Panchanga (पञ्चाङ्गम्) - Revision history

Fordharma: added content

2024-12-25T18:23:46Z

added content

Fordharma: /* Roman Calendar and Leap Year */

2023-02-05T17:45:20Z

Roman Calendar and Leap Year

Fordharma: /* Roman Calendar and Leap Year */

2023-02-05T17:43:55Z

Roman Calendar and Leap Year

Fordharma at 17:22, 5 February 2023

2023-02-05T17:22:33Z

Fordharma: Added content

2022-11-23T17:32:27Z

Added content

Fordharma: /* नक्षत्राणि॥ Nakshatras - Asterism */

2022-11-23T16:20:55Z

नक्षत्राणि॥ Nakshatras - Asterism

Fordharma: Added content

2022-11-23T16:17:25Z

Added content

AnuragV: /* वारः ॥ Vara - Day of the Week */

2022-11-14T16:04:15Z

वारः ॥ Vara - Day of the Week

Fordharma: added category

2022-11-13T17:14:31Z

added category

AnuragV: /* तिथिः॥Tithi */

2022-11-13T04:02:40Z

तिथिः॥Tithi

@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 This calendar is popularly called the Gregorian Calendar and is widely used to the present day. The difference between the civil year and a tropical year was reduced to about 0.1216th of a day (i.e., 2 hours, 55 minutes, 6 seconds) in the course of 400 years. This difference adds up to a full day in the course of about 3300 years. After that many years, a day will have to be dropped from the civil calendar.<ref name=":2" />
 == Panchangas are based on movements of the Sun and the Moon ==
@@ Line 58: / Line 62: @@
 == पञ्चाङ्ग-विषयाः ॥ Contents of a Panchanga ==
 A Panchanga typically gives the microcosmic details of five aspects of the day to day time. They are
-# तिथिः॥ Tithi (Lunar Day)
+# [[Tithi (तिथि)|तिथिः॥ Tithi (Lunar Day)]]
-# वारः॥ Vara (Day of the week)
+# [[Day of the Week-Vara (वार)|वारः॥ Vara (Day of the week)]]
 # नक्षत्रम्॥ Nakshatra (Asterism)
-# योगः॥ Yoga
+# [[Yoga in Panchanga (पंचांग में योग)|योगः॥ Yoga]]
-# करणः॥ Karana
+# [[Karana in Panchanga (पंचांग में करण)|करणः॥ Karana]]
 The coordinates for a day include the tithi present at the time of sunrise, the day of the week, the nakshatra in which the moon is present at the time of sunrise, the yoga and karana at sunrise. Thus the calculations for the day starts with the sunrise. It should be noted that sunrise time changes with the places so the factors become different with change in place.
@@ Line 85: / Line 89: @@
 # Vaastu Prakarana
 # Vivaha Prakarana
-# Other kinds of panchangas such as Bhaskara panchanga, Gauri Panchanga
+# Details of other kinds of panchangas such as Bhaskara panchanga, Gauri Panchanga
 == तिथिः॥Tithi ==
@@ Line 162: / Line 166: @@
 If in the course of a lunar month, there are two sankrantis, then that lunar month is considered as a Kshayamasa or deletory month which occurs rather very rarely. A kshayamasa occurs on one of the three lunar months - Kartika, Margasira, or Pushya. This is so, because of the faster motion of the sun during that period and hence the solar months could be slightly less than the corresponding lunar month. A kshayamasa is not counted by its name. A lunar year in which there is a kshayamasa will have two adhikamasas, one preceding it and another succeeding it.<ref name=":2" />
 == वारः ॥ Vara - Day of the Week ==

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 |dimensions=500x248
 |container=frame
-|description=Introduction to Yoga Darshana
+|description=Gregorian vs Indian Calendrical Systems. Courtesy: Prof. K. Ramasubramanian and Shaale.com
 }}

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 === Roman Calendar and Leap Year ===
-The basis of the Roman calendar, also referred to as the Christian calendar, is the tropical solar year. For an observer on the Earth, the time taken by the Sun to complete a revolution along the ecliptic with reference to the vernal equinox (the first point of the zodiac sign Aries) is one tropical solar year called as sayana saura varsha according to Indian terminology.<ref name=":2" />
+The basis of the Roman calendar, also referred to as the Christian calendar, is the tropical solar year. For an observer on the Earth, the time taken by the Sun to complete a revolution along the ecliptic with reference to the vernal equinox (the first point of the zodiac sign Aries) is one tropical solar year called as sayana saura varsha according to Indian terminology.<ref name=":2" /> {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMj0jb2ktpY&list=PLZ83joYJYmWR8dUgfxbcKFgxbCOaKw91J
 - '''Savana Sauravarsha''' - Its average duration is 365.24219 days. For convenience in civil use, the whole number of this duration - 365 days - is considered normally in year. To account for the residual part - 0.24219th day, Julius Caesar added one extra day once in four years. That year having the extra day is called the Leap year consisting of 366 days.<ref name=":2" />
 === Julian Calendar and days in a month ===

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:22, 5 February 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	Panchanga (Samskrit: पञ्चाङ्गम्) refers to the Bharatiya calendar system of timekeeping to maintain a record of day to day activities. While [[Kalamana (कालमानम्)\|Kalamana]] discusses the different time measurement systems and their role and importance, a Panchanga refers to different times of the day and night and their importance. It is used to identify a particular day with respect to the weekday, month and year of a particular calendar system.	+	Panchanga (Samskrit: पञ्चाङ्गम्) refers to the Bharatiya calendar system of timekeeping to maintain a record of day to day activities. While [[Kalamana (कालमानम्)\|Kalamana]] discusses the different time measurement systems and their role and importance, a Panchanga refers to different times of the day and night and their importance. It is used to identify a particular day with respect to the weekday, month and year of a particular calendar system. {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aIlLAYJfHg
		+	\|alignment=right
		+	\|dimensions=500x248
		+	\|container=frame
		+	\|description=Introduction to Panchanga. Courtesy: Prof. K. Ramasubramaniam and Shaale.com
		+	}}

	In different societies, depending on their requirements and practices - rituals, social and civil events - various calendar systems have evolved. These systems are essentially based on the solar year either tropical (savana) or sidereal (nakshatra) or lunar years (tithis or luni-solar).<ref name=":2">Rao, S. Balachandra. (2000) ''Indian Astronomy, An Introduction.'' Hyderabad: Universities Press (India) Limited. (Page 39-70)</ref> In the present times a Gregorian calendar is in use, almost globally, for all administrative and government records and events.		In different societies, depending on their requirements and practices - rituals, social and civil events - various calendar systems have evolved. These systems are essentially based on the solar year either tropical (savana) or sidereal (nakshatra) or lunar years (tithis or luni-solar).<ref name=":2">Rao, S. Balachandra. (2000) ''Indian Astronomy, An Introduction.'' Hyderabad: Universities Press (India) Limited. (Page 39-70)</ref> In the present times a Gregorian calendar is in use, almost globally, for all administrative and government records and events.

@@ Line 147: / Line 147: @@
 [[File:Names of Samvatsaras.PNG|thumb|403x403px|Names of Samvatsaras (Chandra Mana)]]
 Each Lunar year is called a Samvatsara. A cycle of 60 samvatsaras is followed by the people. This cycle is five times the Barhaspatya Mana of 12 years. They have specific names and the good or bad effects in a particular year are indicated to a certain extent in the names of these sixty years.
 == वारः ॥ Vara - Day of the Week ==

@@ Line 165: / Line 165: @@
 == नक्षत्राणि॥ Nakshatras - Asterism ==
 [[File:Nakshatras and their longitudes.PNG|thumb|486x486px|Nakshatras and their range of nirayana longitudes]]
 [[Nakshatras (नक्षत्राणि)|Nakshatras]] refer to the 27th part of the ecliptic and thus each nakshatra spans '''13°20′.''' The time which the moon (whose motion continually varies in speed) or any other heavenly body requires to travel over the 27th part of the ecliptic is also called a nakshatra.<ref name=":2" />

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Panchanga (Samskrit: पञ्चाङ्गम्) refers to the Bharatiya calendar system of timekeeping to maintain a record of day to day activities. While [[Kalamana (कालमानम्)|Kalamana]] discusses the different time measurement systems and their role and importance, a Panchanga refers to different times of the day and night and their importance. It is used to identify a particular day with respect to the weekday, month and year of a particular calendar system.
@@ Line 6: / Line 4: @@
 == परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
-Bharatiya Panchanga evolved over thousands of years since the vedic times. Based on the astronomical observations through different phases and periods - Vedanga and Siddhanta - the calendar has undergone continuous refinements. There are essentially two systems followed in Bharatavarsha or Indian sub-continent by different sections of people.<ref name=":2" />
+Broadly a calendar is used to identify a particular day as belonging to a particular month of a particular year. The day is identified by the date of the said month and year, and the weekday on which this given date falls - form the specific details given for every single day of a year in a calendar. In different societies, depending on their requirements and practices - cultural, social, religious, and civil as also on the levels of their computational accomplishments - different calendar systems have been evolved.<ref name=":2" />
 # Solar (Saura)
 # Luni-Solar (Chandra)
-The lunar month is seen as the most natural unit of time with clearly visible pramanas, namely Amavasya and Purnima, in the sky. A lunar month is the period from one new moon (Amavasya) to the next or from one full moon (Purnima) to the next; and it is easily observed without a requirement of any calculations or instruments. A solar month is calculated from the entry into a rashi by the Sun (sankranti) to his entry into the next rashi; and arriving at a sankranti time requires some careful observation of the planetary motions. A Panchanga however, describes many planetary events along with their significance and relevance in astronomical, astrological, ritualistic, social fields, thus to a traditional Sanatana Dharma household the annual Panchanga is indispensable. Their lifestyles are completely entwined with the concept of [[Kala (कालः)|Kala]]. The concept of Kala includes both macrocosmic and microcosmic time scales uniquely discussed by Bharatiya shastras, however, of the different such measures of time the daily Panchanga that we use to conduct our activities consists of five aspects.
+The lunar month is seen as the most natural unit of time with clearly visible pramanas, namely Amavasya and Purnima, in the sky.
-Most of the festivals in our country are based on the luni-solar (or lunar) calendar. Each of these falls on a particular tithi of a specified Paksha (fortnight) in a particular month or day and a few festivals are based on the nakshatras.
+- A '''lunar month''' is the period from one new moon (Amavasya) to the next or from one full moon (Purnima) to the next; and it is easily observed in the sky without a requirement of any calculations or instruments.
-== पञ्चाङ्ग॥ Calculations in Panchanga ==
+- A '''solar month''' is calculated from the entry into a rashi by the Sun (sankranti) to his entry into the next rashi (zodiac); and arriving at a sankranti time requires some careful observation of the planetary motions.
 In our country, based on the siddhantas handed down from generations people have evolved calculation systems of the Panchangas. They are still being followed in lineages of families. One who calculates and gives the Panchanga is called a Panchangakarta. The mathematical calculations involved in making a panchanga primarily follows two systems
 # Purvapaddhati
@@ Line 65: / Line 92: @@
 === Determining Amavasya (New Moon) and Purnima (Full Moon) ===
-As the Sun and the Moon are moving in the same direction, the point at which they are in the same celestial longitude as seen from the Earth, when the Moon is said to be "new" or is called Amavasya or New Moon Day when we do not see the moon in the sky. After 24 hours, the Moon will have moved ahead of the sun by '''12°10′ time'''. This separation of the moon from the sun goes on increasing at the rate of 12°10′ per day until it completes a 360° revolution and the moon will again be in conjunction with the sun resulting in Amavasya.
+As the Sun and the Moon are moving in the same direction, the point at which they are in the same celestial longitude as seen from the Earth, when the Moon is said to be "new" or is called Amavasya or New Moon Day when we do not see the moon in the sky. After 24 hours, the Moon will have moved ahead of the sun by '''12°10′ time'''. This separation of the moon from the sun goes on increasing at the rate of 12°10′ per day until it completes a 360° revolution and the moon will again be in conjunction with the sun resulting in Amavasya.<ref name=":2" />
   '''Amavasya occurs when Sun and Moon are on the same celestial longitude''' '''(360°)'''
 Purnima or a Full Moon Day happens when the Sun and Moon are on the opposite longitudes 180° apart, when we see the fully bright moon in the sky.
   '''Purnima occurs when Sun and Moon are on the opposite celestial longitudes (180°)'''
 A lunar month can thus be reckoned in two ways both of which are followed in Bharatiya Kalamana, thus we have two calendar systems
-* '''अमान्त-पद्धतिः ॥ Amanta or Mukhyamana''' - starting from Amavasya (new moon) to the succeeding Amavasya. This system is followed in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra and Gujarat.
+* '''अमान्त-पद्धतिः ॥ Amanta or Mukhyamana''' - starting from Amavasya (new moon) to the succeeding Amavasya. This system is followed in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra and Gujarat. The Amanta calendar is followed for all purposes, namely, the counting of days for civil activities, festivals, religious functions, etc., in the these states. The lunar (luni-solar) year in this system commences with Chaitra Shukla Pratipat (tithi) following amavasya, hence called Chaitradi. In Gujarat also, an amanta calendar is followed but the lunar year starts after the Deepavali new moon. The Gujarati lunar new year commences with Kartika Shukla Pratipat, hence called Kartikadi. In Kutch and some parts of Saurashtra, the new commences with Ashadha Shukla Pratipat.<ref name=":2" />
 * '''पूर्णिमान्त-पद्धतिः ॥ Purnimanta or Gaunamana''' - starting from Purnima (full moon) to the succeeding Purnima. This system is followed in most of the north Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Kashmir.
 === चन्द्रकलाः ॥ Phases of Moon ===
@@ Line 117: / Line 145: @@
 === Names of Samvatsaras (Lunar Years) ===
-[[File:Names of Samvatsaras.PNG|thumb|400x400px|Names of Samvatsaras (Chandra Mana)]]
+[[File:Names of Samvatsaras.PNG|thumb|403x403px|Names of Samvatsaras (Chandra Mana)]]
 Each Lunar year is called a Samvatsara. A cycle of 60 samvatsaras is followed by the people. This cycle is five times the Barhaspatya Mana of 12 years. They have specific names and the good or bad effects in a particular year are indicated to a certain extent in the names of these sixty years.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:04, 14 November 2022
Line 121:		Line 121:

	== वारः ॥ Vara - Day of the Week ==		== वारः ॥ Vara - Day of the Week ==
		+	{{Main\|Day of the Week-Vara (वार)}}
	Vara (वारः) Vasara (वासरः) or weekdays are seven as in common knowledge globally, are based on sunrise. They are named after their adhipatis or specific planetary rulers as follows		Vara (वारः) Vasara (वासरः) or weekdays are seven as in common knowledge globally, are based on sunrise. They are named after their adhipatis or specific planetary rulers as follows

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:14, 13 November 2022
Line 289:		Line 289:
	[[Category:Vedangas]]		[[Category:Vedangas]]
	<references />		<references />
		+	[[Category:Jyotisha]]

@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 == तिथिः॥Tithi ==
 Tithi (तिथिः) is a fundamental unit of lunar time (Chandra Mana) - the time taken for the movement of moon by 12 degrees as compared to the Sun. The moon, like the sun, moves from west to east with reference to the fixed stars. The motion of the Moon is much faster than that of the Sun. Moving at a small angle of 5° 8′ towards the ecliptic, the movement of the moon may be considered as moving along the ecliptic itself. Observations show that moon takes an average period of 27.3216615 days to complete a revolution of 360° with reference to the fixed stars, which is called the Sidereal period of the Moon. For the same angular movement of 360° along the ecliptic, in the same direction with reference to the fixed stars, the Sun takes about 365.256364 days, which is the Sidereal period (Year) of the Sun. Thus we have
   '''Motion of the Moon per Day = 360°/ 27.3216615 = 13°10′'''