive.org/stream/Mahabharata04SanskritHindiPanditRamnarayanGitaPress/Mahabharata%2001_%20Sanskrit-Hindi_Pandit%20Ramnarayan_Gita%20Press#page/n837/mode/2up Sabhaparva, Adhyaya 31]) Gorakhpur: Gita Press</ref>) the legend about Sudarshana, the daughter of King Neela of Mahishmatipura, who became the wife of Agnideva.   

==== पावकः ॥ Paavaka ====

==== पावकः ॥ Paavaka ====

The Taittiriya samhita outlines the different activities of a householder as the one who tends the Grhyagni for the welfare of nature, animals and plants and fellow human beings.     

The Taittiriya samhita outlines the different activities of a householder as the one who tends the Grhyagni for the welfare of nature, animals and plants and fellow human beings.     

==== ज्ञानप्रदायकः ॥ Jnanapradayaka ====

==== ज्ञानप्रदायकः ॥ Jnanapradayaka ====

In Isavasyopanishad, Agni is worshiped as the torch bearer to the departing soul, leading it through the path of the Devatas (Devayana) towards the Parabrahman.  He is the witness to the deeds of all beings.      

In '''Isavasyopanishad''' (Mantras 17 and 18)<ref>Swami Krishnananda, [https://www.swami-krishnananda.org/essay/essay_1.html Essays on the Upanishads, Isavasyopanishad]</ref>, Agni is worshiped as the torch bearer to the departing soul, leading it through the path of the Devatas (Devayana) towards the Parabrahman.  He is the witness to the deeds of all beings.

Kenopanishad describes Agni as the Energy that runs the life processes of any being.  Kathopanishad reveals the secrets of the fire that lead one on an enlightened path to the higher worlds or realms. This most divinely is explained by Yama, the bearer of Dharma to Nachiketa, the young scholar.       

'''Kenopanishad''' describes Agni as the Energy that runs the life processes of any being.  Kathopanishad reveals the secrets of the fire that lead one on an enlightened path to the higher worlds or realms. This most divinely is explained by Yama, the bearer of Dharma to Nachiketa, the young scholar.       

Chandogya Upanishad, in a more sakarmaka marg, throws light on how a normal householder can enter the Brahmajana marga through the tending of Agnihotra as given in Upakosala's and Satyakama Jabali's conversation (chap 5).  The essence of brahmavidya symbolized by [[Panchagni Vidya (पञ्चाग्नि विद्या)|Panchagnividya]] for the householder is given in this Upanishad in the form of the dialogue between Uddalaka and Shvetaketu.         

'''Chandogya Upanishad''', in a more sakarmaka marg, throws light on how a normal householder can enter the Brahmajana marga through the tending of Agnihotra as given in Upakosala's and Satyakama Jabali's conversation (chap 5).  The essence of brahmavidya symbolized by [[Panchagni Vidya (पञ्चाग्नि विद्या)|Panchagnividya]] for the householder is given in this Upanishad in the form of the dialogue between Uddalaka and Shvetaketu.         

Mundakopanishad, explains how a person progresses through the different ashrams in life and the rules and consequences of not tending to the Agnihotra by a grihasta (Mund. Upan. 1.2.2 to 1.2.4).       

'''Mundakopanishad''', explains how a person progresses through the different ashrams in life and the rules and consequences of not tending to the Agnihotra by a grihasta (Mund. Upan. 1.2.2 to 1.2.4).       

== Agni and Puranas ==

== Agni and Puranas ==

==== वह्निगर्भः ॥ Vahnigarbha ====

==== वह्निगर्भः ॥ Vahnigarbha ====

Valmiki Ramayana ( Balakanda Chap 36) details the birth of Kaartikeya and the role of Agni in his guardianship of the Krittika nakshatra.  

Valmiki Ramayana ( Balakanda Sarga 36 and 37<ref>Valmiki Ramayana ([http://valmikiramayan.net/utf8/vr_index.htm Balakanda Sarga 36])</ref>) details the birth of Kaartikeya यत्र जातो महातेजाः कार्तिकेयो अग्नि संभवः |  

Although we see a few versions of this event, generally it is said that the devatas request Bhudevi to receive Shiva’s energy (formed due to divine association with Parvati for 300 divyayugas). Once received part of it becomes the element gold and the rest of it, unable to be borne by her, is transferred to Agni upon the request of the devatas. Agni, unable to bear the effulgence, requests Gangadevi to accept it, who then bears a six-headed child and she leaves Him in the Sharavana reeds in a forest near the river. Hence Shiva's son is also called Vahnigarbha (Agni), Gaangeya (Gangadevi) and Sharavana (as he is born in Sharavana reeds). Thereafter, the six stars of Krittika, feed and raise the six-headed boy. Hence he is called as Kaartikeya in honor of the six mothers who cared for him.   

Although we see a few versions of this event, generally it is said that the devatas request Bhudevi to receive Shiva’s energy (formed due to divine association with Parvati for 300 divyayugas). Once received part of it becomes the element gold and the rest of it, unable to be borne by her, is transferred to Agni upon the request of the devatas. Agni, unable to bear the effulgence, requests Gangadevi to accept it, who then bears a six-headed child and she slips Him in the Sharavana reeds in a forest near the river. Hence Shiva's son is also called Vahnigarbha (Agni), Gaangeya (Gangadevi) and Sharavana (as he is born in Sharavana reeds). Thereafter, the six stars of Krittika, feed and raise the six-headed boy. Hence he is called as Kaartikeya in honor of the six mothers who cared for him.   

Parvati angry at being denied motherhood curses that the Devas wives would be infertile and never enjoy parental happiness furthermore. She angered by Prithvi for being a part of this matter, also curses her to be uneven and 'one with many husbands' (Earth having many landscapes is ruled by many kings (King is called as Bhupati)). She curses Agni that he would be an all-consumer, without distinction between pure and impure things and and everything that touches him would turn into ash (bhasma).  

Parvati angry at being denied motherhood curses that the Devas wives would be infertile and never enjoy parental happiness furthermore. She angered by Prithvi for being a part of this matter, also curses her to be uneven and 'one with many husbands' (Earth having many landscapes is ruled by many kings (King is called as Bhupati). She curses Agni that he would be an all-consumer, without distinction between pure and impure things and and everything that touches him would turn into ash (bhasma).  

==== स्कन्दोत्पत्तिः ॥ Skanda  ====

==== स्कन्दोत्पत्तिः ॥ Skanda  ====

Once during the istikas performed by the maharshis, Agni gets infatuated with the wives of the Saptarshis who came to take part in the istikas. Agni after delivering the havishya, notices the beautiful wives of the Saptarshis and desires them. Knowing that his Kaama (desire) for them is inappropriate thus unable to fulfill his wish he goes to the forest dejected. Svahadevi, daughter of Daksha, who chose Agni as her husband, assumes the forms of the wives of Saptarshi's and approaches him first in the form of the wife of Angirasa called Shivaa. Later she pleases him assuming the forms of 6 wives of the 6 Saptarshis except Arundhati, the wife of Vasishta rishi.   

Once during the istikas performed by the maharshis, Agni gets infatuated with the wives of the Saptarshis who came to take part in the istikas. Agni after delivering the havishya, notices the beautiful wives of the Saptarshis and desires them. Knowing that his Kaama (desire) for them is inappropriate thus unable to fulfill his wish he goes to the forest dejected. Svahadevi, daughter of Daksha, who chose Agni as her husband, assumes the forms of the wives of Saptarshi's and approaches him first in the form of the wife of Angirasa called Shivaa. Later she pleases him assuming the forms of 6 wives of the 6 Saptarshis except Arundhati, the wife of Vasishta rishi.   

Svahadevi, places Agni's energy so fallen 6 times, in a pot, which takes the form of lustrous boy with 6 heads and pairs of hands. This valorous son of Agni was called Skanda by maharshi Viswamitra. Saptarishis except Vasishta hearing this news forsake their wives assuming infidelity on their part. However, later on learning the truth, they take their wives back (Maha. Vanaparva Chapters 223 - 227)<ref>Pt. Ram Narayandatt. Mahabharat Volume 2 ( [https://archive.org/stream/Mahabharata04SanskritHindiPanditRamnarayanGitaPress/Mahabharata%2002_%20Sanskrit-Hindi_Pandit%20Ramnarayan_Gita%20Press#page/n723/mode/2up Vanaparva Adhyaya 225]) Gorakhpur: Gita Press</ref>. Skanda, as the leader of the army of devatas was instrumental in the death of Taarakasura. Indra then offers his daughter, Devasena, to Skanda.   

Svahadevi, places Agni's energy so fallen 6 times, in a pot, which takes the form of lustrous boy with 6 heads and pairs of hands. This valorous son of Agni was called Skanda by maharshi Viswamitra. Saptarishis except Vasishta hearing this news forsake their wives assuming infidelity on their part. However, later on learning the truth, they take their wives back (Maha. Vanaparva Adhyaya 223 - 227)<ref>Pt. Ram Narayandatt. Mahabharat Volume 2 ( [https://archive.org/stream/Mahabharata04SanskritHindiPanditRamnarayanGitaPress/Mahabharata%2002_%20Sanskrit-Hindi_Pandit%20Ramnarayan_Gita%20Press#page/n723/mode/2up Vanaparva Adhyaya 225]) Gorakhpur: Gita Press</ref>. Skanda, as the leader of the army of devatas was instrumental in the death of Taarakasura. Indra then offers his daughter, Devasena, to Skanda.   

=== अग्निप्रवेसम् ॥ Agnipravesham ===

=== अग्निप्रवेसम् ॥ Agnipravesham ===

Valmiki Ramayana (Yuddhakanda) describes the Agnipareeksha or 'Fire ordeal' undergone by Sitadevi after death of Ravanaasura. Bhagavan Sri Rama, informs Sita that he has released her from her bondage from Ravanaasura and that she is free to go to the place of her choice. Unable to bear the thought of going anywhere else other than being with her husband Rama, she choses to enter the fire. Agni proving Sita's chastity returns her back to Sri Rama. There are different versions to this event, however, the role of Agni is as a witness to all deeds and as a purifier has been significant throughout different eras.   

Valmiki Ramayana (Yuddhakanda Sarga 118<ref>Valmiki Ramayana ([http://valmikiramayan.net/utf8/yuddha/sarga118/yuddha_118_frame.htm Yuddhakanda Sarga 118])</ref>) describes the Agnipareeksha or 'Fire ordeal' undergone by Sitadevi after death of Ravanaasura. Bhagavan Sri Rama, informs Sita that he has released her from her bondage from Ravanaasura and that she is free to go to the place of her choice. Unable to bear the thought of going anywhere else other than being with her husband Rama, she choses to enter the fire. Agni proving Sita's chastity returns her back to Sri Rama. There are different versions to this event, however, the role of Agni is as a witness to all deeds and as a purifier has been significant throughout different eras.   

=== शिबिचक्रवर्तिः ॥ Shibi Chakravarty ===

=== शिबिचक्रवर्तिः ॥ Shibi Chakravarty ===

Shibi (Usheenara) Chakravarthy, belonging to the Ikshvaku dynasty, the ancestor of Bhagavan Sri Rama, was famous for his righteousness and charity. Indradeva who wanted to test his daatrutvam (sense of charity), assumed the form of an eagle and Agnideva assumed the form of a dove who was a prey to the eagle. The dove takes sharanagati or  refuge in Shibi Charavarty, who then offered an equal weight of his own flesh to the eagle in exchange of dove's life.  Assuming the dove to weigh a little, Shibi offered a portion of his flesh, but soon he had to offer himself as the food to the eagle. Shibi's sacrifice for the bird was highly praised and both Agni and Indra offered him a place in the heavens in return (Mahabharata, Vanaparva Chapter 131)<ref>Pt. Ram Narayandatt. Mahabharat Volume 2 ([https://archive.org/stream/Mahabharata04SanskritHindiPanditRamnarayanGitaPress/Mahabharata%2002_%20Sanskrit-Hindi_Pandit%20Ramnarayan_Gita%20Press#page/n417/mode/2up (Vanaparva, Adhyaya 131]) Gorakhapur:Gita Press</ref>.

Shibi (Usheenara) Chakravarthy, belonging to the Ikshvaku dynasty, the ancestor of Bhagavan Sri Rama, was famous for his righteousness and charity. Indradeva who wanted to test his daatrutvam (sense of charity), assumed the form of an eagle and Agnideva assumed the form of a dove who was a prey to the eagle. The dove takes sharanagati or  refuge in Shibi Charavarty, who then offered an equal weight of his own flesh to the eagle in exchange of dove's life.  Assuming the dove to weigh a little, Shibi offered a portion of his flesh, but soon he had to offer himself as the food to the eagle. Shibi's sacrifice for the bird was highly praised and both Agni and Indra offered him a place in the heavens in return (Mahabharata, Vanaparva Adhyaya 131)<ref>Pt. Ram Narayandatt. Mahabharat Volume 2 ([https://archive.org/stream/Mahabharata04SanskritHindiPanditRamnarayanGitaPress/Mahabharata%2002_%20Sanskrit-Hindi_Pandit%20Ramnarayan_Gita%20Press#page/n417/mode/2up (Vanaparva, Adhyaya 131]) Gorakhapur:Gita Press</ref>.

== Agni In Shrimad Bhagavadgita ==

== Agni In Shrimad Bhagavadgita ==

In Shrimad Bhagavad Gita (Sloka 15.14) it is said: ":अहं वैश्वानरो भूत्वा प्राणिनां देहमाश्रितः 

In Shrimad Bhagavad Gita (Sloka 15.14) it is said: अहं वैश्वानरो भूत्वा प्राणिनां देहमाश्रितः  

== Ayurvedic Perspective ==

== Ayurvedic Perspective ==

Agni is an important vital entity in Ayurveda. Agni is the indispensable agent involved in the process of Paaka (Digestion and transformation).<ref>Agrawal, Akash Kumar, C. R. Yadav, and M. S. Meena. “Physiological Aspects of ''Agni''.” ''Ayu'' 31.3 (2010): 395–398. ''PMC''. Web. 1 Mar. 2018.</ref>  Different Ayurvedic texts mention that Agni is Pitta, one of the tridoshas of the human body, which are vaata, pitta and kapha.  Different texts mention different numbers of Agni present in the body, however according to the function and site of action there are 13 in number - 1 Jatharagni, 5 Bhutagnis and 7 Dhatvaagni.  

Agni is an important vital entity in Ayurveda. Agni is the indispensable agent involved in the process of Paaka (Digestion and transformation).<ref>Agrawal, Akash Kumar, C. R. Yadav, and M. S. Meena. “Physiological Aspects of ''Agni''.” ''Ayu'' 31.3 (2010): 395–398. ''PMC''. Web. 1 Mar. 2018.</ref>  Different Ayurvedic texts mention that Agni is Pitta, one of the tridoshas of the human body, which are vaata, pitta and kapha.  Different texts mention different numbers of Agni present in the body, however according to the function and site of action there are 13 in number - 1 Jatharagni, 5 Bhutagnis and 7 Dhatvaagni.  

विश्वे॑भिरग्ने अ॒ग्निभि॑रि॒मं य॒ज्ञमि॒दं वच॑: । चनो॑ धाः सहसो यहो ॥१०

विश्वे॑भिरग्ने अ॒ग्निभि॑रि॒मं य॒ज्ञमि॒दं वच॑: । चनो॑ धाः सहसो यहो ॥१०

== References ==

== References ==

# Pt. Sripada Damodara Satavalekar. (1985). ''Rigved ka Subodh Bhashya'', First Volume, Parady: Svadhyaya Mandali

# Pt. Sripada Damodara Satavalekar. (1985). ''Rigved ka Subodh Bhashya'', First Volume, Parady: Svadhyaya Mandali

# Ganganatha, Jha. (1923). ''The Chandogya Upanishad and Sri Sankara's Commentary'', Fourth Volume, Madras: The India Printing Works

# Ganganatha, Jha. (1923). ''The Chandogya Upanishad and Sri Sankara's Commentary'', Fourth Volume, Madras: The India Printing Works