Perception - Revision history

Fordharma: /* Figure-ground Relationship */

2023-12-12T13:25:37Z

Figure-ground Relationship

Fordharma: /* Perception Vs Pratyaksha Pramana */

2023-11-07T10:53:28Z

Perception Vs Pratyaksha Pramana

Fordharma: /* Perception Vs Pratyaksha Pramana */ adding content

2023-11-07T09:55:44Z

Perception Vs Pratyaksha Pramana: adding content

Fordharma: /* 2. Organization */

2023-11-04T05:55:32Z

2. Organization

Fordharma: added content

2023-11-02T03:38:56Z

added content

Fordharma: /* How is perception produced? */

2023-11-01T17:09:12Z

How is perception produced?

Show changes

Fordharma: adding content

2023-10-31T10:48:31Z

adding content

Fordharma: Adding content

2023-10-14T17:30:22Z

Adding content

Fordharma: adding content

2023-09-19T10:54:53Z

adding content

Fordharma: Adding content

2023-09-18T10:13:22Z

Adding content

@@ Line 134: / Line 134: @@
 === Figure-ground Relationship ===
-According to this Gestalt principle, we tend to segment our visual world into figure and ground. Figure is the object or person that is the focus of the visual field, while ground is the background.
+According to this Gestalt principle, we tend to segment our visual world into figure and ground. Figure is the object or person that is the focus of the visual field, while ground is the background. Perce
 The other factors which determine perceptual grouping are:-
-(a) Proximity: All other factors being equal, stimuli that are near one another tend to be grouped together. For example, if four stand near one another and a fifth 10 feet away, the adjacent four will be seen as a group and the distant fifth as an outsider. Events that are close in time and space are also perceived together.
+=== Proximity ===
-(b) Similarity: Stimuli that are similar in size, shape or color tend to be grouped together.
+=== Similarity ===
-(c) Continuity: Perception tends toward simplicity and continuity. Even if there are dots in a circular fashion, the person will see them as a complete circle.
+=== Continuity ===
-(d) Closure: It is the tendency to complete a figure that is incomplete but has a consistent overall form. (e) Common region: Stimuli that are found within a common area tend to be seen as a group.
+=== Closure ===
 == Illusions ==

@@ Line 164: / Line 164: @@
 == Perception Vs Pratyaksha Pramana ==
-In the Indian tradition, it is the self-as-knower which involves the cognitive structures and processes operating within the individual at any given time. In cognitive terms, I ''am'' the way I get to know the world.
+Perception as one of the important qualities of the intellect has been regarded highly in Indian tradition. Kautilya in his Arthashastra describes that inquiry, hearing, perception, retention in memory, reflection, deliberation inference and steadfast adherence to conclusions are the qualities of the intellect.<ref>Kuppuswamy. B. Source book of Ancient Indian Psychology</ref> Indian philosophy and in particular the Darshana shastras extensively deal with the six ways of knowing or Pramanas required for understanding self as the knower.
-In Indian philosophy, the terms nirvikalpa and savikalpa have been used to describe two distinct forms of perception. It is common in most schools of Indian thought to describe perception and cognition (samjñana) among babies as nirvikalpa pratyaksa, meaning that infants do not have the ability to perceive diversity or distinction, or to construe or imagine. In other words, individuals develop the ability to make meaningful distinctions, construe, and imagine (savikalpa pratyaksa), i.e., the capacity to “reason,” as they grow up.<ref>Paranjpe, A. C. (2006) ''Self and identity in modern psychology and Indian thought.'' New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.</ref>
+- Nyaya defines perception as apprehension through sense-object contact.
 == References ==
 [[Category:Yoga]]
 [[Category:Darshanas]]

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 == Introduction ==
 Perception is a set of psychological processes that help us understand the world around us. We encounter numerous stimuli every second through our sensory organs. It brings about awareness and interpretation of our environment. It involves selection, organization, and interpretation of the sensory information based on one's previous experiences, needs, aspirations and even considering other's experiences.<ref name=":1">http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/61382</ref>
 == Sensation ==
@@ Line 134: / Line 136: @@
 According to this Gestalt principle, we tend to segment our visual world into figure and ground. Figure is the object or person that is the focus of the visual field, while ground is the background.
-The factors which determine perceptual grouping are:-
+The other factors which determine perceptual grouping are:-
 (a) Proximity: All other factors being equal, stimuli that are near one another tend to be grouped together. For example, if four stand near one another and a fifth 10 feet away, the adjacent four will be seen as a group and the distant fifth as an outsider. Events that are close in time and space are also perceived together.
@@ Line 162: / Line 164: @@
 == Perception Vs Pratyaksha Pramana ==
 == References ==
 [[Category:Yoga]]
 [[Category:Darshanas]]

@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 == Definition of Perception ==
-An awareness about the external stimuli gathered by the sense-organs is the result of a higher mental process called 'perception'. It helps us interpret the world around us and in making an appropriate decision in simple and complex situations and stimuli. Perception is a process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting the sensory information based on previous experiences, other's experiences, needs or expectations.
+An awareness about the external stimuli gathered by the sense-organs is the result of a higher mental process called 'perception'. An immediate interpretation of a sense impression is called a perception. It helps us interpret the world around us and in making an appropriate decision in simple and complex situations and stimuli. Perception is a process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting the sensory information based on previous experiences, other's experiences, needs or expectations.
 == Process of Perception ==
-Broadly, the process of perception involves three steps, when a stimulus is encountered.
+As a child sensations are not completely processed to ascribe meanings except those such as necessities say hunger. For example in an adult, a noise may arouse questions of what it may be until satisfactory answer is obtained, a meaning or significance has to be given. However, the same noise would probably startle a baby, but the sound would have no significance for him. We say the child will learn the meaning of such sound stimuli later on. This shows that a large part of human development is learning to understand the significance of the things we experience. It is only as we learn to interpret things, to read meaning into them, that we grow mentally.<ref name=":3" /> Broadly, the process of perception involves three steps, when a stimulus is encountered.
 === 1. Selection ===
 Selection is the first stage of perception. At a given time, due to various factors, the human brain consciously or unconsciously, processes only some stimuli ignoring the others. For example, when engaged in deep conversation we tune out of many sounds in the background and do not register them. The selected stimulus becomes the "attended stimulus."<ref name=":1" />
-Subsequent to selecting the stimulus the interpretation depends on how the information is organized for processing. Selection is influenced by some factors like attention.
+Subsequent to selecting the stimulus the interpretation depends on how the information is organized for processing. Selection is influenced by some factors like attention, motivation etc.
 === 2. Organization ===
-It is the second stage of perception. It refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. In this stage, stimuli are arranged mentally in a meaningful pattern, thus, organizing the information received.  This process occurs unconsciously explained by certain principles such as those of Gestalt. Perception involves both bottom-up and top-down processing. Bottom-up processing refers to the fact that perceptions are built from sensory input. On the other hand, how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts. This is called top-down processing.<ref name=":0" />
+It is the second stage of perception. It refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. In this stage, stimuli are arranged mentally in a meaningful pattern, thus, organizing the information received.  This process occurs unconsciously explained by certain principles such as those of Gestalt. Perception involves both bottom-up and top-down processing. Bottom-up processing refers to the fact that perceptions are built from sensory input. On the other hand, how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts. This is called top-down processing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
 === 3. Interpretation ===
@@ Line 98: / Line 113: @@
 Attention plays a significant role in determining what is sensed versus what is perceived. Imagine a party full of music, chatter, and laughter. When one is absorbed in an interesting conversation with a friend, and he/she gets tuned out all the background chatter or conversations which can be termed as noise. On interruption the person would probably be unable to answer what song was just played. Failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention is called inattentional blindness.<ref name=":0" />
-Selective Attention : One of the most important functions of attention is selectivity. The selected stimulus of interest is the one on which total attention is focused, while ignoring other relevant stimuli.
+'''Selective Attention''': One of the most important functions of attention is selectivity. The selected stimulus of interest is the one on which total attention is focused, while ignoring other relevant stimuli.<ref name=":1" />
-Sustained Attention: Some activities involve prolonged attention such as computer games, and gazing at the radar screen. It is the ability to attend a stimulus for a longer period of time without being distracted.
+'''Sustained Attention''': Some activities involve prolonged attention such as a computer game, or gazing at the radar screen. It is the ability to attend a stimulus for a longer period of time without being distracted.<ref name=":1" />
 === Motivation ===
-Motivation can also affect perception. Have you ever been expecting a really important phone call and, while taking a shower, you think you hear the phone ringing, only to discover that it is not so. If so, then you have experienced how motivation to detect a meaningful stimulus can shift our ability to discriminate between a true sensory stimulus and background noise.<ref name=":0" />
+Motivation can also affect perception. For example, while expecting a really important phone call and, taking a shower, a one thinks that one can hear the phone ringing, only to discover that it is not so. This is how a motivation or expectation to detect a meaningful stimulus can influence our perception. It can shift our ability to discriminate between a true sensory stimulus and background noise.<ref name=":0" /> It is common experience that when we feel hungry, our attention tends to catch the smell of food easily than when we are not hungry. Hunger is a motivation influencing our perception.<ref name=":1" />
 === Cultural influence ===
@@ Line 114: / Line 129: @@
 == Gestalt Principles of Perception ==
 == Extra Sensory Perception ==

@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
 Children described as thrill seekers are more likely to show taste preferences for intense sour flavors (Liem, Westerbeek, Wolterink, Kok, & de Graaf, 2004), which suggests that basic aspects of personality might affect perception. Furthermore, individuals who hold positive attitudes toward reduced-fat foods are more likely to rate foods labeled as reduced fat as tasting better than people who have less positive attitudes about these products (Aaron, Mela, & Evans, 1994).<ref name=":0" />
-Gestalt Principles of Perception
+== Gestalt Principles of Perception ==
-== How is perception produced? ==
+== Extra Sensory Perception ==
 == Perception Vs Pratyaksha Pramana ==

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 === 3. Interpretation ===
-In this last stage of perceptive process, meaning is assigned to the organized stimulus. Interpretation and assigning meaning to the stimuli is based on one's own experiences, expectations, needs, beliefs, other's experiences and other factors. This stage is subjective in nature and the same stimuli can be interpreted differently by different individuals.
+In this third stage of the process of perception, meaning is assigned to the organized stimulus. Interpretation and assigning meaning to the stimuli is based on one's own experiences, expectations, needs, beliefs, other's experiences and other factors. This stage is subjective in nature and the same stimuli can be interpreted differently by different individuals.<ref name=":1" />
 == Factors affecting sensation and perception ==
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 Although our perceptions are built from sensations, not all sensations result in perception. In fact, we often don’t perceive stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time. This is known as sensory adaptation.<ref name=":0" />
-Imagine entering a classroom with an old analog clock. Upon first entering the room, you can hear the ticking of the clock; as you begin to engage in conversation with classmates or listen to your professor greet the class, you are no longer aware of the ticking. The clock is still ticking, and that information is still affecting sensory receptors of the auditory system. The fact that you no longer perceive the sound demonstrates sensory adaptation and shows that while closely associated, sensation and perception are different.<ref name=":0" />
+Imagine a person entering a classroom having an old analog clock. Upon first entering the room, he can hear the ticking of the clock; as he engages in conversation with classmates or listens to professor greet the class, he shall no longer be aware of the clock ticking. The clock continues to tick, and that stimulus continues to affect the sensory receptors of the person's auditory system even as time passes. The fact that he no longer perceives the sound demonstrates sensory adaptation and shows that while closely associated, sensation and perception are different.<ref name=":0" />
 === Attention ===
-Attention plays a significant role in determining what is sensed versus what is perceived. Imagine you are at a party full of music, chatter, and laughter. You get involved in an interesting conversation with a friend, and you tune out all the background noise. If someone interrupted you to ask what song had just finished playing, you would probably be unable to answer that question.<ref name=":0" />
+Attention plays a significant role in determining what is sensed versus what is perceived. Imagine you are at a party full of music, chatter, and laughter. You get involved in an interesting conversation with a friend, and you tune out all the background noise. If someone interrupted you to ask what song had just finished playing, you would probably be unable to answer that question. Failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention is called inattentional blindness.<ref name=":0" />
 === Motivation ===

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 == Introduction ==
-Perception is a set of psychological processes, which help us in understanding the world around us. We encounter numerous stimuli every second through our sensory organs. It brings about awareness and interpretation of our environment. It involves selection, organization and interpretation of the sensory information based on one's previous experiences, needs, aspirations and even considering other's experiences.<ref name=":1">http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/61382</ref>
+Perception is a set of psychological processes that help us understand the world around us. We encounter numerous stimuli every second through our sensory organs. It brings about awareness and interpretation of our environment. It involves selection, organization, and interpretation of the sensory information based on one's previous experiences, needs, aspirations and even considering other's experiences.<ref name=":1">http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/61382</ref>
 == Stages of Perception ==
 Broadly, the process of perception involves three steps, when a stimulus is encountered.
-=== Selection ===
+=== 1. Selection ===
 Selection is the first stage of perception. At a given time, due to various factors, the human brain consciously or unconsciously, processes only some stimuli ignoring the others. For example, when engaged in deep conversation we tune out of many sounds in the background and do not register them. The selected stimulus becomes the "attended stimulus."<ref name=":1" /> It is well known that the five major senses are vision, hearing (audition), smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). We also have sensory systems that provide information about
@@ Line 16: / Line 24: @@
 * pain (nociception)
 * temperature (thermoception)
-=== Organization ===
+=== 2. Organization ===
-It is the second stage of perception. It refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. In this stage, stimuli are arranged mentally in a meaningful pattern, thus, organizing the stimulus received. Perception involves both bottom-up and top-down processing. Bottom-up processing refers to the fact that perceptions are built from sensory input. On the other hand, how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts. This is called top-down processing.<ref name=":0" />
+It is the second stage of perception. It refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. In this stage, stimuli are arranged mentally in a meaningful pattern, thus, organizing the information received.  This process occurs unconsciously explained by certain principles such as those of Gestalt. Perception involves both bottom-up and top-down processing. Bottom-up processing refers to the fact that perceptions are built from sensory input. On the other hand, how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts. This is called top-down processing.<ref name=":0" />
-=== Interpretation ===
+=== 3. Interpretation ===
 In this last stage of perceptive process, meaning is assigned to the organized stimulus. Interpretation and assigning meaning to the stimuli is based on one's own experiences, expectations, needs, beliefs, other's experiences and other factors. This stage is subjective in nature and the same stimuli can be interpreted differently by different individuals.
 == Factors affecting sensation and perception ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{ToBeEdited}}
-Perception or Cognition is the mental process of interpreting the information received by the sense organs from the environment. Sensation is a physical process, whereas, perception is a psychological process. For example, upon smelling the scent of roses, a sensation is the scent receptors in the body detecting the odor of roses, but the perception may be "Mmm, this smells like roses."<ref name=":0">Introduction to Psychology course on NPTEL</ref>
+Perception is the mental process of interpreting the information received by the sense organs from the environment. Sensation is a physical process, whereas, perception is a psychological process. For example, upon smelling the scent of roses, a sensation is the scent receptors in the body detecting the odor of roses, but the perception may be "Mmm, this smells like roses."<ref name=":0">Introduction to Psychology course on NPTEL</ref>
 == Introduction ==
-Perception is a set of psychological processes, which help us in understanding the world around us. We encounter numerous stimuli every second through our sensory organs. It brings about awareness and interpretation of our environment. It involves selection, organization and interpretation of the sensory information based on one's previous experiences, needs, aspirations and other's experiences.<ref>http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/61382</ref>
+Perception is a set of psychological processes, which help us in understanding the world around us. We encounter numerous stimuli every second through our sensory organs. It brings about awareness and interpretation of our environment. It involves selection, organization and interpretation of the sensory information based on one's previous experiences, needs, aspirations and even considering other's experiences.<ref>http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/61382</ref>
-Perception refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. Perception involves both bottom-up and top-down processing. Bottom-up processing refers to the fact that perceptions are built from sensory input. On the other hand, how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts. This is called top-down processing.<ref name=":0" />
+== Stages of Perception ==
 == Sensation and Sensory Organs ==
 Sense organs are the primary sources for gathering information and providing it to the mind for further processing. Sense organs receive the reflection emanating from the objects which are then reflected in the inner mind.
 == Factors affecting sensation and perception ==