View source for Arthashastra (अर्थशास्त्रम्)

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History has seen and read several authors of the ancient period  but none like Kautalya. A mastermind behind the great work called 'Arthashastra' (अर्थशास्त्रम्) Kautilya, has the recognition of being the most influential political philosopher and guide for Chandragupta Maurya during the 326 B.C., Mauryan era. Kautalya's  work is an enema written originally in Sanskrit and he is considered the greatest political thinker and state craftsman Indian civilization has ever produced. The veracity of application to Kautilya's Arthashastra ranges to limitless boundaries of knowledge and learning from medicine to education to philosophy and even to contemporary management sciences.  Arthashastra is a ''moolamantra'' not only for political governance but also a ''guptamantra'' for  corporate management governance.The preaching of अर्थशास्त्रम् elevate human thinking to work with sixth sense engaging cognitive, affective and connative  domains to keep control over mind, body and self so that institutions can prosper.     

While there may be doubts from the very fact as to  how his name should be spelt (as Kautalya or Kautilya) to his native place of birth and origin ('<nowiki/>''Taksasila''' in Punjab or   Dravidian from South, or a Nampudiri of Kerala or Magadha in South Bihar) to whether he truly scripted the Arthashastram, the world still believes with credible evidences provided by exponents that he is the architect of this monumental work. He was called Kautila because he belonged to Kautalyagotra.  Born at 'Canaka' in Punjab as it is believed, he was called Canakya but later baptized to Visnugupts by his parents. Hence the names Kautalya, Canakya and Visnugupta are the resounding names in literature. The Chanakya Neeti is nothing but a political strategy suggesting ways and means to combat any administrative and political eventuality. When the Nanada dynasty was weaning to self destruction there was void in the political climate for a strong administrator to manage the reigns.The political doldrums, foreign invasions, social unrest and mis-governance presented fertile opportunity to Kautalya and he immediately seized it. Not interested in power, position and authority, he found and fermented Chandragupta Maurya to lead the Mauryan empire teaching him all tricks of the trade codified in his treatise Arthashastram, to the extent that the Mauryan dynasty become the uncontested power for several years in history. The treatise covers all social , political. warfare, welfare, law, policy making, economics, finance, and disciplinary aspects of administration that led the Mauryan dynasty to claim a unique political fabric of its own.  Kautalya's Arthashasta is a work justifying every type of tactic played craftily so as to offer real life solution to every conceivable hypothetical situation. Single and brahmin, simple yet bold, austere yet opportunist, never forgetting a slight yet scheming, Chanakya was known to achieve his ultimate purpose regardless of the means  (referred also as Indian Machiavelli) as he never admitted defeat of purpose due to means unsuited to the end.


'''Introduction'''

Please see this link to access the samskrita moolam for [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Kautilya's Arthashastra] 

Written nearly 1500 years ago, the relevance of Arthshastra is often re-validated in the present century, one can always say that human beings  have always remained the same over generations and their attitude, desire, thinking and behaviour is governed by their surroundings, challenges and opportunities open to them. Some of their native instincts may be nature and ancestoral but lot of it is nurture and environment. States may have been divided,  reconfigured, and re-defined but the tenets of maintaining internal peace, managing external attacks, maintaining international relations among states continues to be the same. The statecraft of managing administration, governance and polity (social, economic and political structure) of the current times still borrows its foundation from the ancient tenets. So long as humans and societies are significant Arthashastram will be found relevant to creating ideal states. 

The Purusharthas follow ''dharma, artha, kama and moksha'' to be the 4 tenets human beings are expected to follow that is moral behaviour, wealth, worldly pleasure, and salvation. The Arthashastra follows Dharmashastra, which signifies duty, universal order, righteousness of the individual towards oneself, society and ancestors. Similarly the state comprising of the society, ministers  ruler, priests and people are governed by morality, ethics, conventional and spiritual law; another manifestation of dharma. Kautilya himself assumed his dharmic responsibility by wandering in disguise for years only to find the boy 'Chandragupta' in the village grounds among cowherd and friends, to fit the royal line. Kautalya was so impressed with the boy that he purchased him for thousand ''panas i''mmediately and thereon gave him all the ''dikshas'' to fit into the role of a perfect king. It was Kautilya's orientation to Rajadharma that until he made Chandragupta the ruler of  Magadha, and made it the most powerful dynasty he had sleepless nights, '''''Artha''''' meaning wealth''', f'''ollows dharm'''a.''' however in Arthashastram it signifies more than wealth. It talks of wealth of nations, territories, and well being of the individual inhabitants doing various occupations. The state plays a major role in appraising and elevating the material status and well being of its people. Therefore Artha is not as simple to mean money, worldly possession or capital. Rather it means the 'scientific economics' of a state stressing on treasury, revenue, expenditures, state taxes, budgets, accounts and productive output of enterprises which in turn enhance the  material status of human society and individuals within it.    

== Contents ==
The Arthashastra is a compilation of  15 ''Adhikaranas'' (Books), with each adhikararana divided further into 150 ''Adhyayas'' (Chapters) which are further subdivided into 180 Prakaranas (Sections), 380 ''karikas'' with 6000 ''shlokas (''verses) and 32 syllabic units in all.. The following is a brief account of the composition within various Adhikaranas, Adhyayas and Prakaranas. Arthashastram begins with veneration to two great political thinkers Sukra and Brhaspati and Kautalya makes an honest submission of this so as not to take the credit all unto himself. He also refers to theories of other authors and well known schools in the field of economics and politics and sastras of the Pre-Kautilyan era  which have formed the foundation for the compendium Arthashastram. However all the previous works were not so exhaustive, authoritative or deep in content hence were superseded  by the Arthashastram. The chapters reveal the classified and distilled mind which Kautalya had while scripting such an instructive manual suited to every need of an aggressively    disposed monarchy. The entire thesis focusses on two aspects ''Tantra'' : the protection and welfare of the people and ''Avapa'' : the security and consolidation of the realm. Book I to V comprises of 95 ''Prakaranas'' dealing only with the Tantra.  ''Book VI to XIV comprise 84 Prakaranas'' dealing with Avapa. ''Adhikarana'' I deals with discipline, training, daily routine of duties and dissemination of Danda by the king and qualifications of the various levels of ministers and their spies. ''Adhikarana'' II deals with the bureaucratic set up of the administrative block, heirarchy of officials, the duties and responsibilities of various heads of departments , planning of forts and fortified towns and layout of the settlements. Estimation and collection of revenue, maintaining accounts, industrial establishments including state monopoly concerns, regulation of promotion of internal and foreign trade and commerce. ''Adhikarana'' III deals  with civil laws and administration of Justice. ''Adhikarana''  IV  deals with criminal laws and suppression of antisocial elements. ''Adhikarana'' V deals with action against sedition and treason, pay scales of officals and mechanisms to combat financial crisis.                    

''Adhikarana'' VI- VII deals with essential characterisitcs of the state described as ''Saptasangas,'' the six-fold political expedients in the field of diplomacy among states called as ''Sadgunya. Adhikarana'' VIII ''deals'' with dangers and calamities arising both within or externally due to natural or man-made attempts befalling the king or body politic''. Adhikarana'' IX-X deals with military campaigns and ancillary problems. ''Adhikarana'' XI  deals with measures to control economic guilds and political corporations. ''Adhikarana'' XII-XIII deals with methods of intrigue and the employment of secret agencies against enemies and during military expeditions and ameliorative measures to be taken in a conquered country. ''Adhikarana'' XIV deals with secret recipes designed to remedy afflictions caused by enemy action. ''Adhikarana'' XV consists of just one prakarana in the form of a glossary of 32 technical terms and verbal contractions used in the text.  This is of special significance  as the author gives the intended import of the words that can be mis-construed or misinterpreted by later commentators.                             

'''The full contents of the books and its chapters and sub sections have been listed below as in the original text of Arthashastram.'''                             

=== Adhikarana I : '''Vinayadhikarika'''  ===
Book I - On Discipline 

'''Chapter 1''' 

The  contents of the book 

'''Chapter 2'''

''<nowiki/><nowiki/>'''''<nowiki/>'''''<nowiki/>''

2.1   ''Prakaranam (Section) 1'' : Indication of Sciences, Place of Anviksiki determined

'''Chapter 3''' 

3.1 Indication of Sciences (Contd.)  

Place of Three Vedas Determined

'''Chapter 4'''

4.1 Indication of Sciences (Contd.) 

Varta and Dandaniti Established 

'''Chapter 5'''

5.2  Association with the Aged

'''Chapter 6'''

6.3 Control of Sense Organs 

Abandoning of the Aggregate of Six Enemies

'''Chapter 7'''

7.3 Control of Sense Organs (Contd.)

Life of a Saintly King

'''Chapter 8'''

8.4 Employment of Ministers

'''Chapter 9'''

9.5 Selection of Councillors and Priests

'''Chapter 10'''

10.6 Purity and Impurity of Ministers Tested

'''Chapter 11''' 

11.7 Constitution of Spies

'''Chapter 12'''

12.8 Duties Assigned to the Spies

'''Chapter 13'''

13.9 Engaging Spies Against One's Officers

'''Chapter 14'''

14.10 Winning Over Faction in an Enemy's State

'''Chapter 15'''

15.11 Counselling

Chapter 16

16.12 Employment of Messengers

'''Chapter 17'''

17.13 Protection of Princes

'''Chapter 18'''

18.14 & 18.15 Prince put under Restraint and Treatment of a Restrained Prince

'''Chapter 19'''

19. 16 The Royal Duties

'''Chapter 20'''

20.17 Duty towards the Harem

'''Chapter 21'''

21.18 Self Protection

'''Adhikaram II'''  : ''''Adhyakshapracharaha''''  

Book II :          <nowiki>''</nowiki>Authorities" 

'''Chapter 22'''

22.19 Arrangement of Villages

'''Chapter 23'''

23.20 Division of Land

'''Chapter 24.'''

24.21 Construction of Fort

'''Chapter 25'''

25.22 Buildings within the Fort

'''Chapter 26'''

26.23 Duties of Treasury Officer

'''Chapter 27'''

27.24 Collection of Wealth by the collector

'''Chapter 28'''

28.25 Counting of Coins and Maintenance of Accounts

'''Chapter 29'''

29.26 Detection of Embezzled Revenue

'''Chapter 30''' 

30.27 Test of the Conduct of Employees

'''Chapter 31'''

31.28 Procedure for Issuing Writs

'''Chapter 32'''

32.29 Examination of Gems to be deposited in the Treasury

'''Chapter 33'''

33.30  Mining Operations

'''Chapter 34'''

34.31 Superintendent in the Office of Goldsmith

'''Chapter 35'''

35.32 Goldsmith in the High Road

'''Chapter 36'''

36.33 Chief of Store House

'''Chapter 37''' 

37.34 Authority of Commerce

'''Chapter 38'''

38.35 Authority of Forest Producers

'''Chapter 39'''

39.36 Authority of the Armoury

'''Chapter 40'''

40.37 Authority of Weights and Measures

'''Chapter 41'''

41. 38 Measurement of Space and Time

'''Chapter 42'''

42.39 Superintendent of Tolls

'''Chapter 43'''

43.39 Regulation of Toll Dues

'''Chapter 44'''

44.40 Superintendent of Weaving

'''Chapter 45'''

45. 41 Superintendent of Agriculture

'''Chapter 46'''

46.42 Superintendent of Liquor

'''Chapter 47'''

47. 43 Authority of the Slaughter House

'''Chapter 48''' 

48.44 The Superintendent of Prostitutes

'''Chapter 49''' 

49.45 The Superintendent of Ships

'''Chapter 50'''

50.46  The Superintendent of Cows

'''Chapter 51'''

51. 47 The Superintendent of Horses

'''Chapter 52'''

52.48 The Superintendent of Elephants

'''Chapter 53''' 

53.48 The Superintendent of Elephants; Training

'''Chapter 54'''

54.49 The Superintendent of Chariots

54.50 The Superintendent of Infantry

54.51 Duties of the Commander-in-chief

'''Chapter 55'''

55.52 The Superintendent of Passports

55.53 The Superintendent of Pastures

'''Chapter 56'''

54.54 The Administrator's Activity

54.55 Activity of the Secret Agents

'''Chapter 57'''

557.56 The Duty of a City Superintendent

'''Adhikaranam III'''  : ''''Dharmastheeyam'''' 

Book III :      On Laws

'''Chapter 58'''

58.57 Forms of Agreement 

58.58 Legal Disputes 

'''Chapter 59''' 

59. 59 Concerning the Marriage 

'''Chapter 60'''  

60.59 Concerning the Marriage; Duty of  a Wife  

'''Chapter 61''' 

61.59 Concerning the Marriage 

'''Chapter 62''' 

62. 60 Division on Inheritance 

'''Chapter 63''' 

63. 60  Division on Inheritance :Sharing 

'''Chapter 64'''  

64.60  Inheritance :Types of Sons 

'''Chapter 65''' 

65.61 On Building Residences 

'''Chapter 66''' 

61.61 Concerning Houses; Sale of House 

'''Chapter 67''' 

67.61, 67.62 Destruction of Pastures and Infringement of Agreements 

'''Chapter 68''' 

68.63 Recovery of Debts 

'''Chapter 69''' 

69. 64   Concerning Deposits 

'''Chapter 70''' 

70.65   Slaves and Labourers 

'''Chapter 71''' 

71.66   On Slavery; Cooperative Undertaking 

'''Chapter 72'''  

72.67 Rescission of Purchase and Sale      

'''Chapter 73'''      

73. 68 Rescission from Promised Sale      

73. 69 Sale from Ownership      

73. 70 Ownership of Properties      

'''Chapter 74'''      

74.71  Robbery      

'''Chapter 75'''      

75.72 Defamation      

'''Chapter 76'''       

76. 73 Assault       

'''Chapter 77'''       

77.74 Gambling and Betting      

77.75 Miscellaneous Offences      

'''Adhikaram IV'''  ''''Kantakashodhanam'''' 

Book IV   : Removal of Thorns        

'''Chapter 78'''       

78.76 Protection against Artisans      

'''Chapter 79'''      

79. 77 Protection against Merchants      

'''Chapter 80'''       

80.78 Remedies against Calamities                              

'''Chapter''' '''81'''

81.79 Protection from Spies

'''Chapter''' '''82'''                              

82.80 Exposition of Youths by Ascetic Spies                               

'''Chapter  83'''                              

83, 81 Arrest of Criminals on Suspicion                              

'''Chapter 84'''                              

84.82 Examination of Sudden Death                              

'''Chapter''' '''85'''                              

85.83 Trial and Torture to Obtain Confession                              

'''Chapter  86'''                              

86.84  Protection of all Government Departments                              

'''Chapter 87'''                              

87.85 Fine in Leiu of Mutilation of Limbs                              

'''Chapter'''  '''88'''                              

88.86 Death with or without Torture                              

'''Chapter  89'''                              

89.87 Defilement of Maidens                              

'''Chapter'''  '''90'''                              

90.88 Punishment for Violation of Justice                              

'''Adhikaram V  'Yogavrittam'''' 

Book V       The Conduct of Courtiers                              

'''Chapter'''  '''91'''                              

91.89  Awards of Punishment                              

'''Chapter'''  '''92'''                              

92.90 Replenishment of Treasury                              

'''Chapter'''  '''93'''                              

93.91 Maintenance of Servants                              

'''Chapter'''  '''94'''                              

94.92 Conduct of Courtiers                              

'''Chapter'''  '''95'''                              

95.93 Conventional Practices                              

'''Chapter''' '''96'''                              

96.94 Consolidation of Kingdom                              

96.95 Absolute Sovereignty                              

'''Adhikaranam VI  'The Source of Sovereign States'''<nowiki/>'

Book VI :   Mandalayonihi

'''Chapter'''  '''97'''

97.96 Elements of Sovereignty                              

'''Chapter'''  '''98'''                              

98.97  Concerning Peace and Effort                                                                                                                                                      

'''Adhikaranam VII    'Shaadgunyam'''' 

Book VII:  The Six Fold Policy

'''Chapter'''  '''99'''

99.98 The Six Fold Policy

99. 99 Deterioration , Stagnation and Progression

'''Chapter 100'''

100.100 Nature of Alliance

'''Chapter 101'''

100.101 Qualities of Equal, Inferior and Superior Kings

100.102 Alliance by an Inferior King

'''Chapter 102'''

102.103 Neutrality after Proclaiming War

102.104 Neutrality after Concluding Peace

102.105 Marching after Proclaiming War

102.106 Marching after Making Peace

102. 107 The March of Combined Powers

'''Chapter 103'''

103. 108 March against an Assailable Enemy

103.109 Causing of Dwindling Greed and Disloyalty of Army

103. 110 Considerations in combining Forces

'''Chapter 104'''

104.111 March of Combined Powers

104,112 Treaties with or without Definite Terms and Peace with Renegades

'''Chapter 105''' 

105.113 Peace and War Employing Double Policy

'''Chapter 106''' 

106.114 Attitude of Assailable Enemy

106.115 Friends that Deserve Help

'''Chapter 107''' 

107.116 Agreements for Friend, Gold, Territory and Forts

'''Chapter 108''' 

108.116 Agreements for Peace for Acquisition of Land

'''Chapter 109'''

109.116  Agreements for Interminable Agreement

'''Chapter 110''' 

110.116 Agreements for Undertaking a Work

'''Chapter 111'''

111.117 Consideration of an Enemy in the Rear

'''Chapter 112''' 

112. 118 Recruitment of Lost Power

'''Chapter 113''' 

113. 119 Peace with a Strong and Provoked Enemy

113. 120 Attitude of a Conquered Enemy

'''Chapter 114'''

114.121 Attitude of a Conquered King

'''Chapter 115'''

115.122 Making Peace 

115.123 Breaking Peace

'''Chapter 116'''

116.124 Conduct of Madhyama King

116. 124 Conduct of a Neutral King

116.126 Conduct of Circle of States                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Adhikaranam VIII  'Vyasanadhikarikam'''' 

Book VIII : Concerning Vices and Calamities                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

'''Chapter 117'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

117.127 Calamities of the Elements of Sovereignty                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

'''Chapter 118'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

118. 128 Troubles of the King and his Kingdom                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 119'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

119.129 The Troubles of Men                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 120'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

120.130   Molestation                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

120.131 Obstructions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

120.132 Financial Troubles                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 121'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

121. 133 Troubles of the Army                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

121. 134 Troubles of a Friend                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Adhikaranam IX ' Abhiyaasyatkarma'''' 

Book IX  :   Actions of an Invader                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 122'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

122.135 Knowledge of Power, Place, Time, Strength and Weakness                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

122. 136 The Time of Invasion                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 123'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

123. 137 The Time of Recruiting the Army                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

123.138 The Form of Equipment                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

123. 139 Work of Arraying a Rival Force                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 124'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

124. 140 Annoyance in the Rear                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

124.141 Remedies against Internal and External Trouble                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 125'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

125. 142  Loss of Men, Wealth and Profit                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 126'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

126.143  External and Internal Dangers                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 127'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

127.144 Persons Associated with Traitors and Enemies                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 128'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

128. 145 Doubts about Wealth and Harm                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

128.146 Success by Alternative Strategic Means                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Adhikaranam X ' Sangramikam'''' 

Book X  :  Relating to War                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 129'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

129.147 Encampment                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 130'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

130.148 March of the Camp                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

130. 149 Protection of the Army in Troubles                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 131'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

131.150 Treacherous Fights                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

131. 151 Encouragement of One's own Army                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

131.152 Fight between One's own Army and that of the Enemy                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 132'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

132.153 Battle Fields                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

132.154 Actions of Infantry, Cavalry, Chariots and Elephants                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 133'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

133.155 Array of Troupes in Wings, Flanks and Front                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

133.156 Strong and Weak Troops                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

133. 157 Battle with Infantry, Cavalry, Chariots and Elephants                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter 134'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

134.158 Array of Army like a Staff, Snake, a Circle or in Detached Order                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

134.159 Array of Army against that of an Enemy                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Adhikaranam XI  'Sangavrittam'''' 

Book XI  "The Conduct of Corporations"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

'''Chapter  135'''

135.160 Causes of Dissension

135.161 Secret Punishment

'''Adhikaranam XII 'Aabaleeyasam'''' 

Book XII : Concerning a Powerful Army

'''Chapter 136'''

136.162 Duties of a Messenger 

'''Chapter''' '''137''' 

137.163 Battle of Intrigue

'''Chapter 138''' 

138.164 Killing of Commander-in-Chief

138.165 Inciting a Circle of States

'''Chapter 139''' 

139.166 Spies with Weapons, Fire and Poison

139. 167 Destruction of Supply, Stores and Granaries

'''Chapter 140'''

140.158 Capture by Secret Means

140.169 Capture by Means of Army

140.170 Complete Victory                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

'''Adhikaranam 13 'Durgalabhopaayaha' Means to Capture a Fortress'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

'''Chapter 141'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

141.171 Sowing the Seeds of Dissension                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

'''Chapter 142'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

142.172 Enticement by Secret Contrivances                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

'''Chapter 143'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

143.173 Spies at Work                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

'''Chapter 144'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

144.174 Operation of Siege                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

144.175 Storming a Fort                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

'''Chapter 145'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

145.176 Restoration of Peace in a Conquered Country                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

'''Adhikaranam 14 'Aupanishadhikam' Secret Means'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

'''Chapter 146'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

146.177 Means to Injure an Enemy                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

'''Chapter 147'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

147.178 Delusion with Wonderous Contrivances                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

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148.178 Delusion with Medicines and Mantras                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

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149.179 Remedies against the Injuries of One's own Army                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

'''Adhikaranam 15   ' Tantrayuktihi'   The Plan of a Treatise'''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

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150.180  Division of the Treatise                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

=== ''Adhikarana 1 : '''Vinayadhikarika'''''  ===
Book 1 is a treatise on On Discipline.

The Adhikarana begins with salutations to Sukra and Brhaspati.

The book deals with all overall political and social discipline which can assist in good governance for the country and its people. This adhikarana is one of the most extensive description of the discipline to be cultivated by a Raja. There is explicit mention of various duties of a raja towards his own country, education, vriddhas, learned persons, ministers, and the restraint and controls over self and children while managing his conduct and character in the book. Rules regarding varta and dandaniti (punishments) have been codified.

'''Shloka 1***********************''' 

<nowiki>*************************</nowiki> 

This is a single treatise on the science of politics prepared by amalgamating the teachings of many treatises on the Science of Politics as have been composed by ancient teachers for the acquisition and protection of the earth.<ref>The Arthasastra of Kautilya,  Edited by T. Ganapati Sastri, ed. 2012, New Bharatiya Book Corporation, Delhi</ref> 

'''S2'''  ******* 

Of that treatise, this is an enumeration of Sections and Books:- 

S3****************** 

Indication of Sciences, Association with the aged, Subjugation of the sense organs ( life of a saintly king and abandoning the aggregate of six enemies), Engagement of Councillors and preceptors, Ascertainment of nobility and purity of ministers, Institution of Spies, Maintenance of proper and improper factions in one's own state, Winning over of proper and improper factions from enemy state, Sections on counselling, Employment of messengers, Protection of one-self from the sons of kings, Keeping the prince under restraint, Treatment of one under such restraints, Messenger of kings, Arrangement of the harem, Concern for self protection, ; and these are the brief contents of the first chapter dealing with the life of a king concerning discipline.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

'''Adhikaram II''' : ''''Adhyakshapracharaha''''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

The Book II is a treatise on  'Authorities' . There is an elaborate description of almost every authority vested within a state and the modalities of its effective regulation. The village, land area and forts are the ground assets of a state and their division for the purpose of construction of forts, buildings and village settlements in the backdrop of an  overall layout of the fortified city have been described through the chapters. The  space for a centralized granary under the responsibility of director of stores clearly stating his duties have been further elucidated. Finance is the backbone of the economy. Wealth creation, revenue collection, bullion market and central exchequer have been greatly emphasized as they are the pillars that uplift the economic growth and social status of the state. The duties and responsibilities of the revenue officers in terms of collection, counting, depositing, maintaining perfect financial discipline of records,  frequent audits of different types of income and expenditure accounts including coins, gems, jewels, precious stones  and recovery of revenue misappropriated by state officers is dealt in the formative chapters of the book. Other crucial authorities forming the backbone of the economy  other than finance mentioned in the text are trade and commerce to include mining,  bullion, trade, forestry, armory (defence),  scales weights standards and measures of time and space, tolls, weaving, agriculture, liquor,  prostitutes, ships, cows , horses, elephants,  chariots and infantry. The duties and engagements of  all the state officers in the hierarchy belonging to each of these avenues like superintendents, supervisors, controllers and directors have been mentioned systematically. Commandments are mentioned even for passports, pastures, secret services, administration, city and army which are executed through individual superintendents handling each domain. This book is complete encyclopedia on departments that existed then and their functional aspects. These constitute the second book ' The Activity of the Heads of Departments"         

'''Adhikaranam III'''  : ''''Dharmastheeyam''''         

Book III  is a treatise  'On Laws'

One cannot deny that the over-archaic structure needed to regulate any authority within a state is its legal system.  Adhikaranam III is a treatise on the laws that existed in the Mauryan empire with respect to its societal concerns varying over marriage, inheritance, property purchase, sale, destruction and infringements of agreements, debts and deposits, slavery, labour, robbery defamation, assault, gambling, betting and other miscellaneous offences. Indulging in cruel activities, like killing cows and Brahmans inflicting pain and injury or the use of harsh words are punishable crimes as the text say. Legal disputes and resolution mechanisms relating to these matters have been elucidated for peace and harmony to prevail in the society. The forms of punishment are of the nature of  monetary fine or physical  as the offence may be. The modes of payment of fine with interest rates have been described in various prakaranas. These constitute the third book 'Concerning Judges'.   

'''Adhikaram IV:'''   ''''Kantakashodhanam''''    

Book IV  is a treatise on  'Removal of Thorns'.

The removal of thorns refers to suppression of criminal activities within the state at an individual level or collective level. It also refers to protection of common man from evil minds and corrupt actions. The book thrusts on those situations or conditions that may be created by man or nature for which the state must be prepared to tackle with an alert mind. Planning and foresight of such sudden occurrences can reduce the impact of damage for individuals and state.  It deals with कारुकरक्षणम् <ref>Book I Chapter I Arthashastra of Kautilya T. Ganapati Sastri </ref>that is the protection of artisans, spies, keeping a watch on traders, protection and remedial measures that need to be taken before and during natural calamities. It talks of secret agents who need to detect criminals disguised as holy men and the arrest of those who are found suspicious of possessing stolen articles and secret means of income and prescribes a watch on officers of all departments to protect the wealth of various authorities of the state. There are also sections that look at आशुमृतकपरीक्षा ( interrogation in the case of an untimely or sudden death), involving torture or cross examination during a trial, to elicit the truth or in certain cases capital punishments if required. Hence punitive action of varying degrees is a consequence as the nature of crime heightens. Other punishments are prescribed such as mutilation of limbs or fine in lieu. Severe punishments have been codified in the text for transgression, कन्याप्रकर्म (atrocities committed on girls through sexual intercourse with who have yet to reach puberty), and any other violation of virtues or improper food for maidens. These are the constituents of the fourth book <nowiki>''</nowiki> The Suppression of Criminals".              

'''Adhikaram V ' Yogavrittam''''               

Book V is a treatise on 'The Conduct of Courtiers'.                

The book mentions punishment for courtiers moving against the state or the king. Confidants are liable to be punished (दण्डकर्मिकम् ) if found resorting to three means : secrecy,  openness, and treachery. Courtiers are expected to maintain traditional rules, help the king to retain absolute sovereignty and control over his kingdom by subjugating vassals and allow sustainability of his rule. Courtiers are expected to keep employees well motivated with gifts to earn their confidence. It specifies the proper behaviour and (अनुजीविवृत्तं ) conduct of courtiers, their conduct towards a dependent, and concerns replenishment of the treasury (कोशाभिसंहरणम् ) and salaries of state employees. This forms the fifth book concerning with the conduct of courtiers.                                 

'''Adhikaranam VI  <nowiki>''</nowiki>Mandalayonihi"'''                                 

Book VI  is a treatise on Sovereignty of  States, its sources and elements. It deals with excellence of the constituent elements concerning peace and (प्रकृतिसम्पदः) prosperity of the people in all respects, by engaging in fruitful actions/efforts towards its attainment.

'''Adhikaranam VII    'Shaadgunyam''''

Book VII is a treatise on the enumeration of  <nowiki>''</nowiki>The Six Fold Policy" of the state (षाडगुण्यसमुध्येशः). This book is especially important and a lengthy one detailing alliances, treaties, conquer, enemy states, power, peace and precautions. It can be treated as a foreign policy for the state. The policies address measures to determine deterioration, stable condition, stagnation and progression of the state and to recruit lost or decreased power (हीनशक्तिपूरणम्).  The components of the book talks of the nature of alliances and adherence to policies with equal , superior and inferior kings and their qualities. It talks about permanent and immediate enemy and the march against an assailable enemy and combined forces. The causing of dwindling greed and disloyalty  among people in the context of studying characteristics of a well founded state is analysed. The neutrality and marching after proclaiming war and concluding peace alongside the march of combined powers has been scripted in depth.  There may be treaties reached with or without definite terms, such have been discussed. There are provisions relating to peace and war employing double policy. It provides precautions on having provoked a powerful enemy and process to buy peace with such a force.  The sections indicate attitude of the king towards assailable conquered enemy, towards the victor if he is conquered,   consideration of an enemy in the rear.  There are agreements pertaining to  gold, territory and forts,  peace for acquisition of land, interminable agreement, undertaking a work and for those friends that deserve help and proviso for upkeep of the agreement at all costs. The conduct of madhyama king, neutral king and  circle of states also been discussed.         

'''Adhikaranam VIII  'Vyasanadhikarikam''''         

Book VIII  is a treatise on the 'vices and calamities' emerging in a state from various quarters. The king and his kingdom may be facing an overall challenge or the elements of sovereignty may be running risk. The common men (molestation), the army (बलव्यसनवर्गः), ally (मित्रव्यसनवर्गः) and finances (refusal to pay to the treasury) (कोशसङ्गवर्गः) may aggregate in the form of group obstruction. Such group vices and hindrances have been discussed. A group obstruction is always more risky and damaging than an individual impediment.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

'''Adhikaranam IX ' Abhiyaasyatkarma''''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

Book IX is a treatise on the "Actions of an Invader<nowiki>''</nowiki>. This book stresses on revolts and enemy invasion and the associated preparations and preparedness required to mitigate  or combat such dangers and uncertainty. It is crucial for the state and king to  have शक्तिदेशकालबलाबलज्ञानं  i.e. the knowledge of  one's power, place, time, strength and weakness. This is to be complemented with other infrastructure such as arrangement of armoury and equipment keeping , the strength of the enemy force in mind. A prepared mind is half battle won as it is said is aptly described in the book. It is important to ascertain internal and external dangers and  guard against people associated with traitors and enemies. There is also a parallel need to consider the advantages and disadvantages of income, expenditures, losses and gains while combating such situations (success by alternative strategic means). There are means and mechanisms to deal with such dangers, uncertainties, and risks. It involves the work of employing appropriate and adequate  troops against enemy troops, employing counter measures against risings of constituents in the rear, outer or interior regions and ascertaining the merits of equipping different kinds of troops for the war. The different means to ascertain, assess, avoid, and combat such risings, revolts and dangers  constitute this book  ' The activity of the king about the march'.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

'''Adhikaranam X ' Sangramikam''''                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

Book X is a treatise on ‘Acts relating to the War’.  The book is more on war strategy. It details the positioning strategy of the troops, elephants, chariots and cantonment as such. The book emphasizes on the positioning strategy which can greatly assist in winning wars over enemies. There is a clear cut description of the array of troops while encounter in wings, flanks and front depending on the strength of the troops, and the arrangement pattern of the army like a staff, snake, circle or in diffused form. It depicts the complete look and feel of the battle field and also the modes of fighting. It describes strategies (covert and overt ) related to treacherous fights, fight between one's own army and that of the enemy, encouragement and protection of it while in trouble including actions of  and battle with infantry, cavalry, chariots and elephants.  

== Arthashastra and Contemporary Management Theories ==

'''''Glimpses of health and medicine in the mauryan empire Dr. D. V. Subba Reddy, - pp79''''', 

Thus human personality (maharaja) must manifest multi-dimensional adaptive roles at different times by demonstrating extraordinary intuition, self control, vision, accurate prediction, confidence in decisions taken, combating venom attacks etc. Such qualities are no differently to be enumerated by a successful management expert.

The king is a ruler of the kingdom (a ''corporate leader'') and  as a decision maker  has to be secretive about his war strategies (incubating new product developments) at the same time be offensive and defensive with enemies (''corporate rivalry and competition)'' as the threat perception may be ensuring his survival despite enemy attacks (''presence of substitutes and'' ''complementary products and disruptive technologies)''. Such preaching are of the nature of ''Gupta Mantra''.

In economics, '''industrial organization''' or '''industrial economy''' is a field that builds on the theory of the firm by examining the structure of (and, therefore, the boundaries between) firms and markets. Industrial organization is not a  perfectly competitive model, due to real-world complications such as transaction costs, information asymmetry and inaccessibility (limited), and barriers to entry of new firms which obviously make it an imperfect competition. It analyzes determinants of firm and market organization and behavior as between competition and monopoly, including that of  government actions. Government actions are governed by a legal system of the country. Extending the Arthashastra philosophy,  be it a nation or modern age business entity, the framework of industry, market  or firms is governed by an over-arching legal system. 

The central force of a political architecture is its legal system and the king is a protector and preserver of the law but most definitely not its creator which means his power  is sanctioned and  limited by law.  Be the powers vested, the actions of CEOs of companies are governed by the Companies Act , Income Tax Act, SEBI Regulations, and the likes of these. When no confidence motions (equivalent to dethroning a king) are passed against CEOs in the U.S, his kingship is challenged, by the  board of directors, for non-performance.  These consists of forces that affect the company, customers and profitability much against how it was envisioned. This establishes the temporal sovereignty of the CEO  where the V''arjasva Takat''  (Ultimate power) of the power owner is called into question resulting in dethroning the leader. Recent real-life corporate citations are available to corroborate this. This proves the temporal sovereign status of the corporate leader. 

'''Corporate Competition, Competitive Forces and Rivalry''' While Arthashastra can be considered a bible describing the methodology of supreme governance in a political architecture, such tenets can be applied to corporate governance too. Michael .E. Porter has suggested competition from rival firms to be the biggest force attacking business as much as rival forces have the  ability to ruin kingdoms cited in portions of the Arthashastra dossier.('''Shamashastry 7/614'''). In 1979 a professor from Harvard, Michael E. Porter was the first to study Organizational Economics in the context of competition and published his maiden framework ' Porter's Five Forces of Competition' in Harvard Business Review. According to Porter these 5 forces affect the competition within an industry which makes it either attractive or unattractive (vulnerability) in terms of  its profitability. The bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, the threat of new entrants and the threat of substitutes are 4 environmental factors that effect competitive rivalry in business. Hence industry attractiveness according to Porter is a function of competing rivalry among firms (Causation) and profitability (Effectuating). Porter's five-forces framework is based on the structure–conduct–performance paradigm in industrial organizational economics. It can be applied  to address a diverse range of business challenges such as  helping non-profitable businesses become more profitable to helping governments stabilize industries that are in a state of disequilibrium.    

The '''structure–conduct–performance''' ('''SCP''') paradigm, first published by economists Edward Chamberlin and Joan Robinson in 1933, and developed by Joe S. Bain is a model in Industrial Organization Economics which offers a causal  explanation for firm performance through economic conduct on incomplete markets.    

According to the structure–conduct–performance paradigm, the market environment has a direct, short-term impact on the market structure. The market structure then has a direct influence on the firm's economic conduct, which in turn affects its market performance. Hence a cause and effect relationship may occur or  a reverse effect may occur such that market performance may impact conduct and structure, or conduct may affect the market structure. Also, the external legal or political interventions affect the market framework and by extension, the structure, conduct and performance of the market. 

'''Creating a B-Line Leader/ Corporate Succession Plan /Successor''' Most corporate houses lack a sound legacy in leadership though the forefathers may have given birth to a legacy. The newer generation and their thought process do not sync with the value systems and organization culture resulting in conflicting views while decision making on matters relating to policy creation, execution, employee-employer relationship, administrative inefficiency and ultimately financial losses. The new blood introduced in the corporate vein  obviously lacks expertise, competence and wisdom to learn and earn on whatever has been created, protected and preserved thus far. To enable successive generations to carry out the responsibilities of running a business empire with the same grit, ingenuity, and crafty intelligence demands i. Identifying such a capable body and mind ii. Constant  training of such a body and  mind, iii  Finally creating emotional and psychological immunity to business and personal adversaries so that the mind and body  of the individual '''(SS pp 89/108)'''  is well prepared to take up the  associated challenges during one's corporate engagements.

'''Corporate Vision:'''

'''Offensive and Defensive Strategies''' Corporate aggressive strategies are sometimes surgical and this mostly happens during a disruptive innovation. 

'''Covert and Overt strategies''' 

'''Brand Building and Immortality''' A few corporate brands are immortal especially the ones like Lifebuoy, Lipitor, Digene antacid, Dettol, Colgate and likewise. The creation of such brands give a competitive edge to companies irrespective of the new arrival of substitutes or complementary products or new technologies. Such products due to their credible and stable performance, dethrone the status of any competing brand attempting to fragment the consumer base.     

'''New Product Development and Incubation'''

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Arthashastra]]