Grhyasutras (गृह्यसूत्राणि) - Revision history

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 * [[Jatakarma (जातकर्म)|Jatakarma (जातकर्म)]]
 * [[Namakaranam (नामकरणम्)|Namakarana (नामकरणम्)]]
-* [[Annaprasanam (अन्नप्रासनम्)|Annaprasana (अन्नप्रासनम्)]]
+* [[Annaprashana (अन्नप्राशनम्)|Annaprashana (अन्नप्राशनम्)]]
 * [[Chaulam (चौलम्)|Chaulam (चौलम्)]]
 * [[Upanayana (उपनयनम्)|Upanayana (उपनयनम्)]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:38, 16 April 2020
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	== References ==		== References ==
	<references />		<references />
		+	[[Category:Vedangas]]

@@ Line 293: / Line 293: @@
 ==== Agriculture and Cattle Related Yajnas ====
-In the age of the sutra literature, a greater part of the people earned their livelihood by agriculture and cattle breeding. This is amply reflected in the rites connected to agriculture, krshaka, varsha and pashusampada were highly respected for they provide food to all beings. All aspects of agriculture find mention in these texts, namely, the earth, ploughs, start and end of the agricultural activities, implements, barns and storage, furrowing, sowing, reaping and thrashing of grains, cattle, birds and moles, deities of the rains, winds, and nakshatras. A few related yajnas were<ref name=":0" />
+In the age of the sutra literature, a greater part of the people earned their livelihood by agriculture and cattle breeding. [[Krshi Vijnana (कृषिविज्ञानम्)|Agricultural practices]] went hand in hand with cattle breeding as seen in vedas and brahmanas. This is amply reflected in the rites connected to agriculture, krshaka, varsha and pashusampada were highly respected for they provide food to all beings. All aspects of agriculture find mention in these Kalpasutra texts, namely, the land to be ploughed, ploughs, start and end of the agricultural activities, implements, barns and storage, furrowing, sowing, reaping and threshing of grains, cattle, birds and moles, deities of the rains, winds, and nakshatras. A few related yajnas were<ref name=":0" />
 * Bali (बलिः) to the earth and skies
 * Halabhiyoga (हलाभियोगः) a ceremony of yolking the plough

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 Thus Grhyasutras are associated with the particular Vedas but more intricately with the Veda shakas. The most important of these texts include 19 extant texts; Ashvalayana, Shankhayana, Kaushitaki,  Baudhayana, Manava, Bharadvaja, Apastamba, Kathaka, Agniveshya, Hiranyakeshi, Vaaraha, Vaikhanasa, Paraskara, Gobhila,  Kauthuma, Khadira, Drahyayana, Jaiminiya, and Kaushika.<ref name=":1" />(Check on Drahyayana)
-Following is the list of Grhyasutras including both published and unpublished works.<ref name=":0" />
+Following is the list of Grhyasutras including both published and unpublished works.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":42222">Gopal Reddy, Mudiganti and Sujata Reddy, Mudiganti (1997) ''Sanskrita Saahitya Charitra (Vaidika Vangmayam - Loukika Vangamayam, A critical approach)'' Hyderabad : P. S. Telugu University. (Pages 59-71)</ref>
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 |-
 ! rowspan="3" |Rigveda
-|Ashvalayana
+|Shakala
 |Ashvalayana (By Ashvalayana the student of Saunaka)
 |4 Adhyayas
@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 | rowspan="3" |Saunaka, Bharaviya, Sakalya, Paingi, Parasara, Bahvricha and Aitareya
 |-
-|Shankhayana
+|Shakala
 |Shankhayana (By Suyajna Shankhayana)
 |6 Adhyayas
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 |Bhavatrata
 |-
-! rowspan="2" |Shukla Yajurveda
+!Shukla Yajurveda
-| rowspan="2" |Vajasaneya
+|Vajasaneya
 |Paraskara or Katiya Grhyasutra
+|3 Kandas
-|Jayarama
+|Jayarama, Karka, Harihara, Gadadhara, Vishvanatha
 |Baijavapa
 |-
 ! rowspan="9" |Krishna Yajurveda
@@ Line 105: / Line 101: @@
 | rowspan="3" |Gautama, Chandogya
 |-
-|Drahyayana
+|Rananiya or Drahyayana
 |Khadira (खादिर)
+|
@@ Line 113: / Line 109: @@
 |Jaimini
 |Purvam (24 Khandas) Uttaram (9 Khandas)
+|Srinivasadhvari's Tika
 |-
 !Atharvaveda
 |Saunaka
 |Kaushika (कौशिक)
+|14 Adhyayas
+|Hari and Kesava's Tikas
+|
 |}The Grhyasutras mention the views of a number of authorities on the Grhyakarmas. They profusely quote the names of the rshis whose views are mentioned and discussed in any particular grhyasutra. The following is the list of rshis who were regarded as the authorities of the subject mentioned by the author of the sutra.

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 Grhyasutras (Samskrit: गृह्यसूत्राणि) belonging to Kalpa of the Vedangas, as their title suggests, deal with grhya-karmani (गृह्यकर्माणि), i.e., the domestic activities. Written in the sutra style, these treatises systematically describe the grhyakarmas as practiced in their respective schools. The number and order of these activities vary from one Grhyasutra to another. Since most of the ceremonies prescribed in the Grhyasutras are to be performed with the help of the Grhyaagni, i.e., grhya fire, the domestic fire, the description of the setting up of this fire finds an important place in the Grhyasutras.<ref name=":0">Gopal, Ram. (1959) ''India of Vedic Kalpasutras.'' Delhi : National Publishing House</ref>
-== Introduction ==
+== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
-Grhyasutras belong to the class of Kalpasutra texts. Kalpas are important texts of [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|six vedangas]], the ancilliary subjects which are required to understand Vedas and hence are one among the Chaturdasha Vidyas. They pertain to domestic rituals as known from the word Grhya. Thus the subject matter of grhyasutras involves the domestic life of a person. They are the oldest manuals on the samskaras and in the whole set of [[Kalpa Vedanga (कल्पवेदाङ्गम्)|Kalpa Vedanga]] texts, the Dharmasutras as a rule follow the Grhyasutras.
+Grhyasutras belong to the class of Kalpasutra texts. Kalpas are important texts of [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|six vedangas]], the ancilliary subjects which are required to understand Vedas and hence are one among the Chaturdasha Vidyas. They pertain to domestic rituals as known from the word Grhya and involve the grhyaagni. Thus the subject matter of grhyasutras involves the domestic life of a person and they are the texts most pertinent to  people in [[Grhasthashrama (गृहस्थाश्रमः)|Grhasthashrama]]. They are the oldest manuals on the [[Samskaras (संस्काराः)|samskaras]] and in the whole set of [[Kalpa Vedanga (कल्पवेदाङ्गम्)|Kalpa Vedanga]] texts, the Dharmasutras as a rule follow the Grhyasutras.
 The origin of the Grhyasutras appear to be traceable to an oral tradition prevalent among the people of ancient times which preserved them till date. They employ many mantras from the veda samhita parts while performing the domestic rituals. So one can understand the antiquity of these ceremonies which are traced back to the time of the Vedas.
@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 == Subject-matter of Grhyasutras ==
-The importance of traditions and social conditions came to be highlighted in the Grhyasutra texts. Until then the Shrauta sutras paid complete attention to the yajnas that were prevalent with less importance to the existing domestic rites. Grhyasutras brought out the Loka-dharmas (socio-economic traditions) in the village and town environment of that society. Apastamba, and Paraskara have compiled various such prevalent laukika traditions, and such information should be collected from the elderly women in the villages. Ashvalayana ghyasutras mention this point as follows<ref name=":1">Pt. Baldev Upadhyaya (1997) ''Samskrit Vangmay ka Brhad Itihas, Dvitiya Khand - Vedang.'' Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Samskrit Sansthan (Page 42-44)</ref><blockquote>अथ खलूच्चावचा जनपदधर्मा ग्रामधर्माश्च तान्विवाहे प्रतीयात् १ (Asvh. Grhy. Sutr. 1.7.1)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>During marriage, the various dharmas followed in the villages and towns have to be adhered to.
+The importance of traditions and social conditions came to be highlighted in the Grhyasutra texts. Until then the Shrauta sutras paid complete attention to the yajnas that were prevalent with less importance to the existing domestic rites. Grhyasutras brought out the Loka-dharmas (socio-economic traditions) in the village and town environment of that society. Apastamba, and Paraskara have compiled various such prevalent laukika traditions, and such information should be collected from the elderly women in the villages. Ashvalayana ghyasutras mention this point as follows<ref name=":1">Pt. Baldev Upadhyaya (1997) ''Samskrit Vangmay ka Brhad Itihas, Dvitiya Khand - Vedang.'' Lucknow: Uttar Pradesh Samskrit Sansthan (Page 41-44)</ref><blockquote>अथ खलूच्चावचा जनपदधर्मा ग्रामधर्माश्च तान्विवाहे प्रतीयात् १ (Asvh. Grhy. Sutr. 1.7.1)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>During marriage, the various dharmas followed in the villages and towns have to be adhered to.
 Broadly the subject of Grhyasutras can be listed out as follows.
 # Social Organization (Varnas and Ashrama Systems)
@@ Line 189: / Line 189: @@
 Special attention is given to kamyakarmas done for fulfillment of certain desires, such as desire for prosperity of cattle, achievement of glory, gaining favour of certain people, appease an angry person, and desire to become a king.
-== गृह्यकर्माणि ॥ Grhyakarmas ==
+== गृह्यकर्माणि स्मार्तकर्माणि वा॥ Grhyakarmas or Smarta Karmas ==
-While the Shrauta sutras are based on the Shrutis, the Grhyasutras are said to rest on the Smrti texts, thus these grhya-karmani are said to be "Smartha" karmas. The authors of the Grhyasutras treat the subject matter of "grhya" very specifically denoted by their typical expressions such as those of
+While the Shrauta sutras are based on the Shrutis, the Grhyasutras are said to rest on the Smrti texts, thus these grhya-karmani are said to be "Smartha" karmas. Now arises the question, whether Smarta karmas guided by Vedas, or are they Avaidik (not based on Veda) in nature. The answer to this is that - while the Shrauta karmas are have a direct association with the Shrutis (Vedas), Smarta karmas have an "indirect" association with the Vedas, nevertheless are rooted in the Vedas. Karkacharya's Bhashya for the Paraskara Grhyasutras clarifies this point under the first sutra.  <blockquote>प्रत्यक्षा हि श्रुतयः श्रौतेषु स्मार्तेषु च पुनः कर्तृसामान्यादनुमेयाः श्रुतयः । स्मार्तानामपि हि वेदमूलत्वमुक्तम्। (Kark. Bhas for Paras. Grhy 1.1.1)<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>Scholars opine that since Smrtis are "remembered" texts.
 * Ashvalayana starts with उक्तानि वैतानिकानि गृह्याणि वक्ष्यामः १<ref name=":2">Ashvalayana Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Full Text])</ref> meaning "the grhyani as distinguished from the vaitanikani (shrauta) are said"
@@ Line 211: / Line 212: @@
 * Tattriya and Sathapatha Brahmanas discuss the [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|Panchamahayajnas]], and [[Upanayana (उपनयनम्)|Upanayana]], Garbhadhana, Namakarana (of the samskaras) and others such as Soshyantikarman, Ayushyakarman, and Medhajanana.
-=== List of Grhyakarmani ===
+=== List of Grhyakarmas ===
 Grhyakarmas are described elaborately in a the sutras but with a varied terminology from across sutras. In this section an attempt has been made to put together a list of Grhyakarmas and a brief description of the equivalent terms from various grhyasutras where possible. Some of these activities are described as periodical as well as special yajnas both in grhya and shrauta sutras. The broad categories include Samskaras, Panchamahayajnas, Pakayajnas which constitute a whole set of yajnas, Grhapravesa and other house related rites, agricultural operations including cattle related rites and finally Prayaschittas.

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 == Authors and Commentators ==
 Unequivocally scholars opine that the composition of the Grhyasutras did not happen all at one time point and that the final form of texts available at present, involved at least four stages of compilation at various time points.
-# Beginning time
+# Early time when grhyakarmas took place seamlessly
 # Time during which the Sutras were present in oral tradition
 # Time when mantras were used as per the tradition of a particular Veda shaka

@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 == Subject-matter of Grhyasutras ==
 Broadly the subject of Grhyasutras can be listed out as follows.
 # Social Organization (Varnas and Ashrama Systems)
@@ Line 181: / Line 182: @@
 == गृह्यकर्माणि ॥ Grhyakarmas ==
 While the Shrauta sutras are based on the Shrutis, the Grhyasutras are said to rest on the Smrti texts, thus these grhya-karmani are said to be "Smartha" karmas. The authors of the Grhyasutras treat the subject matter of "grhya" very specifically denoted by their typical expressions such as those of
-* Ashvalayana starts with उक्तानि वैतानिकानि गृह्याणि वक्ष्यामः १<ref>Ashvalayana Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Full Text])</ref> meaning "the grhyani as distinguished from the vaitanikani (shrauta) are said"
+* Ashvalayana starts with उक्तानि वैतानिकानि गृह्याणि वक्ष्यामः १<ref name=":2">Ashvalayana Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Full Text])</ref> meaning "the grhyani as distinguished from the vaitanikani (shrauta) are said"
 * Shankhayana says अथातः पाकयज्ञान्व्याख्यास्यामः १<ref>Shankhayana Grhyasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Full Text])</ref> meaning "now with the discussion of the pakayajnas"
@@ Line 204: / Line 205: @@
 Grhyakarmas are described elaborately in a the sutras but with a varied terminology from across sutras. In this section an attempt has been made to put together a list of Grhyakarmas and a brief description of the equivalent terms from various grhyasutras where possible. Some of these activities are described as periodical as well as special yajnas both in grhya and shrauta sutras. The broad categories include Samskaras, Panchamahayajnas, Pakayajnas which constitute a whole set of yajnas, Grhapravesa and other house related rites, agricultural operations including cattle related rites and finally Prayaschittas.
-The grhyasutras employ many mantras borrowed from the Samhitas on the occasion of the performance of the Grhyakarmas. Some of these mantras clearly indicate the antiquity of the grhya ceremonies as far as the Vedas. Mantras from Rigveda recited at the time of marriage (Rig. Veda. 10.85), the funeral rites (Rig. Veda. 10.14, 15, 16),  indicate the prevalence of Grhya ceremonies from the vedic age. Atharvaveda mantras are prescribed by the Grhyasutras in large numbers.
+The mantras used in the Grhyasutra rites include the ancient vedic mantras and those which are not found in the vedic texts. They employ many mantras borrowed from the Samhitas on the occasion of the performance of the Grhyakarmas. Some of these mantras clearly indicate the antiquity of the grhya ceremonies as far as the Vedas. Mantras from Rigveda recited at the time of marriage (Rig. Veda. 10.85), the funeral rites (Rig. Veda. 10.14, 15, 16),  indicate the prevalence of Grhya ceremonies from the vedic age. Atharvaveda mantras are prescribed by the Grhyasutras in large numbers.
 ==== [[Samskaras (संस्काराः)|संस्काराः ॥ Samskaras]] ====
@@ Line 300: / Line 301: @@
 == Shrauta and Grhyakarmas ==
-Grhyasutras discuss about yajnas to be performed in domestic situations for short time periods, unlike the great yajnas like Asvamedha and Sattra yagas which are performed over a long time. Here we summarize how they differ from the Shrauta yajnas in many ways.
+Both the Shrauta and ghrya texts borrow from the Brahmanas regarding the rites they explain, but differ largely in the topics they present. Shrautasutras deal with the asvamedha and other great yajnas like Asvamedha and Sattra yagas which are performed over a long time, whereas Grhyasutras deal with domestic situations for short time periods such as Upanayana. For example, Shatapatha Brahmana mentions Grhyakarmas such as Upanayana, Garbhadhana, Soshyanti karma, Ayushkarma, Medhajanana.<ref name=":1" />
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Differences between Shrauta and Grhya Karmas
@@ Line 328: / Line 331: @@
 |-
 |6
 |Ceremonies pertaining to welfare of the society at large (Rajasuya)
 |Ceremonies pertaining to welfare of the individual (samskaras)
 |-
-|7
+|8
 |Rtviks of upto sixteen are required for the conduct of these yajnas
 |Yajamana himself performs the grhyakarmas
 |-
-|8
+|9
 |These are mostly optional, kamyakarmas performed with an intent
 |These are mostly obligatory nityakarmas while some are kamya karmas.

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 The origin of the Grhyasutras appear to be traceable to an oral tradition prevalent among the people of ancient times which preserved them till date. They employ many mantras from the veda samhita parts while performing the domestic rituals. So one can understand the antiquity of these ceremonies which are traced back to the time of the Vedas.
 == Subject-matter of Grhyasutras ==
 [[Samskaras (संस्काराः)|Samskaras]] form an important subject of the Grhyasutras. They pertain to the activities surrounding an individual and fundamentally prescribe the procedural methods and specifical mantras to be recited at different stages of a particular samskara. Dharmasutras on the other hand rarely describe the procedural aspects of a ritual and delve upon the code of conduct of an individual. Broadly the topics treated in these texts include pre-birth ceremonies for the mother Pumsavana, Seemantonnayana etc) and post-birth ceremonies of the child starting from Namakarana, a detailed account of [[Upanayana (उपनयनम्)|Upanayana]], Upakarma, [[Samavartana (समावर्तनम्)|Samavartana]], [[Snataka (स्नातकः)|Snataka]] conduct, marriage followed by Antyeshti or the funeral ceremonies. The Grhyasutras give a detailed account of the ceremony of Upanayana and other education related samskaras which a child undergoes starting from initiation into the study of Veda. Being the pivot of all domestic ceremonies, the marriage with its diverse and diffuse details occupies a great deal of explanation in the Grhyasutras.
 The daily obligatory activities of a grhastha such as [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|Panchamahayajnas]], Pakayajnas and the periodical yajnas, [[Shraddha (श्राद्धम्)|shraddha]], monthly rituals to be performed on the new-moon and full-moon days, annual rituals among other information are extensively discussed. The yajnas that are performed annually include Sravana, the Indrayajna, the Asvayuji, the Agrahayani, the Ashtakas, the Phalguni, and the Chaitriyajna.
-Apart from the above, these texts contain ceremonies connected with agricultural operations, cattle welfare and festivities associated with them. The ceremony of Vrshotsarga, wherein a stud-bull is left at liberty, is discussed, so also the Sulagava yajna for the prosperity of cattle. Mantras which are to be recited while driving cattle to and from from pasture find a mention. Ploughing the field is started with special ceremonies as is the method of worshipping the Sita (which literally means a furrow). Agrayana yajna is connected with agriculture wherein the first fruits of the crop are to be offered to the deities. All these activities have marginally reduced but are still followed by our farmers in the present day.
+Apart from the above, these texts contain ceremonies connected with agricultural operations, cattle welfare and festivities associated with them. The ceremony of Vrshotsarga, wherein a stud-bull is left at liberty, is discussed, so also the Shulagava yajna for the prosperity of cattle. Mantras which are to be recited while driving cattle to and from from pasture find a mention. Ploughing the field is started with special ceremonies as is the method of worshipping the Sita (which literally means a furrow). Agrayana yajna is connected with agriculture wherein the first fruits of the crop are to be offered to the deities. All these activities have marginally reduced but are still followed by our farmers in the present day.
 Next topic of importance discussed in the Grhyasutras includes the choice of land for building a house, the rites to be performed for laying the foundation and the main door or gate of the house, and when the pujas to be performed when the owner first enters the house after its completion.
-Other topics discussed include ceremonies to be performed on the appearance of certain animals such as cats, birds such as pigeons, crows in the house. Other events such as bursting of the central pillar in the house and other inauspicious signs such as sight of a solitary jackal or a cat and the prayaschittas for the same are discussed. Expiating actions for the neglect of obligatory duties and rites are aptly discussed.<ref name=":0" />
+Other topics discussed include ceremonies to be performed on the appearance of certain animals such as cats, birds such as pigeons, crows in the house. Other events such as bursting of the central pillar in the house and inauspicious signs such as sight of a solitary jackal or a cat and the prayaschittas for the same are discussed. Expiating actions for the neglect of obligatory duties and rites are aptly discussed.<ref name=":0" />
 Special attention is given to kamyakarmas done for fulfillment of certain desires, such as desire for prosperity of cattle, achievement of glory, gaining favour of certain people, appease an angry person, and desire to become a king.
@@ Line 41: / Line 62: @@
 * Atharvaveda gives copious information about Grhya ritual described in Grhyasutras - marriage, Pumsavana, Jatakarma, Upanayana, Antyeshti, Godana, Astaka and so on.
 * Brahmana texts mention a number of rites and rituals found in Grhyasutras example, Agrahayana ceremony (Ait. Brah. 7.9, Kaus. Brah. 4.12, Tait. Samh. 5.7.2)
-* Sathapatha Brahmana discusses the [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|Panchamahayajnas]], and [[Upanayana (उपनयनम्)|Upanayana]], Garbhadhana, Namakarana (of the samskaras) and others such as Soshyantikarman, Ayushyakarman, and Medhajanana.
+* Tattriya and Sathapatha Brahmanas discuss the [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|Panchamahayajnas]], and [[Upanayana (उपनयनम्)|Upanayana]], Garbhadhana, Namakarana (of the samskaras) and others such as Soshyantikarman, Ayushyakarman, and Medhajanana.
 === List of Grhyakarmani ===
@@ Line 79: / Line 100: @@
 ==== [[Pakayajnas (पाकयज्ञाः)|पाकयज्ञाः ॥ Pakayajnas]] ====
-Now, while Gautama included these yajnas as part of samskaras, these yajnas are gradually fading away with very few people actively conducting them in the present society. Except for the Shraddha related yajnas the rest are rarely seen. Additionally the differences seen in the vidhis as per the veda shakas are not handed down to future generations.
+Now, while Gautama included these yajnas as part of samskaras, these yajnas are gradually fading away with very few people actively conducting them in the present society. Except for a few such as Aupasana, Vaisvadeva, and the Shraddha related yajnas the rest are rarely seen. Additionally the differences seen in the vidhis as per the veda shakas are not handed down to future generations.
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 * Prayayana was at the time of putting the corn into the barns
 * Offerings to Akhuraja (the moles)
-* Agrayana (आग्रयाणम्) or Nava-yajna is the offering of first fruits of the season in Tretagni or Grhyagni
+* [[Agrayana (आग्रयाणम्)]] or Nava-yajna is the offering of first fruits of the season in Tretagni or Grhyagni
 * Vrshotsarga was done to let loose a stud-bull for the purpose of breeding
-* Shulagava (one of the Pakayajnas) is performed by offering of an ox to Rudra for attaining good cattle progeny, sons and fulfillment of all desires.
+* Shulagava (one of the Pakayajnas) is performed by offering of an ox to the deity Rudra for attaining good cattle progeny, sons and fulfillment of all desires.
-== Shrauta and Grhyasutras ==
+== Shrauta and Grhyakarmas ==
 Grhyasutras discuss about yajnas to be performed in domestic situations for short time periods, unlike the great yajnas like Asvamedha and Sattra yagas which are performed over a long time. Here we summarize how they differ from the Shrauta yajnas in many ways.
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 |3
 |Entirely based on the Brahmanas
-|Founded on Brahmanas to a certain extent
+|Founded on Brahmanas to a certain extent, based on prevalent customs and traditions
 |-
 |4
-|Majority of shrauta yajnas extend over a long time period (years more than ten)
+|Majority of shrauta yajnas extend over a long time period (some extend over ten years or more)
 |Grhya yajnas typically are of short duration (days)
 |-
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 |-
 |6
-|Ceremonies pertaining to welfare of the society at large
+|Ceremonies pertaining to welfare of the society at large (Rajasuya)
 |Ceremonies pertaining to welfare of the individual (samskaras)
 |-