View source for Nishkramana Samskara (निष्क्रमणम्)

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Nishkramana Samskara is one of the [[Samskaras (संस्काराः)|Shodasha Samskaras]] practiced in [[Sanatana Dharma (सनातनधर्मः)|Sanatama dharma]]. It signifies new born child's first outdoor visit or first exposure to environment outside home. It is celebrated as a ceremony of socializing the newborn for the first time. It is the time when 1st in his/her life the baby goes to the place outside home thus as a first place to visit, the baby is taken to the temple. God's blessing are invoked by offering prayers to various devatas for the well being of the baby.  

== Time to perform Nishkramana Samskara ==
Nishkramana is performed when the child becomes 4 months old. The time described for this is appropriate as by this time baby develops enough immunity and tolerance to external environment. The presence of a Vaidya (pediatrician) on this occasion provides an opportunity for routine check up and examination of normal milestones development in baby.

=== Some developmental milestones of a child at 4th month ===
A newborn child develops slowly and gradually achieves different growth and developmental milestones. A developmental milestone is an ability that is achieved by any child by a certain age and thereby indicating the typical/healthy growth and development. At the age of 4 months of life the child usually achieves following milestones,<ref name=":0">Shobhit Kumar.A CRITICAL APPRAISAL ON VARIOUS SAMSKARA'S WITH THEIR SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL IMPORTANCE IN PEDIATRIC AGE GROUP  Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2017;5(5):78-81</ref><ref name=":1">Deepshikha, Rai A.CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CHILDHOOD SANSKARAS (SACRAMENTS) IN LIGHT OF CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE D Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2014; 2(2): 95-100</ref><ref>O.P. Ghai, V.K Paul., Arvind Bagga. Ghai Essential Pediatrics. CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi, 7th edition, 2009</ref>

* Develops head control and hence carrying child becomes bit easier. 
* Child can turn his head towards the source of sound indicating evolving maturity of hearing
* The child can fixate his eyes intently on an object shown to him suggestive of his properly developing vision or eyesight.
* The child can laugh loudly, recognize mother and can react to social contact by a smile which could be related to the social and speech related milestones of the child.  
* Bidextrous grasp to approach an object is developed indicating his developing motor organs. 

During this Sanskara the baby gets in an unfamiliar environment when his reaction in form of social smile, anxiety, fear, laugh or reaction to sound of bell can be observed. Persistence of primitive reflexes, if any can also be noticed. Therefore this samskara can provide an opportunity for assessment of developmental milestones of a child by a vaidya and also as a celebration to have achieved these milestones successfully.

== Samskara vidhi ==
In this Samskara, the child is brought out of his room/home to the outside of home. Ayurveda acharyas describe 'Kumaragara', a special room designed for a newborn to protect him and keep him in a room having controlled environment suitable for his health.<ref>Charaka Samhita ([https://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/ecaraka/?mod=read&h=kumArAgAr Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 8 Sutra 59-60])</ref> The design and interior of the Kumaragara is done entirely by keeping focus on protecting the newborn from any external injuries or infectious agents. Thus various antimicrobial herbs and drugs are routinely kept in kumaragara and the newborn is strictly to be kept in this room till Nishkramana Samskara performed in the forth month. Therefore as a part of Nishkramana samskara various rituals are performed as below,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>Arun Raj GR, Shailaja U, Prasanna N Rao. The childhood samskaras (Rites of passage) and its scientific appreciation. Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci. 2013;2(12):372-383.</ref><ref>Kasyapa Samhita, Vrddhajivakaya Tantra. with The Vidyotini Hindi commentary and Hindi translation of Sanskrit introduction, Pandit Hemraj Sharma, Sri Satyapala Bhisagacharya. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, edition reprint- 2006 [https://archive.org/details/kasyapasamhita014944mbp/page/n559/mode/2up Khilasthana 12/4-5 p.316]</ref><ref>Ashtanga Samgraha, with Sasilekha commentary by Indu, edited by Dr. Shivprasad Sharma, reprinted in Varanasi, Choukhambha Sanskrit Series Office, Uttar Tanta, 2008; 1:45</ref>

* The baby having given bath, adorned and worn new clothes. 
* Rakshoghna dravya dharana : Vedic texts and Ayurveda describe some herbs and medicinal substances that possess potential to enhance the immunity and defend the infections when those are just even carried along or worn on body. These are called as Rakshoghna dravyas. Ayurveda acharyas have given immense importance and utmost attention to following various measures that will prevent any infection to child body and ward off affliction of child's developing mind by external harmful factors like grahs and bhutas etc.<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam ([http://vedotpatti.in/samhita/Vag/ehrudayam/?mod=read Uttratantram Adhyaya 1 Sutra 21,24-28])</ref> Thus in every step of newborn care, use of Rakshoghna dravyas has been suggested. Thus clearly when the child is being brought in the outside environment in Nishkramana samskara for the first time, acharyas have advised to carry rakshoghna drvayas like Sidharthaka, honey, Ghrita, gorochana etc. These should be kept near the child when the baby is taken outside. Also, Shankha Nada and chanting of Vedic mantras to be done while bringing him/her out of the house. 
* The baby should be made enter in the temple after worshiping the [[Agni (अग्निः)|Agni]] . Puja is performed and religious offerings are offered to Devata Vishnu, Skanda, Matrikas and kuldevatas etc. in the temple. Priests/brahnmanas/guru present in the temple shower their blessing over the child and then the child is brought back home 
* Once the baby returns home a Vaidya assesses the child. A thorough routine check up and examination of baby is to be conducted to assess his growth, development and well-being. Kashyapa Samhita, an authoritative text on women's and children health in Ayurveda described that, a vaidya should then bless the child and chant the following mantra,
<blockquote>शरत्शतं जीव शिशो त्वं देवैरभिरक्षितः | द्विजैरप्याशिषा पूतो गुरुभिश्चाभिनन्दितः ॥ (Kash. Samh. 12.5)<ref>Kashyapa Samhita (Khilsthanam Adhyaya 12 Sutra 5)</ref></blockquote>

== Relevance and importance ==
This Samskara is important for observing the developmental milestones. As the child meets many unknown persons its reaction in the form of social smile, laugh, fear, anxiety or curiosity can be observed. By the end of 4th month child develops head control. In temple, the child reacts to sounds of bell by turning the head around. Here lifting of the head with complete head control can be observed. Also the disappearance of grasping reflex (3-4 months), placing reflex (3-4 month), stepping reflex (3-4 months), rooting reflex (3-4 months), tonic neck (2-6 month) and Moro‟s reflex (3-4month). But persistence of these reflexes indicative of cerebral palsy.According to Acharya Kashyapa, the teeth inseminated in fourth month are weak, decay early and are afflicted with many diseases.[30] At fourth month age, following developmental changes appear in infant such as the infant been able to reaching out for objects with both hand (Bidextrous reach), able to rolls over the bed, recognizes the mother and responds to her voice, anticipate the feeds, laugh loudly when talked by someone, responds to sound well, starts cooing, curious and shows interest in surrounding environment, Able to fix eyes on external objects and adaptation to external environment begins.[31] (Arun Raj GR, Shailaja U, Prasanna N Rao. The childhood samskaras (Rites of passage) and its scientific appreciation. Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci. 2013;2(12):372-383.)

== References ==