Upakarma (उपाकर्म) - Revision history

Fordharma: /* विधिः ॥ Vidhi */

2022-07-14T17:39:41Z

विधिः ॥ Vidhi

Fordharma: /* Academic Session */

2022-07-14T17:33:09Z

Academic Session

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Fordharma: /* Introduction */

2022-07-13T15:56:22Z

Introduction

Fordharma: /* छान्दसाम् उत्सर्जनम् ॥ Chhandasam Utsarjana */

2022-07-13T15:55:31Z

छान्दसाम् उत्सर्जनम् ॥ Chhandasam Utsarjana

Fordharma: /* Upakarma Significance */

2022-07-11T17:32:01Z

Upakarma Significance

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2022-07-07T14:26:25Z

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Ckanak93: /* छान्दसाम् उपाकर्म ॥ Chhandasam Upakarma */ Added transliteration for newsletter use

2019-08-16T07:18:14Z

छान्दसाम् उपाकर्म ॥ Chhandasam Upakarma: Added transliteration for newsletter use

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2019-07-18T18:32:24Z

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Fordharma: /* छान्दसाम् उत्सर्जनम् ॥ Chhandasam Utsarjana */

2019-07-18T11:08:35Z

छान्दसाम् उत्सर्जनम् ॥ Chhandasam Utsarjana

Fordharma: /* छान्दसाम् उपाकर्म ॥ Chhandasam Upakarma */

2019-07-18T09:04:10Z

छान्दसाम् उपाकर्म ॥ Chhandasam Upakarma

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-Upakarma (Samskrit: उपाकर्म) refers to the commencement of education (at the beginning of the educational year) by the teachers and students in olden days. In the present times it is associated with the day when dvijas (one who has undergone [[Upanayana (उपनयनम्)|Upanayana]]) change [[Yajnopavita (यज्ञोपवीतम्)|yajnopavita]] annually and refresh their commitment for the study of vedas.
+Upakarma (Samskrit: उपाकर्म) refers to the commencement of education (at the beginning of the educational year) by the teachers and students in olden days. In the present times it is associated with the day when dvijas (one who has undergone [[Upanayana (उपनयनम्)|Upanayana]]) change [[Yajnopavita (यज्ञोपवीतम्)|yajnopavita]] annually and refresh their commitment for the study of [[Vedas (वेदाः)|vedas]].
 == परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
-One of the important [[Educational Samskaras (विद्याभ्याससंस्काराः)|educational samskaras]], Upakarma is practiced by many [[Brahmana Dharma (ब्राह्मणधर्मः)|brahmanas]] on the Shravana purnima day and other prescribed days as per the Veda shaka they belong to. Since this ritual happens in the month of Shravana, it came to be called Shravani. It a relatively modern term for this ritual. In early times on this day Upakarma and worship of  Nagadevatas happened on the full moon day of Shravana masa; later the name referred to Upakarma rituals when worshipping nagadevatas went out of vogue.<ref name=":0">Altekar, A. S. (1944) ''Education in Ancient India.'' Benares : Nand Kishore and Bros.,</ref> As we observe various [[Educational Samskaras (विद्याभ्याससंस्काराः)|educational samskaras]] we are instantly drawn to the holistic nature of the ancient education system having a sequential format viz., teaching the alphabet, marking the time of intellectual transformation by formal entry into Vedic studies, defining the duties and qualities of a brahmachari, the rationale behind the annual commencement and cessation of academic session, disciplining oneself with veda vratas, [[Anadhyayana (अनध्ययनम्)|anadhyayana]] or holiday structure, subjects of studies, instructions on completion of vedic studies and preparation to formally enter the worldly affairs. Another striking feature is the entwining of nature, family, and society with the educational system. A child gets trained in the theory as well as the practical sections of education allowing the scope and time for creative development. Promoting qualities such as time management, humility, inclination to become self sufficient, participation in community service, constant review and committing to memory, self discipline, habit formation, observation and attention to detail are some hidden ramifications in-built in such a system of education.
+One of the important [[Educational Samskaras (विद्याभ्याससंस्काराः)|educational samskaras]], Upakarma is practiced by many [[Brahmana Dharma (ब्राह्मणधर्मः)|brahmanas]] on the Shravana purnima day and other prescribed days as per the Veda shaka they belong to. Since this ritual happens in the month of Shravana, it came to be called Shravani. It a relatively modern term for this ritual. In early times on this day Upakarma and worship of  Nagadevatas happened on the full moon day of Shravana masa; later the name referred to Upakarma rituals when worshipping nagadevatas went out of vogue.<ref name=":0">Altekar, A. S. (1944) ''Education in Ancient India.'' Benares : Nand Kishore and Bros.,</ref> As we observe various [[Educational Samskaras (विद्याभ्याससंस्काराः)|educational samskaras]] we are instantly drawn to the holistic nature of the ancient education system having a sequential format viz., teaching the alphabet, marking the time of intellectual transformation by formal entry into Vedic studies, defining the duties and qualities of a [[Brahmacharya (ब्रह्मचर्यम्)|brahmachari]], the rationale behind the annual commencement and cessation of academic session, disciplining oneself with veda vratas, [[Anadhyayana (अनध्ययनम्)|anadhyayana]] or holiday structure, subjects of studies, instructions on completion of vedic studies and preparation to formally enter the worldly affairs. Another striking feature is the entwining of nature, family, and society with the educational system. A child gets trained in the theory as well as the practical sections of education allowing the scope and time for creative development. Promoting qualities such as time management, humility, inclination to become self sufficient, participation in community service, constant review and committing to memory, self discipline, habit formation, observation and attention to detail are some hidden ramifications in-built in such a system of education.
-Sanatana Dharma has many activities associated with every stage of life intricately woven with nature and divinity. One such is the system of education and timing with nature. With the onset of rains, since the life style was primarily agrarian, people were engaged in activities of farming. Maintaining cows both for havya and kavya (offerings to devatas and forefathers) was considered a sacred requirement. Every season had its significant events and worship associated with it. The months of Shravana and Bhadrapada (usually around August and September) fall into the rainy season during which time students return to their annual study session. In the [[Gurukula (गुरुकुलम्)|Gurukula]] system where the students remain in their teacher's households also refreshed their course material during this time.<ref name=":0" />
+[[Sanatana Dharma (सनातनधर्मः)|Sanatana Dharma]] has many activities associated with every stage of life intricately woven with nature and divinity. One such is the system of education and timing with nature. With the onset of rains, since the life style was primarily agrarian, people were engaged in activities of farming. Maintaining cows both for havya and kavya (offerings to devatas and forefathers) was considered a sacred requirement. Every season had its significant events and worship associated with it. The months of Shravana and Bhadrapada (usually around August and September) fall into the rainy season during which time students return to their annual study session. In the [[Gurukula (गुरुकुलम्)|Gurukula]] system where the students remain in their teacher's households also refreshed their course material during this time.<ref name=":0" />
 Educational schedule was based on the seasons; it was also the time when vedic study was not extensive as per Dr. Altekar. A college term of five or six months was found to be sufficient for mastering it. As the Vedic literature expanded with the addition of Vedangas and Dharmashastras, the duration of study had to be extended to a whole year.<ref name=":0" />
 == शैक्षणिक सत्त्र ॥ Academic Session ==
-In connection with the length of the period of studentship, one has to consider the length of what may be called the academic session, i.e. the number of days of actual teaching of the Vedic curriculum in the year.  The school-term opens solemnly with the performance of a special ceremony called the Upakarman on the full moon in the month of Shravana (July-August). The term then continues until the full moon of the month of Pausha or the Rohini day when it is solemnly closed by the performance of the Utsarjana (छान्दसाम् उत्सर्जनम्) after which the student has to leave off reading the Veda. Thus the term comprises five months in the year, viz. latter half of Shravana, Bhadrapada, Ashvina, Karttika, Margashirsha, and the first half of Paushya as per Apastamba Grhyasutras.<ref name=":6">Mookerji. Radha Kumud, (1947) Ancient Indian Education (Brahminical and Buddhist) London: MacMillan And Co., Ltd. (Page 191-193)</ref>
+In connection with the length of the period of studentship, one has to consider the length of what may be called the academic session, i.e. the number of days of actual teaching of the Vedic curriculum in the year.  The school-term opens solemnly with the performance of a special ceremony called the Upakarman on the full moon in the month of Shravana (July-August). The term then continues until the full moon of the month of Pausha or the Rohini day when it is solemnly closed by the performance of the [[Utsarjana (उत्सर्जनम्)|Utsarjana]] (छान्दसाम् उत्सर्जनम्) after which the student has to leave off reading the Veda. Thus the term comprises five months in the year, viz. latter half of Shravana, Bhadrapada, Ashvina, Karttika, Margashirsha, and the first half of Paushya as per Apastamba Grhyasutras.<ref name=":6">Mookerji. Radha Kumud, (1947) Ancient Indian Education (Brahminical and Buddhist) London: MacMillan And Co., Ltd. (Page 191-193)</ref>
 == छान्दसाम् उपाकर्म ॥ Chhandasam Upakarma ==
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 === विधिः ॥ Vidhi ===
-Although the procedures of Upakarma differed with different vaidika shakas they have a few common principles. Apastamba Grhyasutras (Patala 4, Khanda 11 अथोपाकर्मोत्सर्जनपटलः) elaborate the procedure to be followed on the day of Upakarma and Utsarga<ref>Apastamba Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D#%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4% Patala 4 Khanda 11])</ref>
+Although the procedures of Upakarma differed with different vaidika shakas they have a few common principles. Apastamba Grhyasutras (Patala 4, Khanda 11 अथोपाकर्मोत्सर्जनपटलः) elaborate the procedure to be followed on the day of Upakarma and [[Utsarjana (उत्सर्जनम्)|Utsarga]]<ref>Apastamba Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D#%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4% Patala 4 Khanda 11])</ref>
 The activities common to all followers of different shakas include - on the opening day, offering of tarpanas (oblations) to deities of yajnas and four vedas, propitiating the presiding deities of intellect, memory and creativity (ex., Sarasvati devi, Hayagriva) and pay reverence to the rshis (ex., Panini) who have enriched the literature. The procedure of upakarma briefly involves offering of ghee to the deities, Savitr, Brahma, Shraddha, Medha, Prajna, Dharana, Chandases, Sadasaspati, Anumati and the Rishis. Many Rigveda mantras are recited in this occasion. The pupils who are to be taught Veda join the teacher in offering prayers and oblations to the deities and partake the barley (sattu) mixed with curds. Apart from these dvijas change their [[Yajnopavita (यज्ञोपवीतम्)|yajnopavita]]. On the following day they perform Gayatri mantra japa.
@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 *The followers of the Samaveda invoked the memory of their rshis like Jaimini, Talavakara, Ranayani etc.
-The rituals performed on the day of Utsarjana are also similar and respectful homage to the rshis and gurus are paid on the day before the students dispersed home. The grhyasutras prescribe an anadhyayana (holiday) after the performance of Upakrama, though the duration varies. <ref name=":0" /> Sadly these procedures are now lost and Shravani came to represent the day to change the yajnopavita which is actually a minor activity in the whole event.  The study of veda shakas is gradually decreasing and people are forgetting the rshiparamparas that gave us this vast knowledge base.
+The rituals performed on the day of [[Utsarjana (उत्सर्जनम्)|Utsarjana]] are also similar and respectful homage to the rshis and gurus are paid on the day before the students dispersed home. The [[Grhyasutras (गृह्यसूत्राणि)|grhyasutras]] prescribe an anadhyayana (holiday) after the performance of Upakrama, though the duration varies. <ref name=":0" /> Sadly these procedures are now lost and Shravani came to represent the day to change the yajnopavita which is actually a minor activity in the whole event.  The study of veda shakas is gradually decreasing and people are forgetting the rshiparamparas that gave us this vast knowledge base.
 ==Upakarma Significance==
-Upakarma is associated with the annual replacement of the yajnopavita, in the present day. However, clear evidence points to the fact that Upakarma was to be performed only by the teacher (अध्याप्यः) along with his students (अध्येष्यमाणः) when they had reassembled at the beginning of the study session as given in Asvalayana and Baudhayana Grhyasutras (Prashna 3, Adhyaya 9 also describes the Utsarga vidhi to be performed by the Antevasi or student). <blockquote>अध्येष्यमाणोऽध्याप्यैरन्वारब्ध एताभ्यो देवताभ्यो हुत्वा... (Asv. Grh. Sutr. 3.5.10)<ref>Asvalayana [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Grhya Sutras]</ref> adhyeṣyamāṇo'dhyāpyairanvārabdha etābhyo devatābhyo hutvā... (Asv. Grh. Sutr. 3.5.10)</blockquote><blockquote>समारब्धेष्वन्तेवासिषु ।३। samārabdheṣvantevāsiṣu ।3। (Baud. Grhy. Sutr. 3.1.3)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>Vatsayana Grhyasutras mention special formulas to be performed by teachers ambitious to have a large number of scholars. Thus it was clear that in ancient times Shravani was originally restricted to teachers and students.
+Upakarma is associated with the annual replacement of the [[Yajnopavita (यज्ञोपवीतम्)|yajnopavita]], in the present day. However, clear evidence points to the fact that Upakarma was to be performed only by the teacher (अध्याप्यः) along with his students (अध्येष्यमाणः) when they had reassembled at the beginning of the study session as given in Asvalayana and Baudhayana Grhyasutras (Prashna 3, Adhyaya 9 also describes the Utsarga vidhi to be performed by the Antevasi or student). <blockquote>अध्येष्यमाणोऽध्याप्यैरन्वारब्ध एताभ्यो देवताभ्यो हुत्वा... (Asv. Grh. Sutr. 3.5.10)<ref>Asvalayana [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Grhya Sutras]</ref> adhyeṣyamāṇo'dhyāpyairanvārabdha etābhyo devatābhyo hutvā... (Asv. Grh. Sutr. 3.5.10)</blockquote><blockquote>समारब्धेष्वन्तेवासिषु ।३। samārabdheṣvantevāsiṣu ।3। (Baud. Grhy. Sutr. 3.1.3)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>Vatsayana Grhyasutras mention special formulas to be performed by teachers ambitious to have a large number of scholars. Thus it was clear that in ancient times Shravani was originally restricted to teachers and students.
-Later on it was extended to grhasthas who were required to spend time on revising what they learnt in their gurukula days. They therefore proposed that the monsoon time should be devoted to the task of revising their studies. Jai. Grh. Sutr. Upakarma section. The central ideas of rituals on the Upakarma day was to
+Later on it was extended to grhasthas who were required to spend time on revising what they learnt in their [[Gurukula (गुरुकुलम्)|gurukula]] days. They therefore proposed that the monsoon time should be devoted to the task of revising their studies. Jai. Grh. Sutr. Upakarma section. The central ideas of rituals on the Upakarma day was to
 *remind the students/grhasthas of the rshi rnam and express their gratitude for the knowledge given to them
 *motivate students to perform with vigour by remembering and following the glorious examples of rshis

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Upakarma (Samskrit: उपाकर्म) refers to the commencement of education (at the beginning of the educational year) by the teachers and students in olden days. In the present times it is associated with the day when dvijas (one who has undergone [[Upanayana (उपनयनम्)|Upanayana]]) change [[Yajnopavita (यज्ञोपवीतम्)|yajnopavita]] annually and refresh their commitment for the study of vedas.
-== Introduction ==
+== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
 One of the important [[Educational Samskaras (विद्याभ्याससंस्काराः)|educational samskaras]], Upakarma is practiced by many [[Brahmana Dharma (ब्राह्मणधर्मः)|brahmanas]] on the Shravana purnima day and other prescribed days as per the Veda shaka they belong to. Since this ritual happens in the month of Shravana, it came to be called Shravani. It a relatively modern term for this ritual. In early times on this day Upakarma and worship of  Nagadevatas happened on the full moon day of Shravana masa; later the name referred to Upakarma rituals when worshipping nagadevatas went out of vogue.<ref name=":0" /> As we observe various [[Educational Samskaras (विद्याभ्याससंस्काराः)|educational samskaras]] we are instantly drawn to the holistic nature of the ancient education system having a sequential format viz., teaching the alphabet, marking the time of intellectual transformation by formal entry into Vedic studies, defining the duties and qualities of a brahmachari, the rationale behind the annual commencement and cessation of academic session, disciplining oneself with veda vratas, [[Anadhyayana (अनध्ययनम्)|anadhyayana]] or holiday structure, subjects of studies, instructions on completion of vedic studies and preparation to formally enter the worldly affairs. Another striking feature is the entwining of nature, family, and society with the educational system. A child gets trained in the theory as well as the practical sections of education allowing the scope and time for creative development. Promoting qualities such as time management, humility, inclination to become self sufficient, participation in community service, constant review and committing to memory, self discipline, habit formation, observation and attention to detail are some hidden ramifications in-built in such a system of education.
 Sanatana Dharma has many activities associated with every stage of life intricately woven with nature and divinity. One such is the system of education and timing with nature. With the onset of rains, since the life style was primarily agrarian, people were engaged in activities of farming. Maintaining cows both for havya and kavya (offerings to devatas and forefathers) was considered a sacred requirement. Every season had its significant events and worship associated with it. The months of Shravana and Bhadrapada (usually around August and September) fall into the rainy season during which time students return to their annual study session. In the [[Gurukula (गुरुकुलम्)|Gurukula]] system where the students remain in their teacher's households also refreshed their course material during this time.<ref name=":0" />

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Upakarma (Samskrit: उपाकर्म) refers to the commencement of education (at the beginning of the educational year) by the teachers and students in olden days. In the present times it is associated with the day when dvijas (one who has undergone [[Upanayana (उपनयनम्)|Upanayana]]) change [[Yajnopavita (यज्ञोपवीतम्)|yajnopavita]] annually and refresh their commitment for the study of vedas.
-One of the important [[Educational Samskaras (विद्याभ्याससंस्काराः)|educational samskaras]], Upakarma is practiced by many [[Brahmana Dharma (ब्राह्मणधर्मः)|brahmanas]] on the Shravana purnima day and other prescribed days as per the Veda shaka they belong to. Since this ritual happens in the month of Shravana, it came to be called Shravani. It a relatively modern term for this ritual. In early times on this day Upakarma and worship of  Nagadevatas happened on the full moon day of Shravana masa; later the name referred to Upakarma rituals when worshipping nagadevatas went out of vogue.<ref name=":0" />
+== Introduction ==
 == परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
 Sanatana Dharma has many activities associated with every stage of life intricately woven with nature and divinity. One such is the system of education and timing with nature. With the onset of rains, since the life style was primarily agrarian, people were engaged in activities of farming. Maintaining cows both for havya and kavya (offerings to devatas and forefathers) was considered a sacred requirement. Every season had its significant events and worship associated with it. The months of Shravana and Bhadrapada (usually around August and September) fall into the rainy season during which time students return to their annual study session. In the [[Gurukula (गुरुकुलम्)|Gurukula]] system where the students remain in their teacher's households also refreshed their course material during this time.<ref name=":0" />
 Educational schedule was based on the seasons; it was also the time when vedic study was not extensive as per Dr. Altekar. A college term of five or six months was found to be sufficient for mastering it. As the Vedic literature expanded with the addition of Vedangas and Dharmashastras, the duration of study had to be extended to a whole year.<ref name=":0" />
 == छान्दसाम् उपाकर्म ॥ Chhandasam Upakarma ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Upakarma (Samskrit: उपाकर्म) refers to the commencement of education (at the beginning of the educational year) by the teachers and students in olden days. In the present day it is associated with the day when dvijas (one who has undergone Upanayana) change yajnopaveeta annually and refresh their commitment for the study of vedas.
+Upakarma (Samskrit: उपाकर्म) refers to the commencement of education (at the beginning of the educational year) by the teachers and students in olden days. In the present times it is associated with the day when dvijas (one who has undergone [[Upanayana (उपनयनम्)|Upanayana]]) change [[Yajnopavita (यज्ञोपवीतम्)|yajnopavita]] annually and refresh their commitment for the study of vedas.
 == परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
-Sanatana Dharma has many activities associated with every stage of life intricately woven with nature and divinity. One such is the system of education and timing with nature. With the onset of rains, since the life style was primarily agrarian, people were engaged in activities of farming. Maintaining cows both for havya and kavya (offerings to devatas and forefathers) was considered a sacred requirement. Every season had its significant events and worship associated with it. The months of Sravana and Bhadrapada (usually around August and September) fall into the rainy season during which time students return to their annual study session. In the [[Gurukula (गुरुकुलम्)|Gurukula]] system where the students remain in their teacher's households also refreshed their course material during this time.
+Sanatana Dharma has many activities associated with every stage of life intricately woven with nature and divinity. One such is the system of education and timing with nature. With the onset of rains, since the life style was primarily agrarian, people were engaged in activities of farming. Maintaining cows both for havya and kavya (offerings to devatas and forefathers) was considered a sacred requirement. Every season had its significant events and worship associated with it. The months of Shravana and Bhadrapada (usually around August and September) fall into the rainy season during which time students return to their annual study session. In the [[Gurukula (गुरुकुलम्)|Gurukula]] system where the students remain in their teacher's households also refreshed their course material during this time.<ref name=":0" />
 == छान्दसाम् उपाकर्म ॥ Chhandasam Upakarma ==
-In pre-historic times the annual session of education began soon after the commencement of the rainy season when the sowing operations were over and crops had began to sprout. By the full moon of month of Shravana (August) the sowing activity would be over and the ritual of Chhandasam Upakarma (छान्दसाम् उपाकर्म), i.e., gathering the vedic knowledge, was performed on that day. The full moon days of Ashadha, Sravana and Bhadrapada are mentioned by different authorities as appropriate days for Upakarma. The older Grhyasutras (belonging to the Vedanga Kalpa) declare the vidhis for this activity and later day texts such as Dharmasindhu have put them together.
+In pre-historic times the annual session of education began soon after the commencement of the rainy season when the sowing operations were over and crops had began to sprout. By the full moon of month of Shravana (August) the sowing activity would be over and the ritual of Chhandasam Upakarma (छान्दसाम् उपाकर्म), i.e., gathering the vedic knowledge, was performed on that day. The full moon days of Ashadha, Sravana and Bhadrapada are mentioned by different authorities as appropriate days for Upakarma. The older Grhyasutras (belonging to the Vedanga Kalpa) declare the vidhis for this activity and later day texts such as Dharmasindhu have put them together.<ref name=":0" />
-The timing of the Upakarma is different for different veda shakas, for example yajurvedins conduct it on Shravana Purnima (full moon day of Shravana month) whereas Rigvedins perform it in Bhadrapada month. <blockquote>हुतानुकृतिरुपाकर्म ।१। श्रावण्यां पौर्णमास्यां क्रियेतापि वा आषाढ्याम्।२। (Bau. Grhy. 3.1.1-2)<ref name=":2">Baudhayana Grhyasutra ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4% Prashna 3 Adhyaya 1])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>hutānukr̥tirupākarma ।1। śrāvaṇyāṁ paurṇamāsyāṁ kriyetāpi vā āṣāḍhyām।2। (Bau. Grhy. 3.1.1-2)</blockquote><blockquote>अथात उपाकरणोत्सर्जने व्याख्यास्यामः १ श्रवणापक्ष ओषधीषु जातासु हस्तेन पौर्णमास्यां वाध्यायोपाकर्म २ (Hira. Grhy. 8.2)<ref>Hiranyakeshi Grhyasutra ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Patala 8])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>athāta upākaraṇotsarjane vyākhyāsyāmaḥ 1 śravaṇāpakṣa oṣadhīṣu jātāsu hastena paurṇamāsyāṁ vādhyāyopākarma 2 (Hira. Grhy. 8.2)</blockquote><blockquote>प्रौष्ठपदीं हस्तेनाध्यायानुपाकुर्युः १४ श्रावणीमित्येके १५ (Khad. Grhy. 3.2.14-15)<ref>Khadira Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D See Patala 3 Khanda 2])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>prauṣṭhapadīṁ hastenādhyāyānupākuryuḥ 14 śrāvaṇīmityeke 15 (Khad. Grhy. 3.2.14-15)</blockquote><blockquote>अथोपाकर्मोत्सर्जनपटलः अथात उपाकरणोत्सर्जने व्याख्यास्यामः १</blockquote><blockquote>श्रवणापक्ष ओषधीषु जातासु हस्तेन पौर्णमास्यां वाऽध्यायोपाकर्म २ (Apas. Grhy. Sutr.)</blockquote><blockquote>''athopākarmotsarjanapaṭalaḥ athāta upākaraṇotsarjane vyākhyāsyāmaḥ 1''</blockquote><blockquote>''śravaṇāpakṣa oṣadhīṣu jātāsu hastena paurṇamāsyāṁ vā'dhyāyopākarma 2''</blockquote>In later times, Upakarma came to be called as Shravani. It is the beginning of the college session to the students of vedas and vedangas.
 == छान्दसाम् उत्सर्जनम् ॥ Chhandasam Utsarjana ==
 The vedic literature along with the shastras such as vyakarana, nyaya, were studied all through the year. However, the ritual of cessation of vedic studies, after a period of five or six months from Shravana masa is prescribed in the grhyasutras, as Chhandasam Utsarjana (छान्दसाम् उत्सर्जनम्). Also called as Vedotsarga, Utsarjana was therefore performed on the fullmoon day of Pausha (Pushya masa) or Magha masa (February - March). In the present days Utsarjana is not performed.<ref name=":0">Altekar, A. S. (1944) ''Education in Ancient India.'' Benares : Nand Kishore and Bros.,</ref>
-Vishnu smrti also clearly mentions that the vedic study should continue for about five months after starting with Upakarma in the months of Shravana and Bhadrapada. <blockquote>श्रावण्यां प्रौष्ठपद्यां वा छन्दांस्युपाकृत्यार्धपञ्चमान्मासानधीयीत । । ३०.१ । । (Vish. Smrt. 30.1)<ref name=":1">Vishnu Smrti ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4% Adhyaya 30])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>śrāvaṇyāṁ prauṣṭhapadyāṁ vā chandāṁsyupākr̥tyārdhapañcamānmāsānadhīyīta । । 30.1 । । (Vish. Smrt. 30.1)</blockquote>It also clearly specifies that between Utsarjana and Upakarma adhyayana (study) of Vedangas have to be done.<blockquote>उत्सर्जनोपाकर्मणोर्मध्ये वेदाङ्गाध्ययनं कुर्यात् । । ३०.३ । । (Vish. Smrt. 30.3)<ref name=":1" /></blockquote><blockquote>utsarjanopākarmaṇormadhye vedāṅgādhyayanaṁ kuryāt । । 30.3 । । (Vish. Smrt. 30.3)</blockquote>
+Vishnu smrti also clearly mentions that the vedic study should continue for about five months after starting with Upakarma in the months of Shravana and Bhadrapada. <blockquote>श्रावण्यां प्रौष्ठपद्यां वा छन्दांस्युपाकृत्यार्धपञ्चमान्मासानधीयीत । । ३०.१ । । (Vish. Smrt. 30.1) śrāvaṇyāṁ prauṣṭhapadyāṁ vā chandāṁsyupākr̥tyārdhapañcamānmāsānadhīyīta । । 30.1 । । (Vish. Smrt. 30.1) <ref name=":1">Vishnu Smrti ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4% Adhyaya 30])</ref></blockquote>It also clearly specifies that between Utsarjana and Upakarma adhyayana (study) of Vedangas have to be done.<blockquote>उत्सर्जनोपाकर्मणोर्मध्ये वेदाङ्गाध्ययनं कुर्यात् । । ३०.३ । । (Vish. Smrt. 30.3) utsarjanopākarmaṇormadhye vedāṅgādhyayanaṁ kuryāt । । 30.3 । । (Vish. Smrt. 30.3)<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>
 ==Upakarma Significance==
-Upakarma is associated with the annual replacement of the yajnopaveeta, in the present day. However, clear evidence points to the fact that Upakarma was to be performed only by the teacher (अध्याप्यः) along with his students (अध्येष्यमाणः) when they had reassembled at the beginning of the study session as given in Asvalayana and Baudhayana Grhyasutras (Prashna 3, Adhyaya 9 also describes the Utsarga vidhi to be performed by the Antevasi or student). <blockquote>अध्येष्यमाणोऽध्याप्यैरन्वारब्ध एताभ्यो देवताभ्यो हुत्वा... (Asv. Grh. Sutr. 3.5.10)<ref>Asvalayana [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Grhya Sutras]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>adhyeṣyamāṇo'dhyāpyairanvārabdha etābhyo devatābhyo hutvā... (Asv. Grh. Sutr. 3.5.10)</blockquote><blockquote>समारब्धेष्वन्तेवासिषु ।३। samārabdheṣvantevāsiṣu ।3। (Baud. Grhy. Sutr. 3.1.3)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>Vatsayana Grhyasutras mention special formulas to be performed by teachers ambitious to have a large number of scholars. Thus it was clear that in ancient times Shravani was originally restricted to teachers and students.
+Upakarma is associated with the annual replacement of the yajnopavita, in the present day. However, clear evidence points to the fact that Upakarma was to be performed only by the teacher (अध्याप्यः) along with his students (अध्येष्यमाणः) when they had reassembled at the beginning of the study session as given in Asvalayana and Baudhayana Grhyasutras (Prashna 3, Adhyaya 9 also describes the Utsarga vidhi to be performed by the Antevasi or student). <blockquote>अध्येष्यमाणोऽध्याप्यैरन्वारब्ध एताभ्यो देवताभ्यो हुत्वा... (Asv. Grh. Sutr. 3.5.10)<ref>Asvalayana [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Grhya Sutras]</ref> adhyeṣyamāṇo'dhyāpyairanvārabdha etābhyo devatābhyo hutvā... (Asv. Grh. Sutr. 3.5.10)</blockquote><blockquote>समारब्धेष्वन्तेवासिषु ।३। samārabdheṣvantevāsiṣu ।3। (Baud. Grhy. Sutr. 3.1.3)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>Vatsayana Grhyasutras mention special formulas to be performed by teachers ambitious to have a large number of scholars. Thus it was clear that in ancient times Shravani was originally restricted to teachers and students.
 Later on it was extended to grhasthas who were required to spend time on revising what they learnt in their gurukula days. They therefore proposed that the monsoon time should be devoted to the task of revising their studies. Jai. Grh. Sutr. Upakarma section. The central ideas of rituals on the Upakarma day was to
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 *The followers of the Samaveda invoked the memory of their rshis like Jaimini, Talavakara, Ranayani etc.
-The rituals performed on the day of Utsarjana are also similar and respectful homage to the rshis and gurus are paid on the day before the students dispersed home.<ref name=":0" /> Sadly these procedures are now lost and Shravani came to represent the day to change the yajnopaveeta which is actually a minor activity in the whole event.  The study of veda shakas is gradually decreasing and people are forgetting the rshiparamparas that gave us this vast knowledge base.
+The rituals performed on the day of Utsarjana are also similar and respectful homage to the rshis and gurus are paid on the day before the students dispersed home.<ref name=":0" /> Sadly these procedures are now lost and Shravani came to represent the day to change the yajnopavita which is actually a minor activity in the whole event.  The study of veda shakas is gradually decreasing and people are forgetting the rshiparamparas that gave us this vast knowledge base.
 == References ==

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-Upakarma (Samskrit: उपाकर्म) refers to the commencement of education (at the beginning of the educational year) by the teachers and students in olden days. In the present day it is associated with the day when dvijas (one who has undergone Upanayana) change yajnopaveeta annually and refresh their vows for the study of vedas.
+Upakarma (Samskrit: उपाकर्म) refers to the commencement of education (at the beginning of the educational year) by the teachers and students in olden days. In the present day it is associated with the day when dvijas (one who has undergone Upanayana) change yajnopaveeta annually and refresh their commitment for the study of vedas.
 == परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
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 In pre-historic times the annual session of education began soon after the commencement of the rainy season when the sowing operations were over and crops had began to sprout. By the full moon of month of Shravana (August) the sowing activity would be over and the ritual of Chhandasam Upakarma (छान्दसाम् उपाकर्म), i.e., gathering the vedic knowledge, was performed on that day. The full moon days of Ashadha, Sravana and Bhadrapada are mentioned by different authorities as appropriate days for Upakarma. The older Grhyasutras (belonging to the Vedanga Kalpa) declare the vidhis for this activity and later day texts such as Dharmasindhu have put them together.
-The timing of the Upakarma is different for different veda shakas, for example yajurvedins conduct it on Shravana Purnima (full moon day of Shravana month) whereas Rigvedins perform it in Bhadrapada month. <blockquote>हुतानुकृतिरुपाकर्म ।१। श्रावण्यां पौर्णमास्यां क्रियेतापि वा आषाढ्याम्।२। (Bau. Grhy. 3.1.1-2)<ref>Baudhayana Grhyasutra ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4% Prashna 3 Adhyaya 1])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>अथात उपाकरणोत्सर्जने व्याख्यास्यामः १ श्रवणापक्ष ओषधीषु जातासु हस्तेन पौर्णमास्यां वाध्यायोपाकर्म २ (Hira. Grhy. 8.2)<ref>Hiranyakeshi Grhyasutra ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Patala 8])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>प्रौष्ठपदीं हस्तेनाध्यायानुपाकुर्युः १४ श्रावणीमित्येके १५ (Khad. Grhy. 3.2.14-15)<ref>Khadira Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D See Patala 3 Khanda 2])</ref></blockquote>In later times, Upakarma came to be called as Shravani. It is the beginning of the college session to the students of vedas and vedangas. According to Vishnu smrti  <blockquote>श्रावण्यां प्रौष्ठपद्यां वा छन्दांस्युपाकृत्यार्धपञ्चमान्मासानधीयीत । । ३०.१ । ।<ref name=":1">Vishnu Smrti ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4% Adhyaya 30])</ref></blockquote>
+The timing of the Upakarma is different for different veda shakas, for example yajurvedins conduct it on Shravana Purnima (full moon day of Shravana month) whereas Rigvedins perform it in Bhadrapada month. <blockquote>हुतानुकृतिरुपाकर्म ।१। श्रावण्यां पौर्णमास्यां क्रियेतापि वा आषाढ्याम्।२। (Bau. Grhy. 3.1.1-2)<ref name=":2">Baudhayana Grhyasutra ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4% Prashna 3 Adhyaya 1])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>hutānukr̥tirupākarma ।1। śrāvaṇyāṁ paurṇamāsyāṁ kriyetāpi vā āṣāḍhyām।2। (Bau. Grhy. 3.1.1-2)</blockquote><blockquote>अथात उपाकरणोत्सर्जने व्याख्यास्यामः १ श्रवणापक्ष ओषधीषु जातासु हस्तेन पौर्णमास्यां वाध्यायोपाकर्म २ (Hira. Grhy. 8.2)<ref>Hiranyakeshi Grhyasutra ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Patala 8])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>athāta upākaraṇotsarjane vyākhyāsyāmaḥ 1 śravaṇāpakṣa oṣadhīṣu jātāsu hastena paurṇamāsyāṁ vādhyāyopākarma 2 (Hira. Grhy. 8.2)</blockquote><blockquote>प्रौष्ठपदीं हस्तेनाध्यायानुपाकुर्युः १४ श्रावणीमित्येके १५ (Khad. Grhy. 3.2.14-15)<ref>Khadira Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D See Patala 3 Khanda 2])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>prauṣṭhapadīṁ hastenādhyāyānupākuryuḥ 14 śrāvaṇīmityeke 15 (Khad. Grhy. 3.2.14-15)</blockquote>अथोपाकर्मोत्सर्जनपटलः अथात उपाकरणोत्सर्जने व्याख्यास्यामः १
 == छान्दसाम् उत्सर्जनम् ॥ Chhandasam Utsarjana ==
-The vedic literature along with the shastras such as vyakarana, nyaya, were studied all through the year. However, the ritual of cessation of vedic studies, after a period of five or six months from Sravana masa is prescribed in the grhyasutras, as Chhandasam Utsarjana (छान्दसाम् उत्सर्जनम्). Utsarjana was therefore performed on the fullmoon day of Pausha (Pushya masa) or Magha masa (February - March). In the present days Utsarjana is not performed.<ref name=":0">Altekar, A. S. (1944) ''Education in Ancient India.'' Benares : Nand Kishore and Bros.,</ref>
+The vedic literature along with the shastras such as vyakarana, nyaya, were studied all through the year. However, the ritual of cessation of vedic studies, after a period of five or six months from Shravana masa is prescribed in the grhyasutras, as Chhandasam Utsarjana (छान्दसाम् उत्सर्जनम्). Also called as Vedotsarga, Utsarjana was therefore performed on the fullmoon day of Pausha (Pushya masa) or Magha masa (February - March). In the present days Utsarjana is not performed.<ref name=":0">Altekar, A. S. (1944) ''Education in Ancient India.'' Benares : Nand Kishore and Bros.,</ref>
-Vishnusmrti specifies that between Utsarjana and Upakarma adhyayana of Vedangas have to be done.<blockquote>उत्सर्जनोपाकर्मणोर्मध्ये वेदाङ्गाध्ययनं कुर्यात् । । ३०.३ । ।<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>
+Vishnu smrti also clearly mentions that the vedic study should continue for about five months after starting with Upakarma in the months of Shravana and Bhadrapada. <blockquote>श्रावण्यां प्रौष्ठपद्यां वा छन्दांस्युपाकृत्यार्धपञ्चमान्मासानधीयीत । । ३०.१ । । (Vish. Smrt. 30.1)<ref name=":1">Vishnu Smrti ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4% Adhyaya 30])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>śrāvaṇyāṁ prauṣṭhapadyāṁ vā chandāṁsyupākr̥tyārdhapañcamānmāsānadhīyīta । । 30.1 । । (Vish. Smrt. 30.1)</blockquote>It also clearly specifies that between Utsarjana and Upakarma adhyayana (study) of Vedangas have to be done.<blockquote>उत्सर्जनोपाकर्मणोर्मध्ये वेदाङ्गाध्ययनं कुर्यात् । । ३०.३ । । (Vish. Smrt. 30.3)<ref name=":1" /></blockquote><blockquote>utsarjanopākarmaṇormadhye vedāṅgādhyayanaṁ kuryāt । । 30.3 । । (Vish. Smrt. 30.3)</blockquote>
 ==Upakarma Significance==
-Upakarma is associated with the annual replacement of the yajnopaveeta, in the present day. However, in earlier days it was to be performed only by the teacher along with his students when they had reassembled at the beginning of the session (Asv. Grh. 8.4.10) and Baud Gr. Sutr. 3.1.8. Upakarma Prakarana of Apastamba Grhyasutras<ref>Apastamba Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D#%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4% Patala 4 Khanda 11])</ref>
+Upakarma is associated with the annual replacement of the yajnopaveeta, in the present day. However, clear evidence points to the fact that Upakarma was to be performed only by the teacher (अध्याप्यः) along with his students (अध्येष्यमाणः) when they had reassembled at the beginning of the study session as given in Asvalayana and Baudhayana Grhyasutras (Prashna 3, Adhyaya 9 also describes the Utsarga vidhi to be performed by the Antevasi or student). <blockquote>अध्येष्यमाणोऽध्याप्यैरन्वारब्ध एताभ्यो देवताभ्यो हुत्वा... (Asv. Grh. Sutr. 3.5.10)<ref>Asvalayana [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Grhya Sutras]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>adhyeṣyamāṇo'dhyāpyairanvārabdha etābhyo devatābhyo hutvā... (Asv. Grh. Sutr. 3.5.10)</blockquote><blockquote>समारब्धेष्वन्तेवासिषु ।३। samārabdheṣvantevāsiṣu ।3। (Baud. Grhy. Sutr. 3.1.3)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>Vatsayana Grhyasutras mention special formulas to be performed by teachers ambitious to have a large number of scholars. Thus it was clear that in ancient times Shravani was originally restricted to teachers and students.
 Later on it was extended to grhasthas who were required to spend time on revising what they learnt in their gurukula days. They therefore proposed that the monsoon time should be devoted to the task of revising their studies. Jai. Grh. Sutr. Upakarma section. The central ideas of rituals on the Upakarma day was to
@@ Line 23: / Line 24: @@
 *remind the grhasthas of their duty to study their own vaidika shakas
 ==विधिः ॥ Vidhi==
-Although the procedures of Upakarma differed with different vaidika shakas they have a few common principles. The activities common to all followers of different shakas include - on the opening day, offering of tarpanas (oblations) to deities of yajnas and vedas, propitiating the presiding deities of intellect, memory and creativity (ex., Sarasvati devi, Hayagriva) and pay reverence to the rshis (ex., Panini) who have enriched the literature. Apart from these dvijas change their yajnopaveeta and perform Gayatri mantra japa on the following day.
+Although the procedures of Upakarma differed with different vaidika shakas they have a few common principles. Apastamba Grhyasutras (Patala 4, Khanda 11 अथोपाकर्मोत्सर्जनपटलः) elaborate the procedure to be followed on the day of Upakarma and Utsarga<ref>Apastamba Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D#%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4% Patala 4 Khanda 11])</ref>
 *Rigveda shaka followers used to recite the opening and concluding mantras of each of the ten mandalas of their vedas.
@@ Line 29: / Line 32: @@
 *The followers of the Samaveda invoked the memory of their rshis like Jaimini, Talavakara, Ranayani etc.
-The rituals performed on the day of Utsarjana are also similar and respectful homage to the rshis and gurus are paid on the day before the students dispersed home. Sadly these procedures are now lost and Sravani came to represent the day to change the yajnopaveeta which is actually a minor activity in the whole event.  The study of veda shakas is gradually decreasing and people are forgetting the rshiparamparas that gave us this vast knowledge base.
+The rituals performed on the day of Utsarjana are also similar and respectful homage to the rshis and gurus are paid on the day before the students dispersed home.<ref name=":0" /> Sadly these procedures are now lost and Shravani came to represent the day to change the yajnopaveeta which is actually a minor activity in the whole event.  The study of veda shakas is gradually decreasing and people are forgetting the rshiparamparas that gave us this vast knowledge base.
 == References ==
 [[Category:Education Series]]